Method of coupling 1-D unsaturated flow with 3-D saturated flow on large scale

A coupled unsaturated-saturated water flow numerical model was developed. The water flow in the unsaturated zone is considered the one-dimensional vertical flow, which changes in the horizontal direction according to the groundwater table and the atmospheric boundary conditions. The groundwater flow is treated as the three-dimensional water flow. The recharge flux to groundwater from soil water is considered the bottom flux for the numerical simulation in the unsaturated zone, and the upper flux for the groundwater simulation. It connects and unites the two separated water flow systems. The soil water equation is solved based on the assumed groundwater table and the subsequent predicted recharge flux. Then, the groundwater equation is solved with the predicted recharge flux as the upper boundary condition. Iteration continues until the discrepancy between the assumed and calculated groundwater nodal heads have a certain accuracy. Illustrative examples with different water flow scenarios regarding the Dirichlet boundary condition, the Neumann boundary condition, the atmospheric boundary condition, and the source or sink term were calculated by the coupled model. The results are compared with those of other models, including Hydrus-1D, SWMS-2D, and FEFLOW, which demonstrate that the coupled model is effective and accurate and can significantly reduce the computational time for the large number of nodes in saturated-unsaturated water flow simulation.     

山东省德州地区地下水流场动态分析

地下水的开采对于地面沉降影响较大,尤其是对于一些特定含水层,过量的开采会导致形成地面沉降漏斗,存在一定安全隐患。基于三维非稳定渗流模型,以试点法为计算手段对德州市德城区进行地下水不同含水层渗流流场分析。分析不同开采量条件下特定含水层渗流流场特性,揭示了地下水在特定含水层中的运动规律,可为计算地面沉降问题提供参考依据。     

Application of Artificial Neural Networks and Particle Swarm Optimization for the Management of Groundwater Resources

Ground management problems are typically solved by the simulation-optimization approach where complex numerical models are used to simulate the groundwater flow and/or contamination transport. These numerical models take a lot of time to solve the management problems and hence become computationally expensive. In this study, Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) models were developed and coupled for the management of groundwater of Dore river basin in France. The Analytic Element Method (AEM) based flow model was developed and used to generate the dataset for the training and testing of the ANN model. This developed ANN-PSO model was applied to minimize the pumping cost of the wells, including cost of the pipe line. The discharge and location of the pumping wells were taken as the decision variable and the ANN-PSO model was applied to find out the optimal location of the wells. The results of the ANN-PSO model are found similar to the results obtained by AEM-PSO model. The results show that the ANN model can reduce the computational burden significantly as it is able to analyze different scenarios, and the ANN-PSO model is capable of identifying the optimal location of wells efficiently.     

西北干旱内陆盆地地下水生态功能的探讨

以准噶尔盆地南缘地下水资源开发利用为例,分析地下水变化引起的区域地下水水位下降、泉流量衰减、水质恶化、植被退化、灌区土壤次生盐渍化与盐沼化、湖泊萎缩或干枯等生态环境效应,解析西北干旱内陆盆地地下水水位埋藏、潜水矿化度、包气带岩性与结构、土壤含盐量等地下水状态变量及其生态功能,提出地下水资源评价的内容与步骤:地质生态环境野外调查、地下水系统模型、地质生态环境系统模型及面向生态的地下水资源评价方法。最后就地下水系统参数确定和评价模型运转等问题展开讨论。     

Groundwater Flow Modeling of the Arlington Basin to Evaluate Management Strategies for Expansion of the Arlington Desalter Water Production

Water supply reliability in Southern California is facing serious problems because of reduction in the availability of water from the State Water Project and Colorado River, drought, and growing concerns about environmental restoration. Groundwater sources supply more than fifty-five percent of domestic demands in the Western Riverside County. Western Municipal Water District is planning to increase water supply reliability by expanding the Arlington Desalter production which requires additional groundwater pumping from the Arlington Basin. Western was concerned that increasing groundwater pumping will cause excessive decline in groundwater levels, leading to decreased yields at existing Desalter wells. Three-dimensional groundwater flow model was developed for the Arlington Basin to investigate different water management strategies. Five groundwater management scenarios were run for a 30-year time period. The five model runs were used to determine the feasibility of the Arlington aquifer system to supply groundwater to the Arlington Desalter over the 30-year life of the facility. Model simulation results showed that long-term groundwater pumping from the existing Desalter wells is not sustainable without artificial recharge. However two of the modeling scenarios which incorporated a combination of artificial recharge and new production wells, were shown to meet the increased Desalter yield requirements as well as minimize adverse impacts.     

基于FEM求解均质承压水稳定流问题的傅里叶分析方法

规则区域均质承压水稳定流问题在只考虑Dirichlet、Neumann边界时具备11种边界类型组合模式。不同组合模式在FEM剖分下具有不同的稀疏线性方程组。本文首先对不同组合模式下的稀疏线性方程组进行傅里叶分析,在分析过程中对各种变换公式均采用快速傅里叶变换(FFT)算法进行计算,实现了均质承压水稳定流问题的快速求解。文中通过具有解析解的水流基准问题验证了傅里叶分析方法的可信性,并以此为基础,在不同剖分模式下分别应用傅里叶分析法与迭代法(Jacobi、Gauss-Seidel、SOR、PCG),进行算法的性能比较。计算结果表明:剖分密度越高（即剖分结点数多）,在求解精度相当的情况下傅里叶分析方法的求解效率优势越显著。该方法的另一大优势在于不需计算和存储原始系数矩阵,从而节省了大量内存空间。     

基于有限元求解均质承压水稳定流问题的傅里叶分析方法

规则区域均质承压水稳定流问题在只考虑Dirichlet、Neumann 边界时具备11种边界类型组合模式。不同组合模式在有限元剖分下具有不同的稀疏线性方程组。本文对不同组合模式下的稀疏线性方程组进行傅里叶分析,在分析过程中对各种变换公式均采用快速傅里叶变换算法进行计算,实现了均质承压水稳定流问题的快速求解。文中通过具有解析解的水流基准问题验证了傅里叶分析方法的可信性,并以此为基础,在不同剖分模式下分别应用傅里叶分析法与迭代法（Jacobi 、Gauss-Seidel、SOR 、PCG ）进行算法的性能比较。计算结果表明：剖分密度越高（即剖分结点数多）, 在求解精度相当的情况下傅里叶分析方法的求解效率优势越显著。该方法的另一大优势在于不需计算和存储原始系数矩阵,从而节省了大量内存空间。     

ANALYSIS OF SEEPAGE FLOW IN A CONFINED AQUIFER WITH A STANDING COLUMN WELL

The standing column well for ground source heat pump systems is a promising technology with high efficiency and environmental benefit, where groundwater is drawn from the bottom of a well and then re-injected to its top after transferring heat with heat pumps. Heat transfer analysis of great significance and aquifer involves complex problems. Determining the groundwater seepage flow is a precondition to solve the energy equation describing the heat transfer of the system. Only when piezometric head is obtained, the seepage velocity can be determined according to Darcy’s law. In this article the groundwater seepage flow in an axial symmetrical geometry was studied under the assumption that gross groundwater flow is neglected. An analytical solution of the groundwater seepage flow for a confined aquifer was acquired by using the integral transform method, which may provide a foundation for heat transfer analysis of the standing column well system.     

Application of Neural Networks and Optimization Model in Conjunctive Use of Surface Water and Groundwater

This study develops an optimization model for the large-scale conjunctive use of surface water and groundwater resources. The aim is to maximize public and irrigation water supplies subject to groundwater-level drawdown constraints. Linear programming is used to create the optimization model, which is formulated as a linear constrained objective function. An artificial neural network is trained by a flow modeling program at specific observation wells, and the network is then incorporated into the optimization model. The proposed methodology is applied to the Chou-Shui alluvial fan system, located in central Taiwan. People living in this region rely on large quantities of pumped water for their public and irrigation demands. This considerable dependency on groundwater has resulted in severe land subsidence in many coastal regions of the alluvial fan. Consequently, an efficient means of implementing large-scale conjunctive use of surface water and groundwater is needed to prevent further overuse of groundwater. Two different optimization scenarios are considered. The results given by the proposed model show that water-usage can be balanced with a stable groundwater level. Our findings may assist officials and researchers in establishing plans to alleviate land subsidence problems.     

青海省盐湖集团供水二期水源地数值模拟

针对山前冲洪积扇傍河水源地共有的水文地质条件,建立地下水流数学模型,采用Visual Modflow软件,选取极富水地段进行地下水数值模拟研究。在综合分析格尔木河冲洪积扇水文地质条件基础上,确定三维边界条件,建立水文地质条件概念模型及数学模型,通过对地下水梯度场、降速场与实测资料的识别与验证,模拟的流场形态与观测值及地下水动态拟合度较高,符合研究区水文地质条件。模型对10年内丰、平、枯水期降水频率下的开采方案结果及水均衡状态进行了预测,结果表明,拟建水源地所需的可开采水量(新增13.2万m3/d)基本可行。     

陕西省吴堡县岔上水源地地下水允许开采量评价

根据陕西省吴堡县岔上水源地水文地质条件,确定了研究范围和边界条件,建立了研究区水文地质概念模型和地下水二维非稳定流数学模型,利用基于有限差分法的Visual MODFLOW进行地下水流数值模拟计算。经过模型的识别和验证,获取可靠的水文地质参数,然后对水源地地下水资源进行定量评价。通过对比设计了9种开采方案,选取了最为合理的开采方案,最终得到岔上水源地平枯期允许开采量均为6 880m3/d。根据模型预报结果,水源地目前的设计开采量是可行的。研究结果为研究区地下水资源的合理开发利用提供了依据。     

A New Groundwater Management Model by Coupling Analytic Element Method and Reverse Particle Tracking with Cat Swarm Optimization

The performance of groundwater management models mostly depends upon the methodology employed to simulate flow and transport processes and the efficiency of optimization algorithms. The present study examines the effectiveness of cat swarm optimization (CSO) for groundwater management problems, by coupling it with the analytic element method (AEM) and reverse particle tracking (RPT). In this study, we propose two coupled simulation-optimization models, viz. AEM-CSO and AEM-RPT-CSO by combining AEM with RPT and CSO. Both the models utilize the added advantages of AEM, such as precise estimation of hydraulic head at pumping location and generation of continuous velocity throughout the domain. The AEM-CSO model is applied to a hypothetical unconfined aquifer considering two different objectives, i.e., maximization of the total pumping of groundwater from the aquifer and minimization of the total pumping costs. The model performance reflects the superiority of CSO in comparison with other optimization algorithms. Further, the AEM-RPT-CSO model is successfully applied to a hypothetical confined aquifer to minimize the total number of contaminant sources, within the time related capture zone of the wells, while maintaining the required water demand. In this model, RPT gets continuous velocity information directly from the AEM model. The performance evaluation of the proposed methodology, illustrates its ability to solve groundwater management problems.     

复杂岩溶区深埋长隧洞涌水量预测分析

涌突水是深埋长隧洞施工中最为突出的地质灾害之一,尤其是在岩溶发育地区,做好涌水量预测分析是保证施工安全的前提。以滇中引水工程某深埋长隧洞为例,基于地下水模型系统软件GMS,并结合隧洞穿越段地下水含水介质特性、岩体水文地质结构、地下水流动系统特征、地下水化学及其环境特点,建立了三维渗流场数值模型,经与传统经验公式相比较,对计算结果的差异性进行了分析,验证了数值计算方法的可行性。最后利用该模型对隧洞施工期不同工况下的涌水量进行了预测分析,并对周边地下水的影响进行论证,为工程设计和施工提供了科学的参考依据和技术支撑。     

西辽河流域地表地下复合生态需水研究

针对西辽河流域水资源开发利用强度大、地下水超采、平原河流断流等严重的生态问题,将河道生态流量与地下水位作为整体来考虑,系统地确定复合型生态需水。首先以河道为对象,计算了最小生态流量、适宜生态流量;其次,以河岸为对象,以地下水与河流补排关系和避免盐碱化为依据,以河道生态流量为边界条件,确定了支撑河道生态需水的生态地下水位。西辽河流域的地表地下复合生态需水指标由河道最小生态流量和适宜生态流量以及地下生态水位构成,可为流域水资源规划和管理、生态系统保护和恢复提供科学依据。     

Planning of Groundwater Supply Systems Subject to Uncertainty Using Stochastic Flow Reduced Models and Multi-Objective Evolutionary Optimization

The typical modeling approach to groundwater management relies on the combination of optimization algorithms and subsurface simulation models. In the case of groundwater supply systems, the management problem may be structured into an optimization problem to identify the pumping scheme that minimizes the total cost of the system while complying with a series of technical, economical, and hydrological constraints. Since lack of data on the subsurface system most often reflects upon the development of groundwater flow models that are inherently uncertain, the solution to the groundwater management problem should explicitly consider the tradeoff between cost optimality and the risk of not meeting the management constraints. This work addresses parameter uncertainty following a stochastic simulation (or Monte Carlo) approach, in which a sufficiently large ensemble of parameter scenarios is used to determine representative values selected from the statistical distribution of the management objectives, that is, minimizing cost while minimizing risk. In particular, the cost of the system is estimated as the expected value of the cost distribution sampled through stochastic simulation, while the risk of not meeting the management constraints is quantified as the expected value of the intensity of constraint violation. The solution to the multi-objective optimization problem is addressed by combining a multi-objective evolutionary algorithm with a stochastic model simulating groundwater flow in confined aquifers. Evolutionary algorithms are particularly appropriate in optimization problems characterized by non-linear and discontinuous objective functions and constraints, although they are also computationally demanding and require intensive analyses to tune input parameters that guarantee optimality to the solutions. In order to drastically reduce the otherwise overwhelming computational cost, a novel stochastic flow reduced model is thus developed, which practically allows for averting the direct inclusion of the full simulation model in the optimization loop. The computational efficiency of the proposed framework is such that it can be applied to problems characterized by large numbers of decision variables.     

地表河网-地下水流系统耦合模拟Ⅰ：模型

本文通过采用联立求解地表河流一维明渠非恒定渐变流与地下水拟三维非稳定流运动方程的技术路线，提出了地表河网与地下水流耦合模拟算法。该算法中地表河网流动分别由质量和动量守恒定律而建立的连续性方程和运动方程所组成；地下水流采用多层“拟三维”非稳定流模型，通过彼此间的水力联系，建立了地表河网-地下水流耦合模拟评价模型，该模型可用于地表水与地下水转化关系较为密切地区的水资源综合评价预测中。     

考虑地下水入渗的一维水动力学模型研究

考虑地下水入渗的一维水动力学模型可从物理机制上综合模拟河道水流与地下水之间的互动关系,为地下水入渗过程活跃河段的水流模拟提供基础方法。引入达西定律,通过渗流方向假设及渗流路径长度假设,推导构建了地下水入渗项的数学表达式。分析表明,该项可合理反映河道水流与地下水间的补给与反补给关系;将其整合至圣维南方程组,并通过Preissmann四点线性隐式差分格式求解。从理论上讨论了该模型的适用条件。当地下水入渗没有严格符合假设条件时,可通过调整渗透系数及平均导渗率弥补。考虑地下水入渗的一维水动力学模型能够动态反映河道上各断面水流与地下水之间的交互关系,定量分析地下水入渗水量,有利于提高一维水流的模拟精度。     

Application of the high performance computing techniques of parflow simulator to model groundwater flow at Azraq basin

Being one of the largest groundwater basins in Jordan, the Azraq basin is considered to be an important domestic and agricultural water source. Lately, there have been growing concerns about the continuous depletion and deterioration in groundwater quality in the basin due to intensive pumping beyond the safe yield of the basin. This is where assessment studies equipped with the proper modeling tools come into the picture. The highly advanced groundwater model, ParFlow, was utilized in this project in order to model groundwater flow in the basin. ParFlow employs the latest numerical techniques along with the massive power of parallel computing to utilize three-dimensional heterogeneity in groundwater flow modeling. This was tested against the homogeneous assumptions employed in more commonly used models such as Processing Modflow. Modeling results were compared to those produced by the PM5 modeling studies conducted by relevant official agencies in Jordan. Furthermore, the calibrated flow model was used to predict the aquifer system's response to a pumpage scheme of 55.5 MCM/year. The results showed that the maximum drawdown predicted by ParFlow was greater than the amount predicted by Modflow for the same pumping scheme. One of the causes of this difference in predictions may be attributed to the fact that ParFlow gives a general, more comprehensive picture of the system at hand, as opposed to the point dependent results obtained via Modflow.     

An Integrated Groundwater Management Mode Based on Control Indexes of Groundwater Quantity and Level

Groundwater is an important source of freshwater throughout the world. Due to over-exploitation of groundwater over many years, a number of potential adverse hydrogeological problems have raised. To reduce such adverse effects, it is necessary to carry out strict groundwater management in over-exploited areas. In this study, quantity-level binary control management mode has been developed in Tianjin. Initially, the management is the key to determine control levels of groundwater including the blue line levels (proper levels) and red line levels (warning levels), the blue line levels can be determined by the ground settlement recovery scenario, and the red line levels can be determined through planning groundwater exploitation scenarios. By comparing the real-time observed groundwater data with the blue levels and red levels the management grade of groundwater levels which are present, can thus be identified. Secondly, the corresponding management strategies would be determined by the management grade. On this basis reasonable groundwater levels and mining schemes can be made. Finally, the water quota for each sector can be optimized and adjusted in real time according to the binary groundwater management methodology established in this study. Thus, the exploitation of groundwater can be monitored and dynamically managed by the real-time monitoring levels and the sustainable utilization of groundwater resources can be achieved. To achieve all the objectives mentioned above, it is necessary to provide a powerful tool through the utilization of a numerical model for groundwater management. Based on geological and hydrogeological conditions in Tianjin city, a three-dimensional numerical groundwater flow model was established by coupling a one-dimensional soil consolidation model with MODFLOW model. Through calibration and verification, the model showed good simulation accuracy. It proved that the new management mode can provide a scientific basis for groundwater management.     

求解非均质多孔介质中随机水流问题的多尺度有限元降基方法

为高效求解地下非均质多孔介质中的随机水流问题,通过构造一组独立于随机参数取样的多尺度有限元降基函数和生成一个降阶多尺度模型,发展了一种多尺度有限元降基方法(RMsBM)。并应用矩阵离散的经验插值方法(MDEIM)仿射分解非仿射的随机参数问题的离散系统以加速降阶模型的在线计算。为评估所提出方法的性能与效率,对随机非均质多孔介质中的饱和水流问题执行了若干数值试验。数值结果表明:所提出的RMsBM通过选择合适的粗网格和最优数目的局部多尺度降基函数,可在维持良好计算精度的同时,显著提高在线计算效率。