“全国地热资源调查评价及开发利用学术研讨会”在腾冲召开

10月18日，由中国能源研究会地热专业委员会主办、中国地质环境监测院承办的全国地热资源调查评价及开发利用学术研讨会在火山地热名城一云南的腾冲胜利召开。来自北京、天津、上海、河北、河南、广东、福建、江西、江苏、青海、西藏、云南等省、市、自治区的近百名地热界代表出席了大会。     

征稿启事

本刊对政府能源管理部门及机电、锅炉、电力、环保、冶金、化工、建筑、煤气、制冷与空调等行业以及科研与设计机构、高等学校的有关领导、管理人员、工程技术人员、教师及研究生具有一定的实际应用和参考价值。欢迎踊跃来稿。     

节能是我们的业务斯派莎克——蒸汽和流体控制领域的世界领导者

蒸汽是现代工业的血液.每年,不论是在食品饮料行业、制药、化工、电子、纸浆和造纸行业,这些都需要用到蒸汽.世界各地的消费者都受益于蒸汽,因为许多吃的、喝的、穿的、用的东西是用洁净的、无色、无味、无毒的蒸汽生产的.     

西安电炉研究所有限公司获得对外贸易经营者权利

2011年9月6日,西安电炉研究所有限公司取得对外贸易在营业执照规定的“工业电热设备及其成套设备、工业燃气燃烧设备、冶金通用机械设备及其成套设备、节能、环保设备、自动化控制设备的开发、设计、制造、销售、咨询、技术服务、改造、工程总承包、工程安装、工程监理、调试、对外进、出口贸易”范围内的直接贸易权、外汇结算权、出口退税权。     

广东省地热资源现状及开发前景展望

温泉是集热、矿、水三位于一体的宝贵矿产资源。其属性单一，为矿产资源中的能源矿产类。广东省的温泉分布甚广，全省已发现温泉311处、温泉点294处、隐伏地热区17处。其中，粤东地区主要分布在丰顺、东山湖、普宁、紫金和惠州地区；粤中及南部主要分布于三元里、龙门、从化、中山及珠海地区：粤西主要分布于思平、吴川、阳江等地；粤北主要分布于枫湾、曲江、小坑、清远、英德等地。     

国家发展改革委发出关于组织2005＇建设节约型社会展览会的通知

为贯彻党的十六大、十六届三中、四中全会精神，落实科学发展观，根据《国务院关于做好建设节约型社会近期重点工作的通知》（国发〔2005〕21号），国家发改委、中宣部、全国人大环资委、科技部、财政部、国土资源部、建设部、水利部、农业部、国资委、环保总局、北京市人民政府决定于2005年12月在北京联合举办“2005’建设节约型社会展览会”。通知有关内容如下：     

中国节水技术政策大纲(中)

(接上期) 3工业节水 工业用水主要包括冷却用水、热力和工艺用水、洗涤用水.其中工业冷却水用量占工业用水总量的80%左右,取水量占工业取水总量的30%～40%.火力发电、钢铁、石油、石化、化工、造纸、纺织、有色金属、食品与发酵等八个行业取水量约占全国工业总取水量的60%(含火力发电直流冷却用水).     

简述压力容器材料、零部件质量控制系统的建立与实施要点

本文结合哈锅公司压力容器制造质量保证体系的建立过程,重点介绍了压力容器材料、零部件质量控制系统建立、控制要求、控制方法,以及系统中材料、零部件分供方的选择、评价与管理、采购、验收、保管、发放、材料代用、使用等七个控制环节的实施要点。     

南昌市罗家集工业区PM10源解析研究

采用理论设计、现场采样、实验室分析和模型计算相结合的方法,对南昌市罗家集工业区可吸入颗粒物(PM10)的来源进行定量解析.在南昌市南昌钢铁责任有限公司监测站和南昌市罗家集何家村监测点采集了 (PM10)的样品,同时收集了土壤尘、煤烟尘、冶金尘、建筑尘和机动车尾气尘等五种源样品.用等离子体发射光谱法(ICP)分别测定了受体和源样品中Ca、Mg、Al、As、Fe、Mn、Pb、S、Ti等9种的元素的含量,在此基础上建立了南昌市罗家集工业区源解析的化学质量平衡(CMB)受体模型,并利用CMB模型计算得到各种源对PM10污染的贡献率,分别为:煤烟尘32%、建筑尘22%、冶金尘16%、土壤尘13%、机动车尾气尘8%及其它尘9%.     

书讯

<正>《节能减排培训教材》是一套内容实用、知识权威、观念先进,具有针对性、系统性、适用性的节能培训教材。该书于2008年底出版,共分三册。第一册为"政策法规篇",包括法律、法规、规章、法规性文件、规划及部分地方规章、政策文件、规划等。第二册为"节能技术篇",系统介绍节能基础知识、电、热、水、新能源技术、锅炉节能、公建节能等专业知识,并选择具有代表性的案例进行讲解。     

过热器再热器爆漏事故的原因分析及对策

过热器、再热器爆漏事故严重影响了锅炉机组的安全性和经济性,而造成过热器、再热器爆漏事故的主要因素有超温爆管、磨损、高温腐蚀、热疲劳、质量失控等。通过对这些因素的主要原因和爆口特征的分析,提出了一些过热器、再热器爆漏事故的防治措施。     

现代先进发动机技术——平衡和振动(1)

本文综述了90年代以来世界上现代先进发动机技术之平衡和振动系统。主要叙述了发动机平衡和振动设计技术的发展.如单缸和直列、卧式对置、V型不同夹角多缸发动机的动、静平衡分析;一、二次惯性力和力矩分析及平衡;轴系扭转振动简谐分析;临界转速的确定;各种减振器结构等。     

A study on the intercepted insolation as a function of slope and azimuth of the surface

Monthly average daily global radiation on surfaces tilted towards the equator and also inclined at various azimuth angels are estimated for three locations in the Southern African region from reported global and diffuse radiation on a horizontal surface. The anisotropic model suggested by Hay is used in obtaining daily radiation at various slopes and orientations. Total annual radiation data are also computed for various tilt and azimuth angles and optimum tilt and azimuth angels corresponding to maximum insolation are obtained for winter, summer and annual collection. The optimum tilt and orientation reported here show some variation from those reported earlier by other investigators and the results are discussed.     

Semi-analytical method for heat and moisture transfer in packed bed of silica gel

A semi-analytical model for the heat and mass transfer of adsorption and desorption processes of the vertical solid desiccant packed bed dehumidifier is presented on the basis of quasi-steady state assumption, and is solved using close form integration with the limits equivalent to bed and time increments, and numerically by Runge-Kutta Fehlberg and forward scheme finite difference techniques. The most important parameters during the dehumidifier operation, namely, (i) exit air temperature and humidity, (ii) axial temperature distribution in the bed and (iii) water content are evaluated. Stability of the semi-analytical method is investigated and found that the main parameters affecting the model stability are the bed and time increments size. A dimensionless parameter combining time and bed increments size and air velocity named velocity ratio is defined and investigated. It is found that when the velocity ratio equals the ratio of particle diameter to bed length, the method is stable, and as the velocity ratio is made smaller beyond the stable velocity ratio, the results remain unchanged. The results of semi-analytical and numerical models agree well with the experimental results for both desorption and adsorption processes. Using the proposed semi-analytical model, the minimum and maximum relative errors for exit air temperature are 2.24% and 11.78%, respectively and for exit air humidity the minimum and maximum errors are 3.79% and 27.17% respectively.     

Operating conditions of an open and direct solar thermal Brayton cycle with optimised cavity receiver and recuperator

The small-scale open and direct solar thermal Brayton cycle with recuperator has several advantages, including low cost, low operation and maintenance costs and it is highly recommended. The main disadvantages of this cycle are the pressure losses in the recuperator and receiver, turbomachine efficiencies and recuperator effectiveness, which limit the net power output of such a system. The irreversibilities of the solar thermal Brayton cycle are mainly due to heat transfer across a finite temperature difference and fluid friction. In this paper, thermodynamic optimisation is applied to concentrate on these disadvantages in order to optimise the receiver and recuperator and to maximise the net power output of the system at various steady-state conditions, limited to various constraints. The effects of wind, receiver inclination, rim angle, atmospheric temperature and pressure, recuperator height, solar irradiance and concentration ratio on the optimum geometries and performance were investigated. The dynamic trajectory optimisation method was applied. Operating points of a standard micro-turbine operating at its highest compressor efficiency and a parabolic dish concentrator diameter of 16 m were considered. The optimum geometries, minimum irreversibility rates and maximum receiver surface temperatures of the optimised systems are shown. For an environment with specific conditions and constraints, there exists an optimum receiver and recuperator geometry so that the system produces maximum net power output.     

地热流体的腐蚀与结垢控制现状

在地热发电或直接利用过程中,与地热流体（液体或蒸汽）接触的设备、管道或管件存在着腐蚀和结垢现象,往往成为地热开发利用的技术瓶颈。因此,开展地热流体的腐蚀与结垢控制技术研究至关重要。本文主要分析了近年来国内外在地热流体的腐蚀和结垢控制方面的研究进展,包括选材、涂层、流体预处理、化学添加剂等控制方法,并提出了进一步的研究方向,包括全面的地热流体腐蚀结垢趋势预测及地球化学模拟,结垢机理研究,涂层和基底的结合力和耐久性研究,阴极保护以及复合控制方法开发等。     

A critical review of ash slagging mechanisms and viscosity measurement for low-rank coal and bio-slags

Gasification or combustion of coal and biomass is the most important form of power generation today. However, the use of coal/biomass at high temperatures has an inherent problem related to the ash generated. The formation of ash leads to a problematic phenomenon called slagging. Slagging is the accumulation of molten ash on the walls of the furnace, gasifier, or boiler and is detrimental as it reduces the heat transfer rate, and the combustion/gasification rate of unburnt carbon, causes mechanical failure, high-temperature corrosion and on occasions, superheater explosions. To improve the gasifier/combustor facility, it is very important to understand the key ash properties, slag characteristics, viscosity and critical viscosity temperature. This paper reviews the content, compositions, and melting characteristics of ashes in differently ranked coal and biomass, and discusses the formation mechanism, characteristics, and structure of slag. In particular, this paper focuses on low-rank coal and biomass that have been receiving increased attention recently. Besides, it reviews the available methodologies and formulae for slag viscosity measurement/prediction and summarizes the current limitations and potential applications. Moreover, it discusses the slagging behavior of different ranks of coal and biomass by examining the applicability of the current viscosity measurement methods to these fuels, and the viscosity prediction models and factors that affect the slag viscosity. This review shows that the existing viscosity models and slagging indices can only satisfactorily predict the viscosity and slagging propensity of high-rank coals but cannot predict the slagging propensity and slag viscosity of low-rank coal, and especially biomass ashes, even if they are limited to a particular composition only. Thus, there is a critical need for the development of an index, or a model or even a measurement method, which can predict/measure the slagging propensity and slag viscosity correctly for all low-rank coal and biomass ashes.     

Expert networks as science-policy interlocutors in the implementation of a monitoring reporting and verification (MRV) system

The Paris Agreement, which entered into effect in 2016, emphasizes a definite timeline for communicating and maintaining successive nationally determined contributions (NDCs) that it plans to achieve in addressing climate change. This calls for the development of a measurement, reporting and verification (MRV) system and a Capacity-building Initiative for Transparency (CBIT). Though such actions are universally accepted by the Parties to the Paris Agreement, earlier studies have shown that there remain technological, social, political and financial constrains which will affect the development and deployment of such a system. In this paper, using a case study on MRV implementation in Bogor City in Indonesia, how the above-mentioned challenges can be overcome is outlined through a technological and policy innovation process where scientists and technologists (collectively referred as expert networks) can join hands with local governments and national policy makers in designing, development and implementation of an MRV system that meets the local, national and global requirements. Through the case study it is further observed that expert networks can act as interactive knowledge generators and policy interlocutors in bridging technology with policy. To be specific, first, a brief history of the international context of MRV and CBIT is outlined. Next, the theoretical underpinning of the study is contextualized within the existing theories related to public policy and international relations. Finally, the case study is outlined and investigated where the engagement of an expert-network and policy makers in the design, development and implementation of an MRV tool is showcased.     

气缸盖机械加工工艺技术关键分析

结合近年来国内外内燃机行业发展的新趋势和工作实践，对结构复杂的气缸盖机械加工提出了进、排气门座圈锥面与导管孔的加工是其工艺技术关键，从定位方式、基准选择、气门座底孔与导管孔底孔的加工，气门座圈锥面加工方式和导管孔的加工方式等方面进行了探讨和分析。     

Biotechnology in petroleum recovery: The microbial EOR

Biotechnology has played a significant role in enhancing crude oil recovery from the depleted oil reservoirs to solve stagnant petroleum production, after a three-stage recovery process employing mechanical, physical and chemical methods. Biotechnologically enhanced oil recovery processes, known as microbial enhanced oil recovery (MEOR), involve stimulating indigenous reservoir microbes or injecting specially selected consortia of natural bacteria into the reservoir to produce specific metabolic events that lead to improved oil recovery. This also involves flooding with oil recovery agents produced ex situ by industrial or pilot scale fermentation. This paper essentially reviews the operating mechanisms and the progress made in enhanced oil recovery through the use of microbes and their metabolic products. Improvement in oil recovery by injecting solvents and gases or by energizing the reservoir microflora to produce them in situ for carbonate rock dissolution and reservoir re-pressurization has been enunciated. The role of biosurfactants in oil mobilization through emulsification and that of biopolymers for selective plugging of oil-depleted zones and for biofilm formation have been delineated. The spoil sport played by sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) in MEOR has also been briefly reviewed. The importance of mathematical models used in predicting the applicability of an MEOR strategy and the microbial growth and transport has been qualitatively discussed. The results of some laboratory studies and worldwide field trials applying ex situ and in situ MEOR technologies were compiled and interpreted. However, the potential of the MEOR technologies has not been fully realized due to poor yield of the useful microbial metabolic products, growth inhibition by accumulated toxic metabolites and longer time of incubation. A complete evaluation and assessment of MEOR from an engineering standpoint based on economics, applicability and performance is required to further improve the process efficiency for writing more success stories. Thus, this review attempts to address almost all the issues concerning the MEOR, its past and recent trends and its future prospect and directions.