预编码室内MIMO可见光通信系统空间相关性分析

为了解决多用户MIMO(MU-MIMO)室内可见光通信中存在用户间干扰问题及对角化(BD)算法所产生的子信道强弱的问题,利用子流选择BD算法,对室内MU-MIMO可见光通信系统的误码率进行优化。建立了MU-MIMO室内可见光通信的信道模型,利用控制变量法并采用不同LED与PD距离的参数,对比了在4×4 MIMO与8×8 MIMO两种不同的室内系统布局方式下的信道空间相关性,分析对比子流选择BD算法及BD算法的系统容量及误码率性能。结果表明,随着空间相关的不断增强,误码率性能下降,子流选择BD算法相对于BD算法可以带来4 dB以上的增益。     

On-line tuning system of multivariate dEWMA control based on a neural network approach

The double exponentially weighted moving average (EWMA) controller is a popular algorithm for on-line quality control of semiconductor manufacturing processes. The performance of the closed-loop system hinges on the adequacy of the two weight parameters of the double EWMA equations. In 2004, Su and Hsu presented an approach based on the neural technique for ‘on-line’ tuning the weight of the single EWMA equation in the single-input single-output (SISO) system. The present paper extends the neural network on-line tuning scheme to the double EWMA controller for the non-squared multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) system, and validates the control performance by means of a simulated chemical–mechanical planarization (CMP) process in semiconductor manufacturing. Both linear and non-linear equipment models are considered to evaluate the proposed controller, coupling with the deterministic drift, the Gaussian noise and the first-order integrated moving average (IMA) disturbance. It has been shown from a variety of simulation studies that the proposed method exhibits quite competitive control performance as compared with the previous control system. The other merit of the proposed approach is that the tuning system, if sufficient training in a neural network is available, can be practicably applied to complex semiconductor processes without undue difficulty.     

Multivariable control-oriented modeling of a direct expansion (DX) air conditioning (A/C) system

A dynamic mathematical model for a DX A/C system has been developed. The dynamic model, written in state-space representation which was suitable for designing multivariable control, was linearized at steady state operating points. The linearized model has been validated by comparing the model simulation results with the experimental data obtained from an experimental DX A/C system. The simulated results agreed well with the experimental data, suggesting that the model developed was able to capture the transient characteristics of the DX A/C system modeled. It is expected that the model developed can be useful in designing a multi-input multi-output (MIMO) controller to simultaneously control indoor air temperature and humidity in a space served by a DX A/C system.     

Power allocation in SVD- and GMD-assisted MIMO systems

Singular-value decomposition (SVD)-based multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems have attracted a lot of attention in the wireless community where the whole MIMO channel is decomposed into a number of unequally weighted independent single-input single-output (SISO) channels. The unequal weighting of the SISO channels has led to intensive research on bit- and power allocation even in MIMO channel situations with poor scattering conditions identified as the antenna correlation effect. In this situation, the unequal weighting of the SISO channels becomes even much stronger. In comparison to the SVD-assisted MIMO transmission, geometric mean decomposition (GMD)-based MIMO systems are able to compensate for the drawback of weighted SISO channels when using SVD at the cost of remaining interferences which can be easily removed by using dirty paper precoding. Together with different QAM constellation sizes per layer, bit loading and power allocation can be helpful to balance the bit-error probabilities in the activated number of MIMO layers. The novel contribution of this paper is that optimal and suboptimal power allocation solutions are investigated under the assumption of unequal SISO channels as well as different QAM constellation sizes per MIMO layer. Our results show that GMD-based MIMO transmission has the potential to significantly simplify the process of bit and power loading and outperforms the SVD-based MIMO transmission as long as the same QAM-constellation size is used on all equally-weighted SISO channels.     

空调系统神经模糊控制器-仿真和优化

以恒温空调系统为控制对象，对神经模糊控制器、常规模糊控制器和PID控制器进行了数字仿真，并用单纯形法对控制比例因子进行了参数寻优，获得了最优参数和动态响应曲线；通过对神经模糊控制器的优化学习，大大提高了神经模糊控制器的控制精度和稳定性，其性能优于最优化的PID控制器和最优化的常规模糊控制器，能有效地满足温度控制要求，并具有较好的鲁棒性；由于神经模糊控制器具有模糊控制和神经网络的智能，经过优化学习后，它具有艮好的控制性能和自适应能力。     

基于改进樽海鞘群算法的PMSM变论域模糊控制

目的 为提高自动化包装流水线的生产效率,针对永磁同步电机PI控制器参数无法适时调整而引起的稳态误差较大、抗干扰性差等问题,提出一种基于改进樽海鞘群算法的新型变论域模糊控制器。方法 通过游走策略和变异分布策略对樽海鞘群智能算法的位置更新进行改进,同时加入过界个体的加权位置修正与劣势个体二次迁移,并将优化后的算法与变论域模糊PI控制器相结合,用于调节伸缩因子,以获得对永磁同步电机更好的控制效果。结果 仿真表明,文中改进后的控制器较传统PI控制器有效减小了静态误差;同时优化后的控制器令PMSM在变速和变载工况下响应更快,较改进前的樽海鞘群算法作用下PI控制器在变速和变载工况下的超调量分别降低约21.35%和62.85%。结论 算法优化伸缩因子后得到的变论域模糊控制与其他控制相比,更有效地提高了系统的鲁棒性,改善了系统的控制性能,减小了损耗。     

Spatial data stream multiplexing scheme for high-throughput WLANs

A novel scheme using spatial data stream multiplexing (SDSM) in the upcoming multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO)-based IEEE 802.11n physical layer is proposed. It is shown that with SDSM, the same data rate can be achieved by using less number of transmit and receive antennas and therefore this scheme can reduce the number of antennas which results in reducing mutual coupling effects, hardware costs and implementation complexities. The maximum data rates that can be achieved using a 2times2 MIMO system is 270 Mbps and for a 4times4 MIMO system is 540 Mbps. The same data rates can be achieved using the SDSM technique which reduces the 2times2 MIMO system to 1times1 SISO system and the 4times4 MIMO system to a 2times2 MIMO system.     

Exploiting multiple-input multiple-output in the personal sphere

An analysis of the propagation characteristics of communication links in the personal sphere is presented. The results of two wideband measurement campaigns in the 5.2 GHz band involving on-body multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) arrays are reported. In the first measurement, transmission takes place between on-body antennas and a uniform linear array, positioned at close range and with line-of-sight (LOS) propagation conditions. Despite the LOS operation, MIMO is shown to offer a significant increase in the information theoretic capacity of the system when compared with a conventional single-input single-output (SISO) antenna system. Although this appears counter-intuitive to the well-known fact that uncorrelated scattering results in high capacity, two previously less well-known mechanisms are highlighted to explain this result. This analysis reveals the potential use of MIMO in personal area networks. The second measurement campaign uses two on-body MIMO arrays to focus on the subject of body area network propagation. Analysis of the SISO characteristics of the links highlights the influence of the user on the channel. Body shadowing and user motion are shown to lead to multiple rapid changes in the channel characteristics. Again, MIMO is shown to be able to offer performance enhancement. In the measured channels, polarisation diversity is shown to outperform spatial diversity.     

A comparison of multirate robust track-following control synthesis techniques for dual-stage and multisensing servo systems in hard disk drives

This paper presents the system modeling, design, and analysis of multirate robust track-following controllers for a dual-stage servo system with a microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) microactuator (MA) and an instrumented suspension. A generalized model is constructed which includes a nominal plant, disturbances, uncertainties, and multirate sensing and control. Two major categories of controller design methodologies are considered. The first includes synthesis methodologies that are based on single-input single-output (SISO) design techniques, and includes the sensitivity decoupling (SD) and the PQ methods. In this case, a high sampling-rate inner loop damping control is first implemented using the auxiliary sensor signals. Subsequently, a low-rate outer loop controller is designed for the damped plant using either the SD or PQ design methods. The second category of design methodologies includes those based on multirate, multi-input multi-output (MIMO) design techniques, including mixed H/sub 2//H/sub /spl infin//, mixed H/sub 2///spl mu/, and robust H/sub 2/ synthesis. In this case, a set of controllers, which is periodically time-varying due to multirateness, is designed by explicitly considering plant uncertainty and hence robust stability. Comparisons are made between all the design techniques in terms of nominal H/sub 2/ performance, robust stability, and robust performance between these controllers, when the feedback controller is closed around the full order, perturbed plant. The advantages and disadvantages of each of these methods are discussed, as well as guidelines for their practical implementation.     

基于空时块编码和正交脉冲的MIMO系统性能研究

为了有效利用脉冲无线电(IR)的短距离、高数据速率以及多输入多输出(MIMO)通信系统的更大容量,提出了一种基于空时块编码(STBC)和正交脉冲的MIMO超宽带(UWB)通信系统。具体实现是通过对标准单输入单输出(SISO)脉冲无线电系统的直接序列超宽带作为多址(MA)技术的IR-MA信号模型以及信道模型、收发器结构和检测方法的分析,提出了一种把空时块编码和正交脉冲相结合的新方法,并采用FS-rake相干接收(CR)和非相干接收(NCR)技术及IEEE UWB信道模型对其获得的空间分集和编码性能进行了研究,从而得到可以相对较好地描述高信噪比时的性能变化趋势的理论上限值。仿真结果表明,这种STBC-IR方案相比于传统的单链路-脉冲无线电(SL-IR)方案,可获得更好的空间分集和编码增益,可用于增加传输距离和减少rake接收机的复杂性,而且在UWB通信中,STBC-IR方案还能很好地消除定时抖动的影响。     

A DDC-based capacity controller of a direct expansion (DX) air conditioning (A/C) unit for simultaneous indoor air temperature and humidity control – Part II: Further development of the controller to improve control sensitivity

The development of the novel direct digital control (DDC)-based capacity controller for a direct expansion (DX) air conditioning (A/C) unit having variable-speed compressor and supply fan to simultaneously control indoor air temperature and relative humidity (RH) in a conditioned space served by the DX A/C unit has been reported in Part I of the two-part series. The results of preliminary controllability tests for the novel capacity controller presented in Part I, however, suggested that the controller developed was operational, with acceptable control accuracy but rooms for improvement with respect to control sensitivity. This paper, the second part of the two-part series, reports on the further development of the controller to improve its control sensitivity and the associated controllability test results. Both control accuracy and reasonable control sensitivity were achieved by incorporating a traditional Proportional–integral (PI) controller into the DDC-based capacity controller.     

A DDC-based capacity controller of a direct expansion (DX) air conditioning (A/C) unit for simultaneous indoor air temperature and humidity control – Part I: Control algorithms and preliminary controllability tests

For residential buildings located in the subtropics, direct expansion (DX) air conditioning (A/C) units are commonly used. Most DX A/C units are currently equipped with single-speed compressors and supply fans, relying on on–off cycling compressors as a low-cost approach to maintain only indoor air dry-bulb temperature, resulting in either space overcooling or an uncontrolled equilibrium indoor relative humidity (RH) level. With the rapid development of A/C industry, the use of variable-speed compressor and supply fan has become more and more prevalent and practical. This paper, the first part of a two-part series, reports on the development of a novel direct digital control (DDC)-based capacity controller for a DX A/C unit having variable-speed compressor and supply fan to simultaneously control indoor air temperature and RH in a conditioned space served by the DX A/C unit. The controller is the first of its kind as a composite parameter, sensible heat ratio (SHR), is used as a controlled parameter. The core element of the capacity controller, a numerical calculation algorithm (NCA) is firstly presented. This is followed by reporting the results of preliminary controllability tests of the DDC-based capacity controller, which suggested that the controller developed could achieve a reasonable control accuracy, but with room for improvement with respect to control sensitivity. Part II of the two-part series reports on the further development of the controller to improve its control sensitivity, and the results of associated controllability tests.     

Experimental study on the performance of a simultaneous heating and cooling multi-heat pump with the variation of operation mode

The cooling load in the winter season becomes significant in commercial buildings and hotels because of the wide usage of office equipment and improved wall insulation. In this study, a simultaneous heating and cooling multi-heat pump having four indoor units and an outdoor unit was designed and tested in five operation modes: cooling-only, heating-only, cooling-main, heating-main, and entire heat recovery. The performance of the system with R410a was optimized by adjusting the system's control parameters. In the cooling-main mode, the rate of the bypass flow to the heating-operated indoor unit was optimized by controlling the EEV opening of the outdoor unit. In the heating-main mode, the mass flow rate to the cooling-operated indoor unit was optimized by adjusting the EEV opening in the outdoor unit. In the entire heat recovery mode, the compressor speed was controlled to improve the system COP with appropriate heating and cooling capacities.     

Modeling, identification and control of air-conditioning systems

In this paper, feedback controller design for the air-conditioning system is addressed through systematic modeling and identification. Particularly, the physical model of the system reveals the key parameter that dictates energy efficiency, and the identification procedure produces a low-order, linear model suitable for controller design. The feedback controller employed is multi-input–multi-output-based and possesses a cascade structure for dealing with the fast and slow dynamics in the system. To determine appropriate control parameters, conditions that establish performance and stability of the cascade design are given. Experiments show that the controller can simultaneously achieve satisfactory transient response in the indoor temperature, and improve energy efficiency at steady state.     

Identification and control of multi-evaporator air-conditioning systems

Modern multi-evaporator air-conditioners (MEACs) incorporate variable-speed compressors and variable-opening expansion valves as the actuators for improving cooling performance and energy efficiency. These actuators have to be properly feedback-controlled; otherwise the systems may exhibit even poorer performance than the conventional machines which use fixed-speed compressors and conventional expansion valves. In this paper, feedback controller design for the MEAC system is first addressed through experimental identification. The identification produces a low-order, linear model suitable for controller design. The feedback controller employed is multi-input–multi-output-based and possesses a cascade structure for dealing with the fast and slow dynamics in the system. To determine appropriate control parameters, conditions that establish the stability for the cascade design are given. Due to the deficiency in control inputs, the proposed control structure exhibits steady-state errors in the superheat responses which in turn can produce unacceptable steady-state superheats. To resolve this issue, the reference superheat settings are determined via an optimization procedure so that the resultant steady-state superheats become acceptable. The control experiments indicate that the proposed controller can successfully regulate the indoor temperatures and maintain the steady-state superheat temperatures at acceptable levels.     

机载光电陀螺稳定平台的伪微分反馈控制

为了克服外部干扰对机载光电陀螺稳定平台的影响,实现高稳定精度和隔离度,采用基于伪微分反馈的控制技术对系统的控制性能进行了研究.首先,介绍了伪微分反馈控制技术的基本结构,并对其进行了简化.从理论上分析了简化的伪微分反馈控制技术在控制结构和控制性能上较经典PI控制的优势;然后,提出采用试凑法对伪微分反馈控制器进行参数整定的整定策略;最后,以某型号机载光电陀螺稳定平台为研究对象,对伪微分反馈控制器和PI控制器在抗力矩扰动、隔离载机角速率扰动和控制对象模型摄动等方面进行了仿真对比实验.实验结果表明,在相同的闭环带宽情况下,采用简化的伪微分反馈控制器的机载光电陀螺稳定平台的阶跃响应具有更小的超调,更短的上升和调节时间.在陀螺噪声存在的情况下,该控制器能够有效地抑制力矩和载机的姿态扰动对系统性能的影响;并且对被控对象的模型摄动具有较强的鲁棒性.     

Robust low-order controller design for multi-modal power oscillation damping using flexible AC transmission systems devices

Damping of multi-modal oscillation through supplementary control of a single flexible AC transmission system (FACTS) device is illustrated here. This often requires multiple feedback signals in a centralised multi-input single-output framework for which extension of the classical control design approaches is not straight forward. Past contributions have either focused on decentralised design of low-order PSS in an SISO or MIMO framework; or alternatively, on robust control design techniques which of course, result in higher order controllers. An attempt to design a fixed (low)-order controller, which is robust and is able to damp multiple swing modes with a single FACTS device is presented. The control design problem is formulated as a multi-objective parameter optimisation and solved using a standard evolutionary optimisation technique. Possible post-contingency operating conditions are considered explicitly during the design phase itself to reduce the conservativeness. The present exercise is a step forward towards use of wide area measurement systems for closed-loop supplementary control (around the primary voltage and/or power flow control loop) of the FACTS devices to improve the transfer capacity of the existing corridors.     

A model-driven multivariable controller for vapor compression refrigeration systems

A model-driven controller for vapor compression refrigeration systems is presented herein. Mathematical sub-models were developed for each of the system components: heat exchangers (condenser and evaporator), variable-speed compressor and variable-orifice electric expansion device. The overall system simulation model was used to design a MIMO controller based on the linear-quadratic Gaussian method using a state observer of the Kalman filter type. A purpose-built testing apparatus comprised of a variable-speed compressor and a pulse-width modulated expansion valve was used to collect data for the system identification and model validation exercises. It was found that the model reproduces the experimental trends of the working pressures in conditions far from the operation point (±30%) with a maximum deviation of ±5%. Additional experiments were also performed to verify the ability of the controller of tracking reference changes and rejecting thermal load disturbances as high as 15%.     

PC-based position error signal generation and servo system for a spinstand

We describe a high-performance servo control system for enhancement of spinstand servo performance. This PC-based system uses a multifunction I/O card for controller output and a high-speed digitizer card capable of sampling the frequency-encoded servo pattern at 500 MS/s. The PC, running under the Linux operating system, uses the Goertzel algorithm decoding scheme to calculate the position error signal (PES) at a 15-kHz update rate for feedback control. The control signal drives a custom-made lead zirconate titanate (PZT) actuator, which moves the suspension and thus the read/write head. A proportional and integral (PI) type servo controller supports a 1.1-kHz servo bandwidth, producing a 21.9% improvement of the positioning accuracy of the spinstand.     

Adaptive Fuzzy Logic Controller for Harmonics Mitigation Using Particle Swarm Optimization

An excessive use of non-linear devices in industry results in current harmonics that degrades the power quality with an unfavorable effect on power system performance. In this research, a novel control technique-based Hybrid-Active Power-Filter (HAPF) is implemented for reactive power compensation and harmonic current component for balanced load by improving the Power-Factor (PF) and Total–Hormonic Distortion (THD) and the performance of a system. This work proposed a soft-computing technique based on Particle Swarm-Optimization (PSO) and Adaptive Fuzzy technique to avoid the phase delays caused by conventional control methods. Moreover, the control algorithms are implemented for an instantaneous reactive and active current (I_d-I_q) and power theory (Pq0) in SIMULINK. To prevent the degradation effect of disturbances on the system's performance, PS0-PI is applied in the inner loop which generate a required dc link-voltage. Additionally, a comparative analysis of both techniques has been presented to evaluate and validate the performance under balanced load conditions. The presented result concludes that the Adaptive Fuzzy PI controller performs better due to the non-linearity and robustness of the system. Therefore, the gains taken from a tuning of the PSO based PI controller optimized with Fuzzy Logic Controller (FLC) are optimal that will detect reactive power and harmonics much faster and accurately. The proposed hybrid technique minimizes distortion by selecting appropriate switching pulses for VSI (Voltage Source Inverter), and thus the simulation has been taken in SIMULINK/MATLAB. The proposed technique gives better tracking performance and robustness for reactive power compensation and harmonics mitigation. As a result of the comparison, it can be concluded that the PSO-based Adaptive Fuzzy PI system produces accurate results with the lower THD and a power factor closer to unity than other techniques.