等径通道挤压铝在较宽温度和应变率下的单轴压缩行为(英文)

在较宽温度和应变率范围内,对等径通道挤压(ECAP)方法制备的超细晶铝进行单轴压缩试验,研究温度对流动应力、应变硬化率和应变率敏感性的影响。结果表明:ECAP铝与粗晶粒度铝相比,温度对其流动应力和应变率敏感性的影响更大,超细晶铝的温度敏感性较粗晶粒度铝弱。根据试验结果,估计了不同温度和应变率下的表观激活体积。ECAP铝在准静态应变率下,与林位错相互作用是主导的热激活机制,而粘曳在高应变率下起着更重要的作用。     

纯钛连续等径通道转角挤压的有限元模拟

等通道转角挤压(Equal Channel Angular Pressing,ECAP)是一种制备超细晶材料的加工方法.利用ABAQUS有限元分析软件及网格再划分对纯钛的连续等通道转角挤压变形的Bc和C方式进行了三维的计算机有限元模拟,得到了应力应变分布规律和挤压力一位移曲线.结果表明,Bc方式在1、3、4道次挤压后纯钛试样的塑性应变梯度比C方式更小,而最大的压力是2道次.     

等通道转角多道次挤压有限元模拟

等通道转角挤压(Equal Channel Angular Pressing,ECAP)是一种制备超细晶材料的新工艺.工艺路径的选择对试样的应变分布均匀性有重要的影响.利用非线性有限元软件MSC.Marc对等通道转角多道次挤压过程进行了模拟计算.通过对ECAP中试样沿A路径和C路径6道次挤压的模拟,获得了A路径和C路径等效应变分布规律.结果表明,试样沿C路径的等效应变要比沿A路径更均匀,但C路径对试样端部等效应变的累积效果不如A路径;试样沿A、C两种路径每道次最大挤压力逐渐增加,大小基本相同.     

室温工业纯钛ECAP有限元二道次模拟

利用MSC.SuperForm软件对工业纯钛A路径ECAP二道次的变形进行模拟.获得了相应的载荷-行程曲线、等效应变和等效应力分布规律,并与一道次的模拟结果进行了比较,得出二道次挤压后等效应变的分布比一道次更均匀.     

铅的等径角挤压模拟实验分析研究

为了研究高温条件下难变形合金等径角挤压(ECAP)的变形状况,运用Deform软件数值模拟和物理模拟的方法研究了多道次ECAP铅挤压的金属流动过程。结果表明,采用压缩实验获得的材料本构关系可以有效地减小数值模拟误差;物理模拟挤压过程中模具通道内壁侧边的毛刺对材料的最大挤压载荷有很大的影响;在上1道次冲头堵塞通道时,下1道次的最大挤压载荷比上1道次大20%。     

基于人工神经网络的超细晶纯钛热变形本构模型研究

对等通道转角挤压(ECAP)制备的超细晶纯钛,在温度为250~450 ℃、应变速率为10_-5~1s_-1的条件下进行热压缩实验。基于真应力和真应变实验数据,分别使用人工神经网络(ANN)和Arrhenius方程建立超细晶纯钛的热变形本构模型,研究其热变形行为。实验结果表明：在变形初期,流变应力随应变的增大而升高,随后趋于平缓,最终流变应力达到一个稳定值。人工神经网络训练和预测结果表明：人工神经网络最佳结构为3×12×1,人工神经网络模型预测的平均相对误差(AARE)为2.1%,相关系数(R)为0.9979,Arrhenius方程模型预测的AARE为11.54%,R为0.9464。即人工神经网络模型能够更加精确的描述超细晶纯钛的本构关系。通过对比不同温度下两种模型的误差,人工神经网络模型在高温条件下具有更好的稳定性。     

纯铝等径角挤扭新工艺变形

等径角挤扭(ECAPT)是结合等径角挤压(ECAP)和挤扭(TE)两种典型的大塑性变形(SPD)工艺而产生的一种新型细晶材料制备技术。利用刚塑性有限元技术对纯铝1100ECAPT工艺变形特征进行模拟研究,获得了等效应变和等效应力的大小及分布规律,分析了挤压载荷随变形时间的变化规律及其对试样变形的影响。结果显示,在模具拐角和螺旋通道处,等效应变得到有效积累,最终呈层状分布,且相对较为均匀,应变分布均匀性也得到一定改善,等效应力在上述两处区域达到最大。采用纯铝进行室温3道次ECAPT实验,测量试样显微组织和力学性能的变化。结果表明,实验结果与模拟结果具有较好的一致性;晶粒得到了明显细化,屈服强度、抗拉强度与显微硬度等力学性能得到明显提高,但试样塑性略有降低。     

复合镦挤法制备超细晶1060铝合金的有限元模拟

采用一种新的复合镦挤法(Cyclic equal channel compression,CECC)制备了超细晶1060铝合金,即等通道转角挤压(Equal channel angular pressing,ECAP)与多向压缩(Multi-axial compression,MAC)的组合工艺,并通过电子背散射衍射技术(EBSD)分析了复合镦挤后试样的微观组织。为了验证实验的可行性,利用DEFORM 3D软件对试样复合镦挤过程中的损伤值、最大主应力、等效应力、等效应变的变化过程进行了模拟。结果表明:模拟结果显示各项参数变化均在正常范围内;复合镦挤之后,试样的晶粒组织均匀细小且接近于等轴状,得到了优异的超细晶组织。     

纯钛室温ECAP和旋锻复合变形过程中的织构演变

采用等径弯曲通道挤压(ECAP)和旋锻(RS)复合工艺在室温下对纯钛进行大塑性变形,利用X射线衍射技术分析了纯钛室温ECAP和ECAP+RS复合变形过程中的织构演变规律.结果表明,随着室温ECAP变形道次的增加,原始基面织构逐渐向锥面织构和柱面织构转变,且织构强度减弱.室温ECAP变形过程中晶粒取向的变化主要以晶向绕T...     

等通道转角挤压ZK31+4Si镁合金的显微组织及高温蠕变行为

研究ZK31+4Si镁合金经等通道转角挤压 (ECAP) 后的微观组织和高温蠕变行为。结果表明,ECAP挤压可显著细化原铸态组织中粗大的汉字状Mg2Si相,并使其趋于均匀弥散分布。ECAP挤压后试样的抗蠕变性能明显优于铸态试样,在温度为473 K,应力为70 MPa的条件下,8道次挤压试样的稳态蠕变速率约为铸态试样的1/15,蠕变寿命提高近8倍。由稳态蠕变速率与应力的对数曲线关系求得473 K下4道次挤压和8道次挤压试样的应力指数n均约为4,同时按位错蠕变机制,当应力指数n=4时,理论计算所得稳态蠕变速率与实验值非常吻合,说明在本实验条件下发生的是位错蠕变。     

ECAP对SLM纯钛组织及其耐腐蚀性能的影响

为了提高纯钛在林格氏模拟体液和模拟口腔唾液环境中的耐腐蚀性能,采用等通道转角挤压（ECAP）技术对激光选区熔化（SLM）技术制备的商业纯钛进行改性处理。通过透射电子显微镜和电子背向散射衍射技术对SLM纯钛和SLM+ECAP纯钛进行组织检测,并在三电极体系下进行耐腐蚀性能的测试。结果表明：SLM+ECAP纯钛比SLM纯钛试样的晶粒尺寸小,晶界多,位错密度增大,极图的择优取向不太明显,但极密度有所增加。在林格氏模拟体液和模拟口腔唾液环境中,SLM+ECAP纯钛比SLM纯钛的自腐蚀电流密度小,极化电阻大,阻抗半径大。采用ZSimpWin软件对交流阻抗谱进行等效电路拟合,拟合结果和实验测量数据较为吻合。SLM+ECAP纯钛的耐腐蚀性能比SLM纯钛好。     

Ti-6Al-4V钛合金等通道转角挤压有限元模拟

对Ti-6Al-4V钛合金的等通道转角挤压过程进行三维有限元模拟,分析不同的凸模下压速度对等通道转角挤压过程的影响,并结合实际的挤压过程考虑挤压后残留在模具出口通道内的残余试样对挤压下一根试样的影响.结果表明:挤压速度的提高对应力、载荷和温升的影响很大,对应变速率很敏感的钛合金应在有效细化晶粒的前提下降低挤压速度,试验中挤压速度取0.3mm·s-1;残余试样的存在使变形更均匀,但增加了挤压下一根试样时的初始阶段的载荷.     

ECAP工艺对TiAl_3-P/Al复合材料组织的影响

利用透射电子显微镜和光学显微镜研究了窀温下1～8道次等通道角挤压（ECAP）3工艺对TiAl3-P／Al复合材料组织的影响。结果表明,在ECAP挤压初期Al基体中的位错密度很高,在2道次后急剧降低;组织中位错墙比例在开始也呈现升高的趋势,随着应变量的增加,逐渐向小角度晶界转变;小角度晶界的出现比位错墙晚,晶内小角度晶界的比例变化趋势也是一个先增加后降低的过程,最终转变为大角晶界。ECAP过程中,TiAl3颗粒对Al基体组织变化的作用不明显。ECAP变形有效破碎了较大尺寸的TiAl3颗粒并改善了TiAl3颗粒在Al基体中分布的均匀度。板条状TiAl3在ECAP变形中不仅发生了脆性断裂,还发生了孪生变形,与基体金属的变形相互协调,使少量大尺寸TiAl3颗粒保留下来。     

Microstructure evolution of TA15 titanium alloy subjected to equal channel angular pressing and subsequent annealing at various temperatures

TA15 titanium alloy was successfully processed for the first time by equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) in the temperature range of 900-1000 °C and annealed in a wide temperature interval from 650 to 800 °C. The investigation was achieved by light microscope (LM), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) on the microstructure evolution of TA15 alloy subjected to ECAP and subsequent annealing after ECAP. In the present work, equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) was taken as the effective method to acquire severe plastic deformation (SPD). The studies we have performed show that grains have been obviously refined and well globularized after ECAP. When TA15 alloy was pressed at the temperatures of α + β phase region equiaxed microstructure was created. There was an increase in the equilibrium grain size with increasing pressing temperature, while a decrease in the volume fraction of equiaxed α phase. TEM microstructural images illustrate that an amount of deformation twins emerged while pressing TA15 below α-β transformation temperature (T_β), which led to the continued plastic deformation through the restarting of many slip bands. Severe coarsening took place in β grains during ECAP at the temperature above T_β. A larger number of well globularized and more homogeneous equiaxed α phase of TA15 alloy annealed after ECAP has been attained. Furthermore, with annealing at the optimum temperature, grains have not grown significantly.     

等通道转角挤压Mg-3.52Sn-3.32Al合金的组织与力学性能

采用等通道转角挤压（ECAP）Bc路径对固溶态Mg-3.52Sn-3.32Al合金分别挤压1、4和8道次。利用光学显微镜、扫描电子显微镜、透射电子显微镜和X射线衍射仪分析合金的组织和相组成,并测试了其室温拉伸力学性能。结果表明,经ECAP挤压后,固溶态合金组织中析出大量细小的Mg2Sn相和极少量的Mg17Al12相。随挤压道次增加,合金的综合力学性能先提高后降低。经4道次挤压后,合金的综合拉伸力学性能相对较佳,抗拉强度、伸长率和硬度分别达到250 MPa、20.5%和61.3 HV9.8,较未ECAP时分别提高43.7%、105%和26.9%。经ECAP挤压的合金室温拉伸断口均呈韧性断裂。等通道转角挤压Mg-3.52Sn-3.32Al合金的力学性能受晶粒尺寸、析出相以及组织织构的共同影响。     

Experimental and numerical investigation on pure aluminum by ECAP

The equal channel angular pressing(ECAP) experiments were carried out with industrial pure aluminum and an in-house mould. The comparison of material grain size before and after ECAP was performed by applying the technique of electron back scattered diffraction(EBSD). The results show that the grains in the material after ECAP are refined and the yield stress and ultimate strength are increased. In order to investigate the deformation mechanism during ECAP and the reason for driving grain size refinement, three-dimensional numerical simulations of the ECAP process were carried out. Based on the Lode parameter analysis, the deformation of the material sample is found very complicated, not just pure shear during extrusion through the angular channel. The simulation confirms that a strong strain gradient in the sample material is imposed by the ECAP.     

Consolidation of AA 7075-2 wt% ZrO_2 Composite Powders by Severe Plastic Deformation via ECAP

The powders of the AA 7075-ZrO_2 were mixed by mechanical milling, but it was found that the system presents a few disadvantages when processed by conventional sintering and hot extrusion, since intermetallic phases between ZrO_2 particles and alloying elements were formed. Equal channel angular pressing(ECAP) processing was proposed as an alternative method to consolidate the composite where there is no intermetallic formation. The analysis of the ECAP process showed that the intermediate temperature(220 ℃) produced a higher consolidation level than conventional sintering and hot extrusion(400 and 500 ℃, respectively). This fact was supported by relative density analysis. In the case of the sintered and hot-extruded sample, the relative density exhibited a value of 0.95, while ECAP sample showed a value of 0.98. Hardness values show that microstructural refinement obtained during mechanical milling was preserved during ECAP processing even when it was carried out at 220 ℃.     

等通道转角挤压Al-10Mg-4Si合金的组织与性能研究

在250℃下以Bc路径对Al-10Mg-4Si合金进行4道次和8道次的等通道转角挤压,以求达到改善合金组织和提高合金力学性能的目的.扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和透射电子显微镜(TEM)对挤压前后的微观组织分析表明:铸态合金基体晶粒比较粗大,第二相Mg_2Si以粗大的汉字状或骨骼状分布于基体晶界处;经ECAP挤压后,基体晶粒得到细化,原粗大的汉字状Mg_2Si被碎化为短棒状或多边形状颗粒,并呈一定的弥散分布.室温拉伸测试结果表明:ECAP4道次挤压后,合金的抗拉强度和伸长率由铸态的166MPa、1.64%提高为322MPa、21.7%;ECAP8道次挤压后,合金的伸长率继续提高为24.7%.但抗拉强度下降到293MPa.     

二次挤压对挤压和ECAP变形后ZK60镁合金显微组织和力学性能的影响

测试四种状态下ZK60合金的显微组织和力学性能,四种状态分别为：挤压;挤压＋4道次ECAP;挤压＋4道次ECAP＋二次挤压;挤压＋4道次ECAP＋退火＋二次挤压。在室温下成功地进行ZK60的二次挤压,得到超细晶组织。结果表明：ECAP和二次挤压可以显著细化晶粒。挤压＋4道次ECAP＋二次挤压后的ZK60合金的屈服强度为342MPa,但是其伸长率只有0.8%。在二次挤压之前进行退火,ZK60合金的伸长率可以提高到4.5%,而屈服强度基本不变,抗拉强度达到 388 MPa。     

Developing superplasticity in a magnesium alloy through a combination of extrusion and ECAP

A new processing procedure was applied to a cast Mg-9% Al alloy. This procedure involves the sequential application of extrusion and equal-channel angular pressing and is designated EX-ECAP. Experiments show that the Mg-9% Al alloy has an initial grain size of ~50 μm after casting but this is reduced to ~12 μm after extrusion and it is further reduced to ~0.7 μm when the extruded alloy is subjected to ECAP for 2 passes at 473 K. Although the cast alloy exhibits extremely limited ductility and the extruded alloy is only moderately ductile, it is demonstrated that processing by EX-ECAP produces excellent superplastic ductilities including the occurrence of both low temperature superplasticity and high strain rate superplasticity. The EX-ECAP process is less effective when the ECAP step is conducted at 573 K because, although the pressing is then very easy, there is significant grain growth at this higher temperature.