生物滤池低温堵塞问题的研究

好氧生物滤池应用在污水深度处理中有很多优越性,但低温条件下生物滤柱易堵塞,反冲洗频繁,氨氮去除效果不好。采用短时反冲洗有效缓解了滤柱的堵塞问题,延长了工作周期,平均产水率由2.65m3/(m2·h)变为2.84m3/(m2·h),氨氮去除率由15%提高到40%。通过正交试验得出,影响生物滤柱平均产水率顺序为过滤周期、短时反冲洗时间、短时反冲洗水强度、短时反冲洗气强度;确定了短时反冲洗的气洗强度为63m3/(m2·h),水洗强度为25.2m3/(m2·h),反冲洗时间为60s,过滤周期为72h。     

反冲洗参数对砂滤池效能及微生物的影响

根据水厂运行经验,砂滤池运行一段时间后,出水水头上升,出水浊度、色度、三氮等水质指标均有不同程度增加,文章全面探究分析多因子多条件的正交试验结果,优化滤池反冲洗组合方式和具体参数,采用的反冲洗周期约为48 h,以常规指标浊度和生物指标生物量减小率和生物活性降低率为参比,确定砂滤池气水反冲洗的具体方式和参数,气冲强度为15 L/m2·s,气冲时间为2 min,气水混冲强度分别为15L/m2·s和4 L/m2·s,气水混冲时间为5 min,单独水冲强度为8 L/m2·s,水冲时间为4 min,总时间为11 min。为水厂日常生产提供技术参考。     

聚驱污水处理站反冲洗方式参数的技术界限及应用效果

大庆油田特高含水后期处理含聚污水核桃壳过滤工艺中常规的单一水反冲洗方式已不能满足污水处理的生产需要,同时出现滤罐跑料、板结、反冲洗憋压及滤后水质不稳定、悬浮物固体含量达不到注水指标的情况。通过三种不同方案优化出核桃壳过滤罐的反冲洗参数(反冲洗强度3.0-7.0L/m2·s、反冲洗时间35min)及运行方式,提高了含油污水反冲洗效果,实现了油水分离,改进了含油污水处理滤后水质,改善油田开发效果。     

上向流悬浮滤料滤池反冲洗的特性

通过中试试验和实际工程研究了上向流悬浮滤料滤池的反冲洗特性。中试结果表明,当滤速为8 m/h时,反冲洗周期宜为24 h,出水SS稳定且能达到一级A排放标准。通过中试滤池窗口观察,反冲洗时,滤料处于流化状态,且快速下落的水流对滤料扰动剧烈。显微照片显示反冲洗后滤料间空隙及表面均很清洁。水反冲洗能恢复滤池的过滤能力。工程结果表明,反冲洗时间为2、5、10 min时,滤池均能稳定运行,出水浊度稳定在1.32~1.51 NTU。从滤池反冲洗后恢复时间以及经济性两方面综合考虑,反冲洗时间2min为宜。     

升流式曝气生物滤池除锰的影响因素的研究

采用升流式曝气生物滤池(UBAF)去除源水中高含量的锰,研究生物滤池滤速和气水比对UBAF去除锰的效果的影响,同时确定最佳的反冲洗方式。结果表明,随着生物滤池滤速的降低,UBAF工艺对锰的去除效率增高,滤速是该工艺除锰效果的决定性因素。生物滤池气水比越大除锰效果越好,但随着气水比的不断增大去除效果增长缓慢,考虑保证去除效率和曝气能适中,适宜的气水体积比为0.3。定期反冲洗对维持UBAF工艺的除锰效果有重要作用,该工艺适合的反冲洗周期为4~5 d,反冲洗方式为先气冲3 min,气冲洗强度为20 L/(m2·s),再气水联合冲15min,气、水冲洗强度分别为20、8 L/(m2·s),共18 min。     

新型纤维丝滤料处理城市景观水的效能研究

采用石英砂和新型纤维丝滤料对比研究微絮凝过滤工艺处理城市景观河水的净化效能.研究表明,石英砂滤床在投药量10mg·L-1,滤速10m·h-1时,过滤周期为12h左右;在投药量10mg·L-1,滤速15 m·h-1时,过滤周期仅为4h.而新型纤维丝滤料则具有更为优越的过滤性能,在投药量10mg·L-1,滤速30m·h-1时,新型纤维丝过滤柱的过滤周期达到了12h.在滤速为30m·h-1时,投药量在20mg·L-1以上时,过滤周期可以达到20h以上.10min的气水联合反冲洗能够将过滤后的新型纤维丝清洗干净.新型纤维丝滤料的产水率高,一个过滤周期内反冲洗水量:过滤水量约为1:100.     

核桃壳过滤器反冲洗过程数值模拟及参数优化

核桃壳过滤滤层的反冲洗,是实现滤料再生的有效途径,为了对反冲洗过程流场进行分析,并确定合理的反冲洗强度,基于拽力理论,建立了核桃壳过滤器反冲洗数学模型,分别模拟了7种反冲洗强度(6、7.5、9、10.5、12、13.5、15 L·s~(-1)·m~(-2))条件下的反冲洗流程,分析了反冲洗出水含油量、悬浮固体杂质含量随时间的变化关系,以最小耗水量为目标,最终确定了最优的反冲洗强度。     

降流式生物活性炭滤池反冲洗方式的研究

针对新型臭氧-活性炭组合工艺中的降流式生物活性炭滤池的反冲洗方式进行研究。根据对降流式炭滤池不同纳污段出水浊度数据的比较,推断出上部炭层为主要吸收段。根据3种不同的反冲洗方式,以反冲洗历时和反冲洗强度作为研究对象,以提高反冲洗效率,缩短时间,延长周期为目的,确定降流式活性炭滤池的最佳冲洗方式。结果表明,对于新型工艺中降流式活性炭滤池,先气洗5 min,强度为15 L/(m2.s),然后水洗10 min,强度8 L/(m2.s),反冲洗周期可以延长至7 d,并且能够有效地控制后续水头损失的增加。在气水比为0.2:1的曝气条件下,可以将反冲洗周期延长至7 d,炭滤池对有机物仍具有27%以上的高去除率。     

轴向动态反冲洗过滤器过滤含聚污水试验研究

研制一种新型的轴向动态反冲洗过滤器,并开展了过滤含聚污水现场试验,考察了油和悬浮物的去除效果、反冲洗强度、反冲洗历时及滤料反洗再生效能。试验结果表明:该技术过滤含聚污水效果良好,油和悬浮物去除率分别为96.0%和78.1%。反冲洗强度8.8 L/(s·m2)、反洗历时15 min时,过滤器内截留油排除率96.23%,核桃壳滤料油去除率为98.93%,反洗前后滤料表面油量变化明显。     

强化反冲洗在单水反冲滤池的实践应用

单水反冲滤池反冲洗方式单一、冲洗强度不足,导致滤池过滤效果下降,滤池出水水质波动,水厂供水安全难以保障。针对该问题,研究提出一种双阀滤池强化反冲洗方式,有效地解决了不具备升级改造条件的老旧中小水厂单水反冲滤池导致过滤效果下降问题。该改造方案主要通过曝气装置对滤池滤料进行人工曝气冲洗,实现滤池气-水结合反冲方式,恢复滤池过滤效果,实现滤池稳定高效运行。人工曝气处置后,滤池运行效果显著提升,出水浑浊度由0.24 NTU降低至0.16 NTU,滤池颗粒物去除率提高了12%;反冲洗周期由12 h延长至16 h,反冲水量年度节约了10.8万m³。该人工曝气方案投资少、无需对原有工艺进行升级改造,不会影响水厂正常运营生产,简单适用,可在存在相似问题的中小水厂推广使用。     

“氯-粉末炭”强化处理河北水源水的研究

为了考察北京市现行预处理工艺对河北应急水源的处理效果,同时确定相应的控藻/蚤除嗅处理参数,试验组在河北黄壁庄水库进行了系列中试试验研究。试验结果表明:为了达到较好的杀蚤效果需要保持水中余氯大于0.9 mg/L;对中试工艺的监测结果表明,煤滤池后即无剑水蚤和藻类检出;预氯化后煤滤池出水也存在着三卤甲烷(THMs)实测值与限值之比超过1的风险,但炭出水水质可以满足对消毒副产物的要求;较优的除嗅方案为"氯2.0 mg/L(接触12 min),粉末炭20 mg/L(接触60～90 min),混凝剂投量15 mg/L";考虑到藻类和剑水蚤在煤滤池反冲洗水中的富集,故建议在高藻/蚤期,不建议煤滤池反冲洗水回收再利用。     

甜藤中水溶性总糖的提取研究

探索贵州野生甜藤中水溶性总糖的最佳提取工艺。以水为提取剂,超声处理,再在一定的水浴温度下,对甜藤中水溶性总糖进行提取,用蒽酮一硫酸法测定水溶性总糖含量,并计算提取率。通过单因素实验优化甜藤中水溶性总糖提取条件的基础上,采用正交试验确定甜藤中水溶性总糖的最佳提取条件。结果表明：甜藤中水溶性总糖的最佳提取工艺条件为：料液比1∶20,超声处理20 min,再在80℃水浴中浸提20 min,提取3次。此时水溶性总糖的提取率为10.3%。结论该法提取率较高,提取工艺简单、稳定。     

超声波辅助提取橘子皮中果胶的研究

采用超声波辅助酸法从橘子皮中提取果胶。实验中对固液比、pH值、提取温度和超声波提取时间等四个影响果胶提取率的因素分别进行考查,依据单因素实验结果进行正交试验。通过R和K值的比较,确定pH值、固液比对果胶提取率的影响较大,并确定最佳实验条件:pH值1.5、提取温度70℃、提取时间45 min、固液比20∶1,在该条件下果胶提取率可达到20.8%。采用红外光谱法对产品进行定性分析。     

超声法提取索骨丹中岩白菜素的工艺研究

应用超声辅助乙醇提取索骨丹中的岩白菜素,以紫外分光光度法测定提取物。结果显示,索骨丹中岩白菜素的最佳提取工艺条件为:乙醇浓度为50%,提取温度60℃,料液比1∶14,提取时间50 min,提取率可达12.78 mg/g。该法具有操作简便、省时、节能、提取温度低、提取率高的特点。     

超声波提取山茶花红色素的初步工艺研究

利用超声波技术提取山茶花红色素,通过超声波提取时间、超声波功率、提取温度、料液比、提取次数等单因素实验得到得到山茶花红色素超声波提取的工艺参数为:提取时间40min,提取功率500W,料液比1:12(g/mL),提取温度40℃,提取次数为3次。     

Filter Press for Electrodewatering of Waterworks Sludge

An electrodewatering filter press was designed and its performance was evaluated for basic operating parameters such as the electric field strength, time of electric field application, and changes in pressure. Dewatering efficiency improves with the increase of the electric field strength, application time, and pressure. Considering the operating costs due to energy consumption and electrode erosion, the optimal conditions were found to be 70 V/cm of electric field strength, 30 min of application time, and 588 kPa of pressure. The rate of electrodewatering doubled compared with that of mechanical dewatering (MDW) while the water content of the dewatered cake decreased by 25%. When an electric field is applied to the cake, clogging of the filter cloth becomes minimized due to electrophoretic mobility. The discharge of water from the cake porous matrix is facilitated owing to electroosmosis and thermal effect due to joule heating. As a result, the dewatering capacity of electrodewatering improves compared with the mechanical dewatering. The energy consumption of electrodewatering was about 370-450 kWh/t (dry solid), which accounts for only one tenth of the existing sludge treatment costs.     

双水相与超声耦合提取玫瑰花渣中的总黄酮

将超声波技术和双水相萃取技术耦合用于提取玫瑰花渣中总黄酮。通过单因素实验与正交实验得出最佳提取工艺条件为:反应体系中(NH4)2SO4质量分数12%,正丙醇体积分数50%、料液比1∶40、超声提取时间30 min,此时总黄酮平均得率为3.42%。     

Filter Press for Electrodewatering of Waterworks Sludge

An electrodewatering filter press was designed and its performance was evaluated for basic operating parameters such as the electric field strength, time of electric field application, and changes in pressure. Dewatering efficiency improves with the increase of the electric field strength, application time, and pressure. Considering the operating costs due to energy consumption and electrode erosion, the optimal conditions were found to be 70 V/cm of electric field strength, 30 min of application time, and 588 kPa of pressure. The rate of electrodewatering doubled compared with that of mechanical dewatering (MDW) while the water content of the dewatered cake decreased by 25%. When an electric field is applied to the cake, clogging of the filter cloth becomes minimized due to electrophoretic mobility. The discharge of water from the cake porous matrix is facilitated owing to electroosmosis and thermal effect due to joule heating. As a result, the dewatering capacity of electrodewatering improves compared with the mechanical dewatering. The energy consumption of electrodewatering was about 370–450 kWh/t (dry solid), which accounts for only one tenth of the existing sludge treatment costs.     

Filter Press for Electrodewatering of Waterworks Sludge

An electrodewatering filter press was designed and its performance was evaluated for basic operating parameters such as the electric field strength, time of electric field application, and changes in pressure. Dewatering efficiency improves with the increase of the electric field strength, application time, and pressure. Considering the operating costs due to energy consumption and electrode erosion, the optimal conditions were found to be: 70 V/cm of electric field strength, 30 min of application time, and 588 kPa of pressure. The rate of electrodewatering doubled compared with that of mechanical dewatering (MDW) while the water content of the dewatered cake decreased by 25%. When an electric field is applied to the cake, clogging of the filter cloth becomes minimized due to electrophoretic mobility. The discharge of water from the cake porous matrix is facilitated owing to electroosmosis and the thermal effect due to joule heating. As a result, the dewatering capacity of electrodewatering improves compared with the mechanical dewatering. The energy consumption of electrodewatering was about 370-450 kWh/t (dry solid), which accounts for only one tenth of the existing sludge treatment costs.     

Filter Press for Electrodewatering of Waterworks Sludge

An electrodewatering filter press was designed and its performance was evaluated for basic operating parameters such as the electric field strength, time of electric field application, and changes in pressure. Dewatering efficiency improves with the increase of the electric field strength, application time, and pressure. Considering the operating costs due to energy consumption and electrode erosion, the optimal conditions were found to be: 70 V/cm of electric field strength, 30 min of application time, and 588 kPa of pressure. The rate of electrodewatering doubled compared with that of mechanical dewatering (MDW) while the water content of the dewatered cake decreased by 25%. When an electric field is applied to the cake, clogging of the filter cloth becomes minimized due to electrophoretic mobility. The discharge of water from the cake porous matrix is facilitated owing to electroosmosis and the thermal effect due to joule heating. As a result, the dewatering capacity of electrodewatering improves compared with the mechanical dewatering. The energy consumption of electrodewatering was about 370–450 kWh/t (dry solid), which accounts for only one tenth of the existing sludge treatment costs.