Phase-shifting shadow moiré based on iterative self-tuning algorithm

We proposed a general algorithm for phase-shifting shadow moiré by an iterative self-tuning algorithm. In our proposed system, the grating is translated in equal distance to introduce phase shifts across the field of view. The proposed algorithm produces accurate phase information with five interferograms and can calibrate the precise phase step during the process of the height demodulation. Compared with the traditional method, the proposed algorithm is insensitive to the height dependent effects, which is the main systematic source of error in phase-shift shadow moiré when reconstructing surfaces from fringe patterns. Numerical simulations and optical experiments show that the proposed method can eliminate the nonuniform phase-shift error and possesses a superior performance to existing typical phase-shifting algorithms.     

Identifying through-thickness material properties of carbon-fiber-reinforced plastics using the virtual fields method combined with moiré interferometry

An investigation into the use of a novel curved-beam composite specimen is conducted to measure the interlaminar (through-thickness) tensile properties of carbon-fiber-reinforced plastic. A combination of a numerical model and full-field displacement/strain measurement with moiré interferometry is utilized in this study. Through-thickness material properties are identified from the measured displacement distribution using the virtual fields method. Because of the shape and the loading condition of the proposed curved composite beam, both tensile and shear stresses exist in the through-the-thickness direction. Therefore, the interlaminar tensile modulus, as well as the interlaminar shear modulus, can be evaluated. The measurement results by moiré interferometry provide the material properties through inverse analysis.     

Displacement measurement of concrete bridges by the sampling Moiré method based on phase analysis of repeated pattern

Measuring accurate deformation distribution of large-scale structures inexpensively and efficiently is a crucial challenge of structural health monitoring. Phase-based imaging technique has great potential for accurate and robust multipoint displacement measurement in the field. In this study, the sampling Moiré method—one of the promising optical techniques—was applied to the displacement measurement of a concrete bridge for the high-speed railway in Japan. Using retroreflective Moiré markers, the two-dimensional in-plane displacements at multiple locations could be easily measured from recorded digital images at a distance of 20 m regardless of day and night. Results of the dynamic deflection obtained from the sampling Moiré method were in good agreement with those from a conventional laser Doppler vibrometer. The time series of two-dimensional displacement analyses when the outbound or inbound trains passed at the speed of 150 or 320 km/h through the bridge revealed that the points at the centre and the quarter of the bridge span demonstrated complex deformation behaviour showing elliptical rotation. The effects of random noise of the recorded image were quantitatively investigated, and the air fluctuation was discussed from the field experiments. We proved that measurements using the sampling Moiré method could be more stable at night than daytime.     

Wavemeter based on moiré effect

A moiré-effect-based procedure used to measure the wavelength of coherent sources is shown. Two plane waves, individually coherent but mutually incoherent and located at the entrance pupil of a Michelson interferometer with slightly tilted mirrors, generate a moiré pattern at the output plane. The spatial period of that moiré pattern is determined by the spatial frequencies of the interferograms superimposed on intensity. Thus the spatial frequency of such moiré patterns allows the establishment of a ratio between the wavelengths of the sources that illuminate the interferometer. This ratio can be applied for the accurate determination of determining an unknown wavelength in terms of a reference wavelength, as we show both theoretically and experimentally.     

Identification of thermomechanical parameters based on the virtual fields method combined with the sampling moiré method

Thermomechanical parameters are important indicators for evaluating the mechanical properties of superalloys and generally include the coefficients of stiffness and thermal expansion at high temperatures. At present, there are few methods for simultaneously characterising the thermomechanical parameters of superalloys, especially single-crystal superalloys. To satisfy the demand for simultaneously identifying the thermomechanical parameters of orthotropic superalloys, an optimised virtual fields method for decoupling the thermomechanical parameters was developed in this study by combining the self-developed heat-resistant grids and the sampling moiré method. First, several factors, including the oblique angle of the grids, image noise and thermomechanical coupling phenomena, were studied through numerical experiments to analyse their influences on the identification accuracy. Then, an optimised identification strategy was established. Finally, the thermomechanical parameters of Ni-based polycrystalline and single-crystal superalloys were successfully identified and comparatively studied. The identification results demonstrate that the proposed method is highly accurate and robust. This research will provide an effective way to accurately characterise the multiple parameters of superalloys at high temperatures.     

Micro-three dimensional shape measurement method based on shadow Moiré using scanning electron microscopy

A novel, precise, three-dimensional shape measurement method using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Moiré topography has been proposed. The possibility for measurement of wavelength order using this method is discussed based on results of experiments to confirm the principle. In these experiments, a high-resolution method based on the new measurement method is proposed, employing fringe scanning technology for the shadow Moiré. The optical system is constructed with a SEM using backscattering electrons, a grating holder that can shift the position of the grating, and a grating having a pitch of 120?µm. Measured results using a bearing ball as a sample show that high resolution measurements of around one micrometre can be performed using the fringe scanning method and the new measurement arrangement. An error analysis of the method is performed to enable improvement of the measuring accuracy.     

Structural reliability assessment by salp swarm algorithm–based FORM

The first-order reliability method (FORM) is well recognized as an efficient approach for reliability analysis. Rooted in considering the reliability problem as a constrained optimization of a function, the traditional FORM makes use of gradient-based optimization techniques to solve it. However, the gradient-based optimization techniques may result in local convergence or even divergence for the highly nonlinear or high-dimensional performance function. In this paper, a hybrid method combining the Salp Swarm Algorithm (SSA) and FORM is presented. In the proposed method, a Lagrangian objective function is constructed by the exterior penalty function method to facilitate meta-heuristic optimization strategies. Then, SSA with strong global optimization ability for highly nonlinear and high-dimensional problems is utilized to solve the Lagrangian objective function. In this regard, the proposed SSA-FORM is able to overcome the limitations of FORM including local convergence and divergence. Finally, the accuracy and efficiency of the proposed SSA-FORM are compared with two gradient-based FORMs and several heuristic-based FORMs through eight numerical examples. The results show that the proposed SSA-FORM can be generally applied for reliability analysis involving low-dimensional, high-dimensional, and implicit performance functions.     

New ISAR imaging algorithm based on modified Wigner?Ville distribution

Inverse synthetic aperture radar (ISAR) imaging of air, space or ship targets with complex motion has attracted the attention of many researchers in the past decade. Complex motion of targets induce cross-range scatterer-variant quadratic phase terms, which will degrade the cross-range resolution and affect focusing quality. A new algorithm is proposed for the ISAR imaging of complex moving targets. First, conventional range alignment, phase compensation and range compression are performed over the raw phase history data such that each range bin can be modelled as the sum of several linear frequency modulation or chirp signals. Secondly, a modified- Wigner?Ville distribution (referred to as M-WVD) approach is proposed, which is based on a scale transform in the time-frequency distribution plane and can effectively suppress the troublesome cross-term interference associated with WVD via coherent integration. Finally, the azimuth ISAR image can be obtained via a simple maximisation projection from the two-dimensional accumulated plot to the azimuth dimension. Compared with existing WVDbased ISAR imaging algorithms, the proposed method has the following features: better cross-term interference reduction achieved at no resolution loss, computationally more efficient with no expensive two-dimensional parameter search, and higher signal processing gain because of coherent integration during the whole imaging time. Bothnumerical and experimental results are provided to demonstrate the performance of the proposed method.     

Video-rate fringe analyzer based on phase-shifting electronic moiré patterns

We have developed a fringe analyzer that delivers the phase distribution at a video rate from a fringe pattern containing a spatial carrier. It is based on parallel generations of three phase-shifted moiré patterns through electronic multiplication with computer-generated reference gratings and low-pass filtering. The phase distribution is derived by the subsequent parallel processing of these patterns on the basis of a three-step phase-shifting algorithm. By modification of the bias phase distribution of the reference gratings, several functions, such as correction of an initial wave-front error, are realized in real time. The usefulness of this analyzer is demonstrated experimentally for phase measurements by grating-projection surface topography and interferometry.     

Deformation behaviors of flip chip plastic ball grid array packages subjected to temperature change using moiré interferometry

When the temperature of the package assembly is changed, non-uniform deformation and local stress may occur owing to the different thermal expansion coefficients of the constituent materials, while concentrated thermal stress may cause significant failure. In this study, we carry out an experiment and analysis of the thermal deformation of a flip chip plastic ball grid array package with respect to temperature change. Interference fringe patterns representing the displacement distribution of each temperature stage are obtained using a Moiré interferometry and the bending deformation behavior and the strain of the solder ball are analyzed thereafter. We compare the deformation behavior of a single-sided package assembly and a double-sided package assembly. The effective strain, which significantly affects the failure of the solder ball, is found to be the largest in the solder ball just outside the edge of the chip in the case of the single-sided package assembly. In the case of the double-sided package assembly, the maximum effective strain is found in the solder ball just inside the edge of the chip, with a value approximately 50 % larger than in the case of the single-sided package assembly.     

Scattering of electromagnetic pulse from a moving and vibrating perfect plane using characteristic‐based algorithm

Abstract

One‐dimensional numerical simulation results of plane Gaussian electromagnetic pulses reflected from constantly moving and vibrating perfect conductors are provided in this paper. The computational data were obtained using the characteristic‐based algorithm with the aid of relativistic boundary conditions and characteristic variable boundary conditions. Since the perfect conductor can travel and vibrate simultaneously, the size of the grid cell immediately next to the boundary and the corresponding numerical time‐step are time‐dependent. The present numerical method has been shown to accurately handle such problems. In this paper both the reflected electric field intensities and the corresponding spectra are illustrated. The calculated Doppler shifts are found to have good agreement with the theoretical values.     

Concealed holographic coding for security applications by using a moiré technique

We present an optical coding technique that enhances the anticounterfeiting power of security holograms. The principle of the technique is based on the moiré phenomenon. The code in the hologram has a phase pattern that is invisible and cannot be detected by optical equipment, so that imitation is extremely difficult. Holographic, photographic, and embossing techniques are used in fabricating coded holograms and decoders.     

A pioneering video-to-video super-resolution reconstruction algorithm based on segmentation and space–time regularisation

In view of the common existing problems in present video-to-video super-resolution reconstruction, this paper proposes a pioneering video-to-video super-resolution reconstruction algorithm based on segmentation and space–time regularisation to solve these problems. First, a video-to-video super-resolution reconstruction algorithm based on segmentation is proposed to eliminate reconstructed temporal ringing and to improve the times of reconstruction. Second, considering that image mosaic is involved in our proposed reconstruction algorithm, an improved fade-in and fade-out method is proposed to make the mosaic image looks more natural. At last, an improved space–time regularisation algorithm is put forward to remove noise and preserve image edge at the same time. Using several experiments, we prove that the proposed algorithm can achieve state-of-the -art reconstruction effect.     

Analysis of the tilt angle of the moiré fringes produced by two inclined gratings in talbot interferometry

Abstract

Features of the moiré fringes produced by the inclined grating planes in Talbot interferometry are studied under the illumination of a plane wave. Inclinations of the two grating planes are introduced by rotating the beam-splitter and the detector gratings around the axes parallel to the line directions of each grating, when the line directions of the two grating are different. Theoretical analyses indicate that the tilt angle of the moiré fringes is sensitive to the inclination angle, and the analyses are supported by experimental results. Some simple and practical methods for judging and removing the inclinations are also discussed.     

Optical polarizers based on gold nanowires fabricated using colloidal gold nanoparticles

We demonstrate optical polarization devices, consisting of gold nanowires, which are based on the strong polarization dependence of the particle plasmon resonance of the gold nanowires and the resonance of the waveguided grating structures. Using a layer of indium tin oxide underneath the gold nanowires as the waveguide, we achieved tunable polarization band-pass and band-suppression filters in the transmission and reflection configuration with a bandwidth less than 20?nm at full width at half maximum (FWHM) in the visible spectral range. Then, using side-input geometry for multiplying the absorption by the particle plasmon resonance, we?achieved a strong band-suppression polarizer with an extinction ratio of up to?145. These polarization devices can be used directly in optical engineering, and potentially provide alternatives to conventional devices in some special applications. A simple solution-processible fabrication technique enables high quality and large area (>10 × 10?mm(2)) production of these?polarizers.     

Moiré pattern induced by the electronic coupling between 1-octanol self-assembled monolayers and graphite surface

Two-dimensional self-assembly of 1-octanol molecules on a graphite surface is investigated using scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) at the solid/liquid interface. STM images reveal that this molecule self-assembles into a compact hydrogen-bonded herringbone nanoarchitecture. Molecules are preferentially arranged in a head-to-head and tail-to-tail fashion. A Moiré pattern appears in the STM images when the 1-octanol layer is covering the graphite surface. The large Moiré stripes are perpendicular to the 1-octanol lamellae. Interpretation of the STM images suggests that the Moiré periodicity is governed by the electronic properties of the graphite surface and the 1-octanol layer periodicity.