Rolling element bearing fault detection based on optimal antisymmetric real Laplace wavelet

The presence of periodical impulses in vibration signals usually indicates the occurrence of rolling element bearing faults. Unfortunately, detecting the impulses of incipient faults is a difficult job because they are rather weak and often interfered by heavy noise and higher-level macro-structural vibrations. Therefore, a proper signal processing method is necessary. We proposed a differential evolution (DE) optimization and antisymmetric real Laplace wavelet (ARLW) filter-based method to extract the impulsive features buried in noisy vibration signals. The wavelet used in paper is developed from the fault characteristic signal model based on the idea of sparse representation in time-frequency domain. We first filter the original vibration signal using DE-optimized ARLW filter to eliminate the interferential vibrations and suppress random noise, then, demodulate the filtered signal and calculate its envelope spectrum. The analysis results of the simulation signals and real fault bearing vibration signals showed that the proposed method can effectively extract weak fault features.     

Enhanced eigenvector algorithm for recovering multiple sources of vibration signals in machine fault diagnosis

Many advanced techniques have been developed for vibration-based machine fault diagnosis. One of the prerequisites to use vibration for fault diagnosis is the vibration signal measured from a machine component must be well isolated from other vibrations that are generated by adjacent components. Many machines have numerous and small components that are closely packed together. Due to limited space or accessibility for installing sensors on the inspected machine component, sometimes only one sensor is allowed to be installed. An aggregated source of vibrations could be collected rather than just the vibration generated by the inspected component. Hence, an effective algorithm must be employed to recover the desired vibration out of the aggregated source of vibrations. The blind equalization-(BE)based eigenvector algorithm (EVA) has proven its effectiveness in recovering the overwhelmed vibration signal in the application of machine fault diagnosis. However, the conventional type of EVA can recover only one dominant source from the aggregated vibration. This dominant vibration may belong to the larger vibration generated by the inspected component or a nearby component. Hence, the ability of EVA in recovering signals besides the dominant signal is deemed necessary. In this paper, we proposed an enhanced EVA that consists of channel extension and a post-processing method to recover multiple sources of vibrations. The post-processing method includes the use of correlation and higher order statistics. With the help of these proposed algorithms, the enhanced EVA can recover other vibrations that are less dominant but highly relevant to existing faults. To verify its effectiveness, the ability of recovering the overwhelmed bearing faulty vibration is demonstrated. The results of the experiments using simulated signals and real machine vibrations have proven the effectiveness of the method. Hence, the enhanced EVA is suitable for vibration-based fault diagnosis on machines that have many closely packed components.     

FAULT DIAGNOSIS APPROACH FOR ROLLER BEARINGS BASED ON EMPIRICAL MODE DECOMPOSITION METHOD AND HILBERT TRANSFORM

Based upon empirical mode decomposition (EMD) method and Hilbert spectrum, a method for fault diagnosis of roller bearing is proposed. The orthogonal wavelet bases are used to translate vibration signals of a roller bearing into time-scale representation, then, an envelope signal can be obtained by envelope spectrum analysis of wavelet coefficients of high scales. By applying EMD method and Hilbert transform to the envelope signal, we can get the local Hilbert marginal spectrum from which the faults in a roller bearing can be diagnosed and fault patterns can be identified. Practical vibration signals measured from roller bearings with out-race faults or inner-race faults are analyzed by the proposed method. The results show that the proposed method is superior to the traditional envelope spectrum method in extracting the fault characteristics of roller bearings.     

SINGULARITY ANALYSIS USING CONTINUOUS WAVELET TRANSFORM FOR BEARING FAULT DIAGNOSIS

In this paper, wavelet transform is applied to detect abrupt changes in the vibration signals obtained from operating bearings being monitored. In particular, singularity analysis across all scales of the continuous wavelet transform is performed to identify the location (in time) of defect-induced bursts in the vibration signals. Through modifying the intensity of the wavelet transform modulus maxima, defect-related vibration signature is highlighted and can be easily associated with the bearing defect characteristic frequencies for diagnosis. Due to the fact that vibration characteristics of faulty bearings are complex and defect-related vibration signature is normally buried in the wideband noise and high frequency structural resonance, simple signal processing cannot be used to detect bearing fault. We show, through experimental results, that the proposed method has the ability to discriminate noise from the signal significantly and is robust to bearing operating conditions, such as load and speed, and severity of the bearing damage. These properties are desirable for automatic detection of machine faults.     

滚动轴承故障的谱相关特征分析

滚动轴承的振动响应信号包含确定性成分和随机成分,两者都能反映轴承发生故障的信息。利用随机成分进行故障定性诊断,可以只使用较少的振动信号数据,计算效率高,有利于工程实际应用。针对轴承振动信号中随机成分能量较低、分布频率范围较宽的特点,采用对数谱相关函数灰值图反映信号中随机成分对循环平稳特性的影响,定性判断故障引起的谱相关函数中随机成分的变化,然后通过共振区切片进行故障解调分析,提取特征信息。通过实测正常轴承和内圈点蚀故障轴承振动信号的对比分析,表明即使在较低频率分辨率条件下,谱相关密度也能实现故障信息的解调,并可以提高计算效率。     

Local fault detection in helical gears via vibration and acoustic signals using EMD based statistical parameter analysis

Gear is a vital transmission element, finding numerous applications in small, medium and large machinery. Excessive loads, speeds and improper operating conditions may cause defects on their bearing surfaces, thereby triggering abnormal vibrations in whole machine structures. This paper describes the implementation of empirical mode decomposition (EMD) method for monitoring simulated faults using vibration and acoustic signals in a two stage helical gearbox. By using EMD method, a complicated signal can be decomposed into a number of intrinsic mode functions (IMF) based on the local characteristic time scale of the signal. Vibration and acoustic signals are decomposed to extract higher order statistical parameters. Results demonstrate the effectiveness of EMD based statistical parameters to diagnose severity of local faults on helical gear tooth. Kurtosis values from EMD and that obtained from vibration and acoustic signals are compared to demonstrate the superiority of EMD based technique.     

木工平刨床振动特征的试验研究

对一台MB503A型木工平刨床进行振动测试和故障诊断工作，采用选点振动量级的动态测量方法对其刀轴部件、滚动轴承和底座系统进行了振动试验，得出相关的幅频、时域值和图谱。结合旋转机械的振动机理、特征和实际经验，判断出平刨床的刀轴部件存在不平衡和不对中故障、滚动轴承的内圈和滚球出现点蚀现象以及底座松动等振动故障。提出了主要的减振整改建议，为采用动态法提高木工机械的状态监测与故障监测水平提供了依据。     

CMWPE结合SaE-ELM的轮对轴承故障诊断方法

针对DF4型内燃机车轮对轴承不同故障状态的判别问题,提出了一种基于复合多尺度加权排列熵(Composit multiscale weighted permutation entropy, CMWPE)和自适应进化极限学习机(Self-adaptive evolutionary extreme learning machine, SaE-ELM)的机车轮对轴承故障识别方法。CMWPE基于复合粗粒化和加权排列熵的思想,能很好地区分信号的不同模式。SaE-ELM通过自适应进化算法对极限学习机的输入权重、隐含层参数和输出权重进行优化,解决了ELM随机选取网络参数的局限性,提高了网络的泛化性能。计算机车轮对轴承不同健康状态下振动信号的CMWPE,利用SaE-ELM识别轴承所属故障类型及故障程度。在机务段的JL-501轴承检测台上采集了7种不同健康状态的轮对轴承试件的振动信号数据。结果表明：CMWPE特征提取效果优于MPE和MWPE;SaE-ELM模式识别效果优于参数不经优化的ELM。所提方法能够有效诊断机车轮对轴承的不同故障,且故障识别率达到100%。     

基于双时域微弱故障特征增强的轴承早期故障智能识别*

针对轴承早期微弱故障难以准确识别的问题,提出一种基于双时域微弱故障特征增强的轴承早期故障智能识别方法。利用广义S变换和Fourier逆变换推导出一种双时域变换,将轴承振动信号变换为双时域二维时间序列。根据双时域变换的能量分布特点,提取二维时间序列的主对角元素以构建故障特征增强的时域振动信号。仿真信号和轴承故障信号分析验证了双时域微弱故障特征增强的可行性和有效性。采用脉冲耦合神经网络和支持向量机对增强后的轴承信号进行时频特征参数提取和智能识别,平均识别精度达到了95.4%。试验结果表明所提方法能有效提高轴承早期故障的智能识别精度。     

基于小波包变换与样本熵的滚动轴承故障诊断

针对滚动轴承振动信号的不规则性和复杂性可以反映轴承故障的发生和发展,提出一种基于小波包变换与样本熵的轴承故障诊断方法。样本熵可以较少地依赖时间序列的长度,将轴承振动信号进行3层小波包分解,利用分解得到的各个频带的样本熵值作为特征向量,利用支持向量机对轴承故障进行分类。对轴承内圈故障、滚动体故障和外圈故障3种故障及不同损伤程度的实测数据进行实验,结果表明该方法取得较高的识别率,具有一定的工程应用价值。     

基于拉普拉斯分值和模糊C均值聚类的滚动轴承故障诊断

针对滚动轴承故障振动信号的非平稳特征和故障征兆的模糊性,提出了基于拉普拉斯分值和模糊C均值（FCM）聚类的滚动轴承故障诊断方法。该方法首先在时域和频域对滚动轴承振动信号进行特征提取,组成初始特征向量;然后利用拉普拉斯分值进行特征选择,形成故障特征向量;最后以FCM聚类为故障分类器,实现滚动轴承不同故障类型的识别。应用实例和对比实验表明,该方法能有效提取滚动轴承振动信号特征,诊断滚动轴承故障。     

基于LMD能量特征的滚动轴承故障诊断方法

针对滚动轴承故障振动信号的多载波多调制特性,提出一种基于局域均值分解(local mean decomposition,简称LMD)能量特征的特征向量提取方法,并与支持向量机相结合用于滚动轴承的故障诊断。首先,采用LMD方法将复杂调制振动信号分解为若干单分量信号乘积函数(production function,简称PF);然后,对反映信号主要特征的PF基于时间轴积分,得到各PF分量能量矩并构造特征向量;最后,将其输入多分类支持向量机中,用于区分滚动轴承的故障类型与故障程度。对滚动轴承内圈故障、外圈故障及滚动体故障振动信号的分析结果表明,该方法能有效提取滚动轴承各工作状态信号的故障特征,能准确识别故障类型,同时对故障程度的判断表现出较高的识别率。     

多共振分量融合CNN的行星齿轮箱故障诊断

针对行星齿轮箱中各部件所激起的振动成分混叠、早期故障特征经常被较强的各级齿轮谐波成分以及环境噪声所湮没的问题,提出一种多共振分量融合卷积神经网络（multi-resonance component fusion based convolutional neural network,简称MRCF-CNN）的行星齿轮箱故障诊断方法。首先,对振动信号进行共振稀疏分解,得到包含齿轮谐波成分的高共振分量和可能包含轴承故障冲击成分的低共振分量;其次,构建多共振分量融合卷积神经网络,将得到的高、低共振分量和原始振动信号进行自适应的特征级融合,通过有监督的方式训练模型并进行行星齿轮箱故障诊断。对行星齿轮箱实验数据的分析结果表明,该方法能够有效分类行星齿轮箱中滚动轴承和齿轮的故障,成功对行星齿轮箱故障进行诊断,同时能够进一步增强卷积神经网络对振动信号所蕴含的故障信息的辨识能力。     

基于多尺度Hermitian小波包络谱的轴承故障诊断

提出了一种基于多尺度Hermitian小波包络谱的轴承故障诊断方法。该方法综合利用了Hermitian小波和包络谱分析技术的优点,首先对轴承故障振动信号进行Hermitian连续小波变换,得到小波分解的实部和虚部,然后计算振动信号的多尺度包络谱。对齿轮箱轴承故障振动信号的分析表明,该方法在强噪声环境下能有效识别轴承内圈故障和外圈故障。     

基于路图拉普拉斯算子范数和马氏距离的滚动轴承故障诊断

为有效提取滚动轴承振动信号的故障特征,将图信号处理技术引入故障诊断领域。首先根据滚动轴承振动信号构造路图,获得路图信号;再将计算得到的路图拉普拉斯算子范数作为特征参数,构造不同故障的标准特征空间;最后通过测试样本与标准特征空间的马氏距离实现不同故障模式的识别。实测滚动轴承振动信号的分析结果表明,该方法能有效诊断轴承故障。     

小波包分析在轴承早期故障诊断中的应用

为了识别轴承早期损伤引起的故障信号,利用小波包对轴承的振动信号进行处理。小波包分析的实质是对小波分解的结果作进一步细分,因而具有比小波分解高得多的频域分辨能力。文中用小波包分析了两个存在早期轻微损伤的轴承的振动信号,并比较了自然序、Gray序以及移频算法的处理结果。这些分析结果表明,小波包分析能够有效地将隐藏在正常振动信号之中的早期弱故障信号提取出来,从而发现轴承的早期损伤。     

Rolling element bearing faults diagnosis based on optimal Morlet wavelet filter and autocorrelation enhancement

The fault diagnosis of rolling element bearing is important for improving mechanical system reliability and performance. When localized fault occurs in a bearing, the periodic impulsive feature of the vibration signal appears in time domain, and the corresponding bearing characteristic frequencies (BCFs) emerge in frequency domain. However, in the early stage of bearing failures, the BCFs contain very little energy and are often overwhelmed by noise and higher-level macro-structural vibrations, an effective signal processing method would be necessary to remove such corrupting noise and interference. In this paper, a new hybrid method based on optimal Morlet wavelet filter and autocorrelation enhancement is presented. First, to eliminate the frequency associated with interferential vibrations, the vibration signal is filtered with a band-pass filter determined by a Morlet wavelet whose parameters are optimized by genetic algorithm. Then, to further reduce the residual in-band noise and highlight the periodic impulsive feature, an autocorrelation enhancement algorithm is applied to the filtered signal. In the enhanced autocorrelation envelope power spectrum, only several single spectrum lines would be left, which is very simple for operator to identify the bearing fault type. Moreover, the proposed method can be conducted in an almost automatic way. The results obtained from simulated and practical experiments prove that the proposed method is very effective for bearing faults diagnosis.     

基于经验模态分解的滚动轴承故障诊断方法

提出了一种基于经验模态分解的滚动轴承故障诊断方法，并定义了能量熵的概念。从不同状态的滚动轴承振动信号的能量熵值中发现，当滚动轴承发生故障时，各频带的能量会发生变化。为了进一步对滚动轴承的状态和故障类型进行分类，再从若干个包含主要故障信息的IMF分量中提取能量特征参数作为神经网络的输入参数来识别滚动轴承的故障类型。对滚动轴承的正常状态、内圈故障和外圈故障振动信号的分析结果表明，以经验模态分解为预处理器提取各频带能量作为特征参数的神经网络诊断方法比以小波包分析为预处理器的神经网络诊断方法有更高的故障识别率，可以准确、有效地识别滚动轴承的工作状态和故障类别。     

滚动轴承故障特征信息的自动提取方法研究

提出基于小波包分析和包络检测的滚动轴承故障特征信息的自动提取力法。根据滚动轴承的故障冲击能激起轴承座或其他机械零部件产生共振的特性，对轴承振动信号进行快速傅里叶变换FFT分析，在频谱图中自动识别高频共振频带。然后利用小波包分析可以在全频带内把信号分解到相邻的不同频带上的特性，对滚动轴承的振动信号进行小波包分解，自动提取共振频带上的信号并进行重构。最后，对重构后的信号进行包络检波，实现滚动轴承故障特征信息的自动提取。通过对实际滚动轴承振动信号的分析，发现这种方法能非常有效地检测和诊断滚动轴承的故障．     

基于形态分量分析与能量算子解调的齿轮箱复合故障诊断方法

针对齿轮箱复合故障的故障特征分离,提出了一种基于形态分量分析与能量算子解调的齿轮箱复合故障诊断方法。该方法先根据振动信号中各组成成分形态的差异,采用形态分量分析方法构建不同形态的稀疏表示字典进行故障成分分离,将齿轮箱复合故障信号分解为包含齿轮故障信息的谐振分量、包含轴承故障信息的冲击分量和噪声分量,然后分别对谐振分量和冲击分量进行能量算子解调分析,最后根据各解调谱诊断齿轮和轴承故障。算法仿真和应用实例表明该方法能有效地分离齿轮箱复合故障振动信号中齿轮与轴承的故障特征。