融合Focal Loss的网络威胁情报实体抽取

网络威胁情报（CTI）蕴含丰富的威胁行为知识,及时分析处理威胁情报能够促进网络攻防由被动防御向主动防御的转变。当前多数威胁情报以自然语言文本的形式存在,包含大量非结构化数据,需要利用实体抽取方法将其转换为结构化数据以便后续处理。然而,由于威胁情报中包含大量漏洞名称、恶意软件、APT组织等专业词汇,且实体分布极不平衡,导致通用领域的实体抽取方法应用于威胁情报时受到极大限制。为此,提出一种融合Focal Loss的实体抽取模型,通过引入平衡因子和调制系数改进交叉熵损失函数,平衡样本分布。此外,针对威胁情报结构复杂且来源广泛,包含大量专业词汇的问题,在模型中增加单词和字符特征,有效改善了威胁情报中的OOV问题。实验结果表明,相较于现有主流模型BiLSTM和BiLSTM-CRF,所提模型在F1分数上分别提高了7.07%和4.79%,验证了引入Focal Loss和字符特征的有效性。     

Cooperative Effect Radiation Loss of Optical Pump Solid Laser

1 Introduction For increasing the output energy of laser, the pumping power must be enhanced. But the cooperative effect will arise and cause spontaneous radiation light in laser medium sample when the pumping power is high e- nough without the resonator. The spontaneous radiation light is coherent light between laser and fluorescent. It will compete the upper energy level population with ex- cited radiation, and the loss increase. In solid laser medium, such as Nd∶YAG, the Nd ion densityi…     

Low-Microwave Loss Coplanar Waveguides Fabricated on High-Resistivity Silicon Substrate

分别在普通的低阻硅衬底、带有3μm厚氧化硅介质层的低阻硅衬底和高阻硅衬底上设计并制备了微波传输共面波导.结果表明,低阻硅衬底导致过高的微波损耗从而不能使用,通过加氧化硅介质层,微波损耗可以大大减少,但是需要较厚的氧化硅厚度.直接制备在高阻硅衬底上的共面波导在所测试的26GHz的频率范围内获得低于2dB/cm的微波损耗,而且工艺十分简单.     

Bending Loss Analysis of Optical Fiber with Out-Cladding of Photonic Crystals

1　ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＯｐｔｉｃａｌｆｉｂｅｒｓａｎｄｉｎｔｅｇｒａｔｅｄｏｐｔｉｃａｌｗａｖｅｇｕｉｄｅｓｈａｖｅｂｅｅｎｕｓｅｄｉｎｍａｎｙａｒｅａｓｓｕｃｈａｓｔｅｌｅｃｏｍｍｕｎｉ ｃａｔｉｏｎｓ,ｓｅｎｓｏｒｔｅｃｈｎｏｌｏｇｙ ,ｓｐｅｃｔｒｏｓｃｏｐｙａｎｄｍｅｄｉｃｉｎｅ[1 ] .Ａｓｉｓｗｅｌｌｋｎｏｗｎ ,ｔｈｅｔｏｔａｌｒｅｆｌｅｃｔｉｏｎｗｉｌｌｈａｐｐｅｎｗｈｅｎｔｈｅａｎｇｌｅｏｆｔｈｅｉｎｃｉｄｅｎｔｌｉｇｈｔａｔｔｈｅｉｎｔｅｒｆａｃｅｏｆｔｗｏｋｉｎｄｓｏｆｍａｔｅ…     

Effects of Resonator Loss on Output Characteristics of Ring Microresonator Filter

The ring microresonator filter considering resonator inner loss is analyzed theoretically, which has one input port and two output ports, Some universal relations for coupling of optical power between microresonator and dielectric waveguides are presented. The analytical expressions of filter bandwidth or the full width at half maximum （FWHM）, free spectral range and finesse of resonator are derived. The characteristics of the ring microresonator filter are discussed numerically. It is demonstrated that the loss of the ring resonator reduces the peak value of transmission, widens the filter bandwidth, and reduces the finesse of the resonator filter.     

一种改进的Focal Loss在语义分割上的应用

传统基于深度学习的语义分割方法使用的损失函数为交叉熵,而交叉熵并不能解决训练数据中的样本非均衡性问题。语义分割任务属于像素级分类,样本的非均衡性问题在其中体现得十分突出。文章提出了一种改进的Focal Loss作为损失函数来自动解决训练样本的非均衡性。该损失函数等同于在标准交叉熵上加上一个权重,该权重能够自动增加困难样本的交叉熵损失值,同时保持简单样本的交叉熵损失值。将Focal Loss作为DeepLabv3+的损失函数,并将DeepLabv3+的Backbone替换为ResNet-18,再使用Cityscapes数据集作为训练样本,分别使用交叉熵和Focal Loss作为损失函数来对模型进行训练。实验结果表明,改进的Focal Loss损失函数相比于交叉熵获得的语义分割精度更高,且能够有效缓解训练样本的非均衡性问题。     

A Novel Re-weighted CTC Loss for Data Imbalance in Speech Keyword Spotting

Speech keyword spotting system is a critical component of human-computer interfaces. And connectionist temporal classifier(CTC) has been proven to be an effective tool for that task. However, the standard training process of speech keyword spotting faces a data imbalance issue where positive samples are usually far less than negative samples. Numerous easy-training negative examples overwhelm the training, resulting in a degenerated model. To deal with it, this paper tries to reshape the standar...     

A Limited Deflection Routing Algorithm Based on Burst Loss Threshold in OBS Networks

1 Introduction The increase in the demand of transport capacity duetothe explosive growth of the Internet IP-based traffichas fueled the development of high-speed transmissionsystems andthe emergence of Wavelength Division Mul-tiplexing ( WDM) technology[1].Soin the near future ,it will be possible to support hundreds of wavelengths ofseveral Gigabit/s each. A new approach called OpticalBurst Switching (OBS)[2]that combines the best of op-tical circuit switching and optical packet switch…     

Effect of γ-ray Radiation on the Loss of Optical Fiber in Visible Range

The mechanism of γ-ray radiation induced absorption loss of the optical fiber in visible range is analyzed. According to the mechanism, the quantitative relation between loss in optical fiber and γ-ray cumulation dose is found by use of methods of solid physics and statistic physics. This quantitative relation is certified in terms of the results of radiation experiment.     

Effect of γ—ray Radiation on Loss of Optical Fiber in Visible Range

The mechanism of γ-ray radiation induced absorption loss of the optical fiber in visible range is analyzed.According to the mechanism,the quantitative relation between loss in optical fiber and γ-ray cumulation dose is found by use of methods of solid physics and statistic physics.This quantitatie relation is certified in terms of the results of radiation experiment.     

Computation of Dielectric Constants and Loss Tangents at ISM Band by Measurements of Transmission Coefficients

1　IntroductionWirelesslocalnetworksareexpandingrapidlyastheresultofincreasingdemandforcomputercom municationsandtheadvancesofdigitalradiosys tems.Newdigitalsystemsarebeingimplementedinmicrowaveandmillimeterwavebands .Whereasthequalityofanaloguesystemsisstronglyrelatedtothereceivedpowerofthesignal,digitalcommunicationsaresensitivetootherperturbations.Inparticular,thedecodingefficiencycanbeimpairedbyintersym bolinterferenceowingtomultipatheffects.Agoodknowledgeofthewidebandchannelisthusneces s…     

Excess Loss of the Coupling System to Double-Function Optical Circulators Utilizing Lens Twice and Two-Fiber Tips

1 Introduction An optical circulatoris useful in advanced optical fibercommunication systems such as full duplex transmissionsystems[1 ~10]. With the development of fiber opticalcommunication,there is anincreasing demand for opti-cal circulators that are suitable for use with fiber opticsystems .Incomplexfiber optic systems ,there may be amultiplicity of fibers ,each requiring a si milar function.A conventional optical circulator cannot provide suchfunctions[11]. In addition,the circulator re…     

Derivation of General Formula for Coupling Loss of Single-mode Fiber Collimators with Gradient——index Rod Lenses

Gradient--index rod lens (GRIN--lens) whose pitch is ordinary value with bevel ferrule coupling system is analyzed, an equivalent method which can be used to analyze this system is put forward, and a general formula for determining the coupling loss with axes mismatch, radial mismatch, and angular mismatch is derived by use of the Gaussian field approximation and mode-field coupling theory. The experimental results are in good agreement with the theory prediction. It indicates that these formulas are suitable to analyze the gradient--index rod lens coupling system with pigtail fiber.     

An Indoor Propagation Model Based on a Novel Multi Wall Attenuation Loss Formula at Frequencies 900 MHz and 2.4 GHz

This paper describes an indoor propagation model pertaining to a sample of six different multi-floor building structures that have a stone block type outer wall and are generally described as university, hospital and office type buildings. Those flat roofed, stone built, multi floor buildings are very common, not only in Palestine, but probably in vast areas in the Middle East region. The goal is to come up with a relatively general model that would be both reliable and representative to a wider sample of multi-floor buildings, falling under a similar building structure classification. The improved model; we name the AMATA model, lends itself to its generalization for the GSM and wireless LAN frequencies as well as the developed multiwall effective attenuation fourth power nonlinear equation that solely relies on the number of wall separations within the floor. A clear improvement in the standard deviation of the mean path loss resulted in comparison to the well known indoor ITU path loss model. Our model can be applied with a high confidence level to the wider range of buildings similar to the classification type of the building structure sample, we conducted measurements upon.     

Dielectric Loss in the Polymer–Semiconductor–Composite System with Allowance for Nonlinear Dependence of Electric Characteristics on Temperature Resulting from Microwave Irradiation

An electrothermophysical model that makes it possible to estimate dielectric loss and predict energy-dissipation characteristics in dielectric materials is proposed. Heat and mass transfer is numerically simulated in the presence of microwave irradiation of an electronic device (polymer–semiconductor–composite system) with allowance for local heat liberation and nonlinear dependence of dielectric characteristics on temperature. Distributions of permittivity and tangent of dielectric loss with respect to thickness of the system under study are presented for a typical interval of variations in the parameters of electromagnetic radiation. It is demonstrated that dissipation of electromagnetic energy leads to a significant (by a factor of 1.6) increase in the tangent of dielectric loss.     

Loss Probability for a Finite Buffer Multiplexer with the <Emphasis Type="Italic">M/G/∞</Emphasis> Input Process

This paper studies the impact of long-range-dependent (LRD) traffic on the performance of a network multiplexer. The network multiplexer is characterized by a multiplexing queue with a finite buffer and an M/G/∞ input process. Our analysis expresses the loss probability bounds using a simple relationship between loss probability and buffer full probability. Our analysis also derives an exact expression for the buffer full probability and consequently calculates the loss probability bounds with excellent precision. Through numerical calculations and simulation examples, we show that existing asymptotic analyses lack the precision for calculating the loss probability over realistic ranges of buffer capacity values. We also show that existing asymptotic analyses may significantly overestimate the loss probability and that designing networks using our analysis achieves efficient resource utilization.     

Good Thermal Stability,High Permittivity,Low Dielectric Loss and Chemical Compatibility with Silver Electrodes of Low-Fired BaTiO<Subscript>3</Subscript>–Bi(Cu<Subscript>0.75</Subscript>W<Subscript>0.25</Subscript>)O<Subscript>3</Subscript> Ceramics

(1 ? x)BaTiO₃–xBi(Cu_0.75W_0.25)O₃ [(1 ? x)BT–xBCW, 0 ≤ x ≤ 0.04] perovskite solid solutions ceramics of an X8R-type multilayer ceramic capacitor with a low sintering temperature (900°C) were synthesized by a conventional solid state reaction technique. Raman spectra and x-ray diffraction analysis demonstrated that a systematically structural evolution from a tetragonal phase to a pseudo-cubic phase appeared near 0.03 < x < 0.04. X-ray photoelectron analysis confirmed the existence of Cu⁺/Cu²⁺ mixed-valent structure in 0.96BT–0.04BCW ceramics. 0.96BT–0.04BCW ceramics sintered at 900°C showed excellent temperature stability of permittivity (Δε/ε _25°C ≤ ±15%) and retained good dielectric properties (relative permittivity ～1450 and dielectric loss ≤2%) over a wide temperature range from 25°C to 150°C at 1 MHz. Especially, 0.96BT–0.04BCW dielectrics have good compatibility with silver powders. Dielectric properties and electrode compatibility suggest that the developed materials can be used in low temperature co-fired multilayer capacitor applications.