Azimuthal Variation of Measured HF Noise

HF noise (2-8 MHz) as a function of azimuth, frequency, and time of day was measured in England during the winter of 1966-1967. For a given frequency interval eight unequal azimuthal sectors (with five sectors between 45°-180°) were sampled each four hours in a standardized fashion. Power levels for the tenth, fiftieth, and ninetieth percentiles were derived and plotted. The results provide the integrated total external noise (both local and propagated). In addition to the well-known distinctive diurnal and frequency changes, a marked variation with azimuth is present. A separate examination of noise intensities measured simultaneously from several azimuths reveals strong differences with azimuth. The investigation indicates that noise levels as a function of azimuth are needed and are the ones to be applied to practical HF systems.     

电离层高频传播点对点射线追踪仿真器

为了发展高效的高频(High Frequency,HF)电波点对点传播仿真工具,研究了一个HF电波经电离层反射传播的点对点射线追踪仿真器(Point-to-point Ionospheric Ray Tracing Simulator,PIRTS).该仿真器通过求解Haselgrove方程进行射线追踪,电离层传播环境使用三维网格,网格由国际参考电离层2007版(International Reference Ionosphere,IRI2007)生成或由电离图导出的真高剖面提供,地磁场使用国际参考地磁场第11版（International Geomagnetic Reference Field,IGRF11)建模.PIRTS能高效搜索连接发射点和接收点的所有射线,包括低角射线、高角射线以及不同层反射的射线.为了验证PIRTS的精度和实用性,比较了实测的与PIRTS仿真合成的垂测电离图,还比较了西安莆田HF链路上观测的与PIRTS仿真的最大可用频率.对比结果表明：PIRTS具有较高的精度和较快的效率,能达到实用的水平,尤其适合于斜向电离图的仿真、HF通信选频等点对点传播问题.     

A note on pulse distortion by ionospheric reflection

An expression, suitable for a small desk-top computer, is presented to calculate the time domain envelope of a rectangular pulse reflected from a sech2model ionosphere and observed at the output of a simple receiver bandpass filter. Ionospheric, source pulse, and filter parameters can be varied to estimate distortion characteristics of the received pulse.     

高频泵波加热电离层的数值模拟

基于高频泵波扰动电离层的欧姆加热理论,建立数值模型模拟加热过程中电子温度、电子密度和离子密度随时间的演化及泵波频率、发射功率对加热效果的影响.结果表明,地面以1.5MW的功率发射一个13MHz的电波,可以引起电子温度升高80%、电子密度升高16%的显著变化.电子温度和电子密度的变化分别在加热开始后几十秒和几分钟内达到饱和.泵波频率和发射功率大小显著影响最终的加热效果,但数值结果并没有体现它们之间具有线性关系.和EISCAT雷达1985年2月26日对一次加热实验观测结果(它的发射功率和本文选定的1.5MW一致)的比较表明,在180km以下区域,该文模型和上述实验观测结果具有很好的一致性;更高高度上模拟结果和实验结果的偏差是由于模拟过程中没有考虑F层异常吸收的作用.     

电离层不均匀体对短波信号影响的实验研究

通过斜向探测设备获取的实验数据,分析Es传播模式和F2层低角模式反射高度处波状扰动情况下,电离层不均匀体对信号幅度、相位、瞬时多普勒频移及FFT频谱信号的影响.试验结果显示,Es层的不均匀体会造成反射信号幅度快速变化,信号相对相位出现扰动;穿过Es层的F2层模式信号没有Es层不均匀体信号的变化特性.小幅度波状变化的F2层反射信号幅度和瞬时多普勒频移有同样周期和同比幅度变化的周期振荡.FFT频谱分析显示,Es层不均匀体会造成信号频谱的扩展;而F2层波状扰动周期在积累时间内没有较大变化时,频域信号有多个离散的频谱,当扰动周期有明显变化时,频域信号是一个连续的扩展频谱.     

电离层电急流的人工调制

由基本的磁离子理论出发,构造了大功率电波调制电离层电急流的自洽理论模型.利用此模型,计算了电离层D/E区高度上电子温度随加热时间的变化,以及不同高度上的加热时间和冷却时间.基于方波脉冲的入射方式,详细地研究了加热区电离层电导率和赤道电急流的振荡过程.计算结果表明,地面入射的大功率电波能有效地调制电离层中存在的大尺度直流电流,而且该调制电流可以作为ELF/VLF电波的辐射源.最后简单地分析了在未来实际工程应用中所需要解决的问题.     

A computer method of HF ionospheric propagation prediction and analysis

A method of HF ionospheric forecasting and analysis suitable for digital computers is discussed. The particular parameters which may be computed are the maximum usable frequency (MUF), the optimum traffic frequency (FOT), the lowest useful high frequency (LUF), and the lowest required radiated power (LRRP). Other parameters may be deduced with only slight modification of the basic program. All of the principles and analytical expressions necessary to program a computer are included.     

A semi empirical model for low latitude HF ionospheric propagationprediction

The ionospheric propagation of high frequency (HF) radio waves is strongly dependent on the varying structure of the ionosphere. It is therefore essential to look for an accurate and suitable physical model for the design and development of telecommunication links, especially broadcast links, which are affected by such variation. This enables the prediction of radio link performance with a satisfactory level of accuracy and reduced computation time. Existing models make extensive use of powerful computers to generate electron density profiles, whereas this model attempts the same on an 80486 based PC successfully. Though this affects the accuracy of the generated profiles, it is still acceptable for engineering applications. A physical model of the ionosphere is developed with empirical additions from rocket data. The associated propagation conditions are simulated and the results compared with practical data obtained from broadcast and amateur radio band usage. A high degree of correlation is obtained     

The statistics of HF sea-echo Doppler spectra

Several important statistical properties of the HF sea echo and its Doppler power spectrum, which are useful in optimizing the design of radar oceanographic experiments, are established. First-and second-order theories show that the echo signal (e.g., the voltage) should be Gaussian; this is confirmed with experimental surface-wave data i) by comparison of the normalized standard deviation of the power spectrum at a given frequency with its predicted value of unity, and ii) by cumulative distributiun plots of measured spectral amplitudes on Rayleigh probability charts. The normalized standard deviation of the dominant absolute peak amplitudes of the power spectrum (which wander slightly in frequency) are shown from experimental data to besim 0.7for the first-order peaks andsim 0.5for the second-order peaks. The autocorrelation coefficient of the power spectra is derived from measured data and interpreted in terms of the spectral peak widths; from this information, the correlation time (or time between independent power spectrum samples) is shown to besim 25-50s for radar frequencies above 7 MHz. All of these statistical quantities are observed to be independent of sea state, scattering cell size, and relatively independent of radar operating frequency. These quantities are then used to establish the statistical error (and confidence interval) for radar remote sensing of sea state, and it is shown, for example, that 14 power spectral samples result in a sample average whose rms error about the true mean is 1.0 dB.     

宽波束高频雷达海洋回波的统计特性

高频(HF)雷达海洋探测是典型的粗糙面对电波的散射问题.从已有理论分析了宽波束高频地波雷达海洋回波的特点,再利用实验数据研究了回波谱的归一化标准差和杂波信号相关时间的变化规律及特性,建立了各谱区合适的统计模型并分析了某些模型参数随距离的变化规律,为优化海洋学实验设计、改进海态反演方法和低速移动目标检测提供了有力的依据.     

基于抛物方程的短波电离层传播数值模拟研究

短波电离层传播损耗的计算对电离层基础研究与短波通信、天波超视距雷达等应用有重要意义，以往主要采用半经验模型.文中基于电磁波传播的抛物方程方法，实现对短波电离层传播损耗空间分布的数值计算，该方法可同时考虑电磁波传播的折射、反射、绕射和吸收等效应.根据电子浓度剖面数据，仿真计算了不同频点和天线波束宽度情况下的电离层传播损耗，从折射效应引起的传播模式、反射点高度、地面落区位置方面，与射线描迹结果进行对比，两者具有一致性.此外，进一步仿真分析了电离层的吸收效应.研究结果初步表明了抛物方程方法预测电离层传播的有效性及其强大的功能.     

高频海态监测中几种电离层杂波特性及成因分析

电离层杂波是制约高频海态监测雷达探测性能的因素之一,为进一步深入分析电离层杂波特性及成因,提出了对电离层探测信息的杂波分析方法.该方法在传统利用雷达回波进行分析的基础上,引入电离层垂直探测信息,综合应用电波传播理论,对电离层杂波进行分析.给出了常规F层杂波和出现概率较高的Es层强杂波、“微笑”型杂波的特性及产生机理.通过仿真分析和试验数据验证,证明上述分析方法和结果有效,可为电离层杂波抑制提供支撑.     

高频海洋回波谱电离层污染及实验研究

根据电离层对高频天波海洋回波Doppler谱影响的研究,结合高频天波返回散射探测站获得的海洋回波谱,对观测到的高频海洋回波谱Doppler频移、多Bragg峰及Doppler展宽等现象进行研究,阐明了电离层运动、电波传播模式、多径、电波相位路径的非线性变化与高频海洋回波谱之间的关系.初步验证了造成高频海洋回波谱污染的原因.     

Measured distortion of the output-waveform of an integrated OPAMPdue to substrate noise

In mixed signal applications, interference problems due to ground noise and substrate noise are well known. The problem is becoming very timely in applications, such as the logical control of analog amplifiers in monolithic technologies, because of two reasons: the use of higher clock frequencies and high speed logic circuitry, and the technologies moving into 1 μ and submicron regions. In this paper, some measured results are reported on the effects caused by logical control pulses on the behavior of OPAMP's. The results were gained from sophisticated experiments, and can serve as a basis for further theoretical investigations     

Some ionospheric factors affecting the coverage of an HF/VHF direct broadcasting satellite service

A study has been undertaken to assess the effects of the ionosphere on the performance of a direct broadcasting satellite service operating in the high frequency (HF) band. Results relating to two issues of performance are presented: 1) determining under what conditions a frequency allocated to the broadcasting service can be expected to reach the surface of the earth from a satellite and 2) the loss of signal strength due to passage through the ionosphere, it was found that if high frequency broadcast services are to be provided on a worldwide basis using satellite platforms, the satellites need to be optimally configured for the intended service area. Also, a 3 dB loss of signal strength is expected due to ionospheric absorption.     

Steerable ELF/VLF radiation produced by an array of ionospheric dipoles generated from HF heating

A very low frequency (VLF) or extremely low frequency (ELF) dipole source has been created within the lower ionosphere by modulating the atmospheric dynamo currents with a ground-based high power HF source from the Arecibo Observatory. The authors and their colleagues have demonstrated that ELF or VLF generated in this way and injected into the earth-ionosphere waveguide could be received a few thousand kilometers away. The injection properties due to an array of ionospheric dipoles as a function of array geometry and element currents that will allow steerable ELF/VLF radiation within the earth-ionosphere waveguide are investigated theoretically. The ionospheric array factors for a linear and a planar array of Hertzian dipole sources are developed and their properties examined. The principle of pattern multiplication is then applied to include the effect of the ionospheric array element. This provides a means for predicting the field strengths at a remote receiving site due to a steerable linear or planar array of ionospheric sources generated by high power HF periodic plasma heating.     

中低纬调制高频加热电离层ELF／VLF辐射模拟

从基本的电子能量方程出发,改进了幅度调制HF电波加热低电离层模型.计算了低电离层电子温度和电导率随加热时间的变化,以及不同高度上加热产生ELF/VLF Hall电流大小.根据实际的电离层参数,在一定加热条件下,计算了北京、上海、昆明和海口所产生ELF/VLF Hall总电偶极矩大小.结果表明:利用幅度调制HF电波加热中低纬度地区低电离层,可以有效形成ELF/VLF电波辐射源.     

Measured Spectral Amplitude of Lightning Sferics in the HF, VHF, and UHF Bands

An experimental study was carried out to measure the spectral amplitude of lightning sferics at 22.5 MHz, 225 MHz, and 2.25 GHz. This effort included the detection, storage, and analysis of RF emission data to determine accurately the relative electric-field strength produced by the lightning associated with a typical local thunderstorm. These measured spectral amplitudes are normalized and plotted relative to similar data from other investigators. These data support a l/f2 to 11f3 slope for sferics at frequencies above the HF range.     

Software-defined radio technology in the problem concerning with the successive sounding of HF ionospheric communication channels

The problem concerning new software-defined radio technology is investigated as applied to the successive sounding of HF ionospheric communication radio channels. The algorithm for quadrature processing of chirp signals subjected to elementwise compression in the frequency domain is developed. It is established that a channel scattering function and a delay power profile are related to a compressed-signal spectrum and their basic parameters. Data on the key characteristic of HF communications modems are presented. The efficiencies of different modems are estimated using the experimental data on channel parameters. It is demonstrated that the aforementioned technology can be used to estimate not only HF communication channel parameters from the pass band of a radio line but also select the optimal one and, furthermore, makes it possible to combine communications and radio sounding systems in the single device.