微生物对脱除煤中有机硫的研究

本文对煤中有机硫的赋存状态,微生物脱除煤中有机硫的机理进行了探讨,并对国内外在微生物脱除有机硫的应用中存在的问题进行了分析,指明了脱除有机硫的研究方向及应用前景。     

表面活性剂对土壤石油污染物微生物降解的影响

选用了四种表面活性剂对辽河油田石油污染土壤微生物降解的影响进行了研究。研究表明，表面活性剂在浓度低于50mg/L时，促进作用和抑制作用都不明显；而当浓度高于100mg/L时，即高浓度时，对微生物除油有显著抑制作用。当添加H2O2和不同氮源时，发现与上述结果相类似。     

含磷有机硼表面活性剂的制备

研究了一种新型表面活性剂——含磷有机硼表面活性剂的制备方法,并探讨了其表面活性。     

有机氟表面活性剂的性能,合成与应用

本文从氟的物理性质和氟表面活性剂的化学结构出发阐述了这种特殊表面活性剂的性质和近年的研究进展情况，并介绍了它们的一些特殊用途。     

表面活性剂对粉体的有机化改性

本文研究了用表面活性剂对无机粉体碳酸钙,钛白粉,白炭黑,凹凸棒土进行有机化改性的方法,制备了改性样品,测定了样品的比表面,接触角在液体石蜡中的粘度等物化性能,还考察了带有反应性基团的新型阳离子表面活性剂（ＣＤＭＡＡＢ）所改性样品等天然橡胶力学性能的影响,结果表明上述有机化改性是可行的。     

不同表面活性剂制备有机蒙脱土

分别利用阳离子表面活性剂十六烷基三甲基溴化铵、十六烷基三甲基氯化铵和阴离子表面活性剂十二烷基磺酸钠制备了有机蒙脱土,并通过红外光谱分析和X-射线衍射分析对其进行了表征。结果表明,有机插层剂已进入蒙脱土的层间,蒙脱土的层间距由1.24 nm分别增加到2.14,2.20和2.51 nm。沉降实验结果表明,这种有机蒙脱土在有机介质中表现出很好的分散性。     

石油微生物脱有机硫及苯磺酸盐副产品生产

本文介绍了当前生物脱有机硫的研究和产业化进展,在此基础上讨论了该领域所存在的问题和前景。由于微生物脱硫工艺操作压力、温度低,尤其是与加氢技术偶联的生物脱硫工艺成本较小而具有广阔的市场前景。预计,在美国等发达国家石油生物脱硫技术在21世纪初可实现工业化应用。     

表面活性剂对磷矿脱镁过程的影响

在磷硫混酸浸提的磷矿脱镁过程中,加入不同类型的表面活性,考察其对脱镁率及磷损失率的影响。结果表明,阴离子表面活性剂十二烷基苯磺酸钠和十二烷基磺酸钠的加入不利脱镁反应的进行;阳离子表面活性剂十六烷基三甲基溴化铵和十六烷基三甲基氯化铵,在促进脱镁反应的同时增加了磷损失;非离子表面活性剂聚乙二醇有利于抑制脱镁过程中的磷损失,并有效地促进了脱镁反应的进行。     

微生物法脱除煤中硫的发展现状与方向

介绍了微生物法脱除煤中无机硫和有机硫的机理,以及它的研究发展现状。同时指出了该法现存的主要问题是反应时间长,废液处理技术尚待开发,实验误差大,难以满足放大试验以及微生物生长慢,培养基成本高等,并对其今后的发展提出了建议。     

Microbial desulfurization of coal and oil

Biotreatment of fossil fuels may be regarded as suitable technology for the desulfurization of oil and coal before combustion, especially for small-scale combustion plants where flue gas cleaning is too expensive.

Although several patents, especially on the field of biodesulfurization of oil, already exist, successful application in a large scale could not be demonstrated until now. “Organic sulfur” is characterized by covalent C-S bonds and can be regarded as an element which is integrated in the macromolecular matrix of coal and in organic sulfur compounds present in oil. As for the results of more semi-empirical approaches no reproducibility and transferability to other oil qualities could be demonstrated when model compounds representing the organic sulfur species were used.

This research strategy resulted in a number of promising biochemical pathways for the degradation and/or desulfurization of such compounds. However, up to now the use of microorganisms able to degrade model compounds in a biotechnological process for coal or oil desulfurization does not meet the expectations.

Thus, it has to be concluded that additional research is needed which should be focussed on the development of biocatalysts with a broad substrate specificity and on methods to improve the availability of the organically bound sulfur in the molecular structure of oil and coal.     

碱性体系中煤中有机硫的电化学脱除研究

以高硫煤为原料,用化学法将其无机硫脱除后,再以此作为电解煤样,在碱性条件下研究了煤中有机硫的电化学脱硫规律。讨论了电解电流、煤浆浓度、NaOH浓度等主要因素对煤中有机硫脱硫率的影响,并确定了适宜电解脱硫条件:NaOH质量浓度4.0mol/L,煤浆质量浓度0.04g/mL,反应温度70℃,电流强度1.0A,电解时间5h,获得了有机硫脱除率为32.50%的较好效果。     

碳氟表面活性剂在有机液体中的表面活性

从不同的碳氟链（ 包括四氟乙烯五聚体衍生物、全氟丙烯环氧齐聚体衍生物以及全氟烷基衍生物等） 出发, 制备了多种碳氟化合物。通过表面张力测定,研究了碳氟化合物在甲苯、正己烷、正癸烷、环己烷等烃类化合物以及在氯仿、硝基甲烷、二甲亚砜、正丁醇等极性化合物中的表面活性。探讨了表面活性剂结构对其表面活性的影响。     

Sulfur specificity in the bench‐scale biological desulfurization of crude oil by Rhodococcus IGTS8

Biological removal of organic sulfur from petroleum feedstocks may offer an attractive alternative to conventional thermochemical treatment due to the mild operating conditions and greater reaction specificity afforded by the nature of biocatalysis. Previous investigations have either reported the desulfurization of model sulfur compounds in organic solvents or gross desulfurization of crude oil without data on which sulfur species were being removed. This study reports initial sulfur speciation data for thiophenic sulfur compounds present in crude oil which may be used as a guide both as to which species are treated by the biocatalyst investigated as well as to where biocatalyst development is needed to improve the extent of biological desulfurization when applied to whole crudes. Biodesulfurization of two different crude oils in the 22–31 ° API specific gravity range with total sulfur contents between 1 and 2% is demonstrated in 1‐dm³ batch stirred reactors using wild type Rhodococcus sp IGTS8. While analysis of the crudes before and after biodesulfurization did not reveal a decrease in total sulfur, GC–MS did reveal significant (43–99%) desulfurization of dibenzothiophenes (DBT) and substituted DBTs. Fractionation of the whole crude, followed by analysis using gas chromatography–sulfur chemiluminescence detection (GC–SCD) of the aromatic fraction of the Van Texas crude oil, demonstrated a reduction of sulfur in this fraction from 3.8% to 3.2%. This research indicates that IGTS8 may be capable of biodesulfurization of refined products such as gasoline and diesel whose predominant sulfur species are dibenzothiophenes. Further biocatalyst development would be needed for effective treatment of the spectrum of sulfur‐bearing compounds present in whole crudes.     

工业烟气微生物脱硫的研究综述

以自然界硫素循环为基础,分别介绍了含H2S、SO2工业烟气微生物脱硫的原理,分析了微生物脱硫的典型工艺及其关键影响因素,指出了该技术的发展方向,对微生物在工业烟气脱硫中的实际应用有一定的指导意义。     

微乳化柴油研究进展

分析了微乳化柴油的研究现状 ,介绍了微乳化柴油的燃烧机理、配制方法及其发展趋势。指出W/O型微乳化柴油具有节油、节能的特点并能大大减少环境污染 ,具有较好的发展前途     

柴油生物脱硫乳状液的破乳

柴油生物脱硫(BDS)反应后往往会产生稳定的O/W型三相（柴油/发酵液/菌体）乳状液,为了满足工业应用的需要,就必须将三相乳状液进行破乳,从而获得BDS反应后的柴油.分析了几种破乳剂对BDS后三相乳状液的破乳效果及破乳机理,发现几种典型的水溶性破乳剂、醇类甚至用于BDS的红球菌自身都具有良好的破乳活性,其中具有强表面活性、强亲水性和合适的密度的乙醇与离心操作相结合的方法最适宜该乳状液的破乳,破乳后离心分离的菌体与原菌具有相近的脱硫活性,可用于再次脱硫. 同时探索了乙醇作为破乳剂的最佳条件,向三相乳状液中加入4％的工业乙醇,并借助4000 r•min^-1离心力的作用可使破乳率达到97.8％.GC-MS实验证实乙醇破乳不影响油品的热值.     

水煤气有机硫转化脱除工艺技术的探讨与选择建议

分析比较了目前水煤气(或半水煤气)中转化脱除有机硫的5种工艺流程和生产装置的运行特点,指出了COS和CS2加氢、水解转化过程中产生硫醚、硫醇的问题,提出按水煤气深加工(后工序)对总硫及煤气成分要求不同合理选择有机硫转化脱除工艺的建议。