居住建筑被动降温节能效应分析

选择适宜的被动式降温设计方法可以有效降低空调能耗,通过选取我国各气候区的典型城市住宅建筑作为研究对象,对于常用被动式降温方法,如遮阳、夜间通风及蒸发冷却,采用了软件模拟及数值计算的方法分析了其节能效应,旨在对不同气候区的建筑设计提供技术参考。     

夏热冬暖地区被动式建筑节能设计探讨

被动式建筑节能,是通过利用自然气候资源的生态建筑设计原理,赋予建筑本身节能自然特性而实现的建筑节能,因而更为绿色环保,更有利于人类生存环境的可持续发展,成为建筑节能积极倡导的方向。本文就夏热冬暖地区被动式建筑节能,从设计原理、应用技术、设计实践及节能效应进行分析总结,提供相关的设计实践经验与思考。     

不同厚度多孔砖在被动蒸发冷却技术中的适应性研究

被动蒸发冷却技术作为自然调和理论的一大支柱,它把调节和控制建筑物室内环境由设备调节的"主动式"转R向自然调和的"被动式",从而达到节能效果.分析被动蒸发冷却技术的适用性,实际上也是在寻找建筑环境的后续能源.借助热湿气候风洞实验台,获得含湿多孔砖的热湿特性参数,讨论不同厚度多孔砖的气候适用性,为被动蒸发冷却技术的实际应用提供基础数据.     

夏热冬冷地区被动式超低能耗公共建筑暖通空调设计

以南京高新区规划展示中心的工程设计为例,介绍了被动式技术在夏热冬冷地区公共建筑中的应用。通过对建筑能耗的模拟,对比分析了其全年综合能耗,简述了其社会、经济、环境效益,探讨了被动式技术在该气候区公共建筑中的适用性。     

推广更健康、更舒适、更节能的可持续建筑

<正>中国建筑节能协会被动式建筑联盟是中国建筑节能的积极推动者,也是世界节能减碳事业的践行者,通过整合建筑节能行业尤其是被动式技术产业各方力量,包括金融、媒体、地产、设计、咨询、施工、检测、部品部件供应商等,以推广更健康舒适的可持续建筑为目的,以被动式建筑技术为载体,以微能耗建筑实现社会公众的健康、美好生活。所谓被动式建筑,是从人的需求出发,顺应自然界的温度、湿度、阳光、地形、地貌等自然元素,少用或不用主动式能源,尊重、利用、保护自然的建筑体系。古代建筑所谓"得山川之灵气,     

被动式低能耗建筑政策梳理及分析展望

被动式低能耗建筑可有效实现降低建筑能耗及维持室内良好环境的目的,因而该类建筑发展迅速,但就目前发展形势有待进一步分析。本文通过文献分析法整理了2016年到2020年3月国内各省市及各气候区被动式低能耗建筑的政策概况,对被动式低能耗建筑在不同发展阶段的政策进行了解读并对各类政策对技术推动作用进行了分析。分析表明,各省市及各气候区对被动式低能耗建筑颁布政策不均衡,重视程度各有不同,一定程度上限制了被动式低能耗建筑发展。被动式低能耗建筑发展需完善配套政策、引入第三方评价机构、制定产业工人培训的扶持政策,望该建议对被动式低能耗建筑发展起推动作用。     

被动式技术在夏热冬冷典型地区住宅中的应用

被动式设计是建筑节能设计的一种方法,其利用自然能源和最实用的技术,将建筑的形式、布局等与地区热气候环境结合在一起,通过被动式调控手段实现建筑节能。以成都为例,对被动式技术在夏热冬冷典型地区住宅建筑中的应用及具体策略进行了分析,为被动式技术在四川省夏热冬冷地区的住宅中的应用提供参考借鉴。     

中国被动房外围护系统研究——以寒冷、严寒气候区被动房项目为例

德国的被动房是目前世界公认的具有超低能耗、超低碳排放量、超高室内舒适度等特点的建筑技术体系。德国的气候特征与中国华北地区的气候特征具有相似性,因此,研究并建造被动房对于我国建筑节能工作的发展具有重大的意义。外围护系统作为被动房设计的重点要素,对建筑的节能效率有重大的影响。以寒冷、严寒气候区的被动房项目为例,对被动房外围护系统进行分析与阐述,并以秦皇岛"在水一方"被动式住宅示范项目为例,进行能耗模拟与对比分析。提出适合我国寒冷、严寒气候区气候特点的被动式超低能耗建筑外围护系统的设计策略。     

基于被动式超低能耗建筑需求的建筑门窗节能性能研究

针对制约我国建筑节能性能提升的门窗系统,基于典型气候区被动式超低能耗建筑需求,参考德国节能门窗做法,从型材材质选择及腔体截面优化设计、不同气候区节能窗玻璃系统配置、窗系统密封材料性能基本要求、五金系统等配套材料的选择、不同窗型对整窗传热系数的影响、节点做法等方面,探索实现我国门窗节能性能提升的途径。     

能源自给型太阳能建筑设计实录

介绍一座以广州市气候为背景的能源自给型太阳能建筑的设计过程。针对太阳能一体化设计、适度应用太阳能光伏发电板以及此类太阳能建筑的平面布局等问题,以气候分析结论为依据,被动式设计优先为原则,采用温度梯度布局方法,运用被动式蒸发降温、自然通风等对策进行设计,并结合发电量模拟数据来论证该建筑的可行性。以期所述建筑设计要点对相似气候区下的太阳能建筑设计具有借鉴意义。     

Using passive cooling strategies to improve thermal performance and reduce energy consumption of residential buildings in U.A.E. buildings

Passive design responds to local climate and site conditions in order to maximise the comfort and health of building users while minimising energy use. The key to designing a passive building is to take best advantage of the local climate. Passive cooling refers to any technologies or design features adopted to reduce the temperature of buildings without the need for power consumption. Consequently, the aim of this study is to test the usefulness of applying selected passive cooling strategies to improve thermal performance and to reduce energy consumption of residential buildings in hot arid climate settings, namely Dubai, United Arab Emirates. One case building was selected and eight passive cooling strategies were applied. Energy simulation software – namely IES – was used to assess the performance of the building. Solar shading performance was also assessed using Sun Cast Analysis, as a part of the IES software. Energy reduction was achieved due to both the harnessing of natural ventilation and the minimising of heat gain in line with applying good shading devices alongside the use of double glazing. Additionally, green roofing proved its potential by acting as an effective roof insulation. The study revealed several significant findings including that the total annual energy consumption of a residential building in Dubai may be reduced by up to 23.6% when a building uses passive cooling strategies.     

Modeling energy efficiency of bioclimatic buildings

The application of bioclimatic principles is a critical factor in reducing energy consumption and CO₂ emissions of the building sector. This paper develops a regression model of energy efficiency as a function of environmental conditions, building characteristics and passive solar technologies. A sample of 77 bioclimatic buildings (including 45 houses) was collected, covering Greece, other Mediterranean areas and the rest of Europe. Average energy efficiency varied from 19.6 to 100% with an average of about 68%. Environmental conditions included latitude, altitude, ambient temperature, degree days and sun hours; building characteristics consisted in building area and volume. Passive solar technologies included (among others) solar water heaters, shading, natural ventilation, greenhouses and thermal storage walls. Degree days and a dummy variable indicating location in the Mediterranean area were the strongest predictors of energy efficiency while taller and leaner buildings tended to be more energy efficient. Surprisingly, many passive technologies did not appear to make a difference on energy efficiency while thermal storage walls in fact seemed to decrease energy efficiency. The model developed may be of use to architects, engineers and policy makers. Suggestions for further research include obtaining more building information, investigating the effect of passive solar technologies and gathering information on the usage of building.     

Performance of a solar-regenerated liquid desiccant ventilation pre-conditioning system

A solar-regenerated liquid desiccant ventilation pre-conditioning system has been proposed for use in hot and humid climates. The system aims to dehumidify the ventilation air which is the major source of latent load. A heat exchanger is used to cool the dehumidified air instead of typical evaporative cooling to maintain the dryness of the air. The use of solar energy at the regeneration process and cooling water from a cooling tower makes the system more passive. The simulation procedure for the proposed system has been presented. By inputting the climatic data and the physical parameters of all equipments, the operating parameters at each equipment and the performance parameters of the system can be evaluated. The simulation procedure is demonstrated by showing the daily profiles of the operating and performance parameters on a typical day as well as investigating the influence of the selected operating parameters on the system performance. The results suggest that the most influential parameters are solar radiation, ventilation rate, and desiccant solution concentration. The balance between the water removed at the dehumidifier and that evaporated at the regenerator needs to be considered to maintain uniform performance during continuous operation.     

基于Weather tool的气候分析方法

本文利用Ecotect的子软件Weather tool分析北京地区的气象数据,数据采用CSWD。利用软件的焓湿图分析了当地可以用到的墙体蓄热材料、夜间通风、被动式太阳能采暖、自然通风、直接蒸发降温、间接蒸发降温这六种被动式策略的利用潜力,并分析了当地的太阳辐射和风,从而为建筑在方案设计初期阶段提供有力的理论方法和数据支持。     

Design strategy for low-energy ventilation and cooling within an urban heat island

Natural ventilation is a proven strategy for maintaining thermal comfort in non-domestic buildings in the UK. The energy consumption and thus the carbon dioxide emissions that contribute to global warming are lower than in conventional air-conditioned buildings. However, the ambient temperatures in the UK have risen over the last decade and new climatic data for use in the design of naturally ventilated buildings has been published. Using these data and dynamic thermal modelling, it is shown that passive stack ventilation alone was unlikely to maintain summertime comfort in a proposed University College London building within an urban heat island. The stack ventilation strategy was evolved by the introduction of passive downdraught cooling. This low-energy technique enables cooled air to be distributed throughout the building without mechanical assistance. The underlying principles of the technique were explored using physical models and the anticipated performance predicted using thermal modelling. The architectural integration is illustrated and the control strategy described. The resulting building is believed to be the first large-scale application of the passive downdraught cooling technique; construction began in late 2003.     

Raising evaporative cooling potentials using combined cooled ceiling and MPCM slurry storage

Evaporative cooling is able to generate the cooling medium at a temperature approaching to the ambient wet bulb temperature. In this paper, a low-energy air-conditioning strategy is proposed, which is a combination of cooled ceiling (CC), microencapsulated phase change material (MPCM) slurry storage and evaporative cooling technologies. The assessment of evaporative cooling availability and utilization is done for five representative climatic cities, including Hong Kong, Shanghai, Beijing, Lanzhou and Urumqi in China, and the energy saving potential of the proposed air-conditioning system is analyzed by using a well validated building simulation code. The results indicate that the new system offers energy saving potential up to 80% under northwestern Chinese climate and up to 10% under southeastern Chinese climate. The optimal design method of the slurry storage tank is also proposed based on the slurry cooling storage behaviors and cooling demand variations of the ceiling panels.     

Design strategy for low-energy ventilation and cooling within an urban heat island

Natural ventilation is a proven strategy for maintaining thermal comfort in non-domestic buildings in the UK. The energy consumption and thus the carbon dioxide emissions that contribute to global warming are lower than in conventional air-conditioned buildings. However, the ambient temperatures in the UK have risen over the last decade and new climatic data for use in the design of naturally ventilated buildings has been published. Using these data and dynamic thermal modelling, it is shown that passive stack ventilation alone was unlikely to maintain summertime comfort in a proposed University College London building within an urban heat island. The stack ventilation strategy was evolved by the introduction of passive downdraught cooling. This low-energy technique enables cooled air to be distributed throughout the building without mechanical assistance. The underlying principles of the technique were explored using physical models and the anticipated performance predicted using thermal modelling. The architectural integration is illustrated and the control strategy described. The resulting building is believed to be the first large-scale application of the passive downdraught cooling technique; construction began in late 2003.     

Solar thermal modelling of a building with a roof pond and ventilation control systems

The paper proposes and presents thermal modelling of a ventilation-controlled, non-air-conditioned building with evaporative cooling (e.g. open water pond) over the roof for passive solar air conditioning. The ventilation rate, expressed in terms of number of air changes per hour, is assumed to be time-dependent, as should be the case in normal practice. A self-consistent periodic heat transfer analysis for a non-air-conditioned building with roof cooling and ventilation control systems, furnishing (assumed isothermal mass), windows, door and basement ground heat storage effects has been developed to assess the feasibility of the proposed passive space air-conditioning. It is shown that for no-ventilation summer nights the inside air temperature remains higher than the ambient air temperature even with an effective roof cooling system, and hence the windows should be opened to lose the internal heat and to introduce cool and fresh outside air. It is found that for a ventilation-controlled building with a roof pond the passive solar air conditioning can be achieved more effectively.     

Energy savings in a building using regenerative evaporative cooling

This paper explores the potential of reducing the annual energy consumption of a central air-conditioned building through advanced evaporative cooling systems. The building considered is a typical three floor library building of a University. The regenerative evaporative cooling technology is coupled with the liquid cooled water chiller system to accomplish the energy conservation objective. Comparisons of the regenerative evaporative cooling are made with simple evaporative cooling to bring out the importance such a system. The well-known building simulation software, TRNSYS is used to carry out the heat load calculations and the dynamic simulations of the building. Annual energy consumptions of different components of the air-conditioning system are estimated for the existing water chiller system as well as for both coupled evaporative cooling systems (simple and regenerative). The annual energy consumptions, the indoor temperature, the relative humidity and the thermal comfort index ‘PMV’ are compared for all the three different air-conditioning systems. The coupling of direct and regenerative evaporative cooling technologies with water chiller system has shown, respectively, 12.09% and 15.69% savings in annual energy consumption of the building, while maintaining PMV between ?1 and +1 for most of the hours in the year.