支持性能优化的建筑设计技术方法研究——以控碳为例

本文应用定量化建筑设计理论与方法,通过建筑全生命周期阶段划分研究、全生命周期碳排放自动计算技术研究和优化设计软件研发,建立了支持碳排放性能优化的建筑设计技术方法,实现了设计过程中建筑碳排放分类量算和建筑设计方案碳排放性能优化的目标。同时基于BIM信息模型的智能运维设计管理平台,实现了建筑建造、运维和再利用阶段智能控碳,支持设计优化成果应用于建筑全生命周期碳排放管理的目标。     

建筑全生命周期碳排放量计算模型

建立建筑全生命周期碳排放量计算模型,定量研究生产、运输、建造、运行、拆除和回收不同阶段的碳排放量,并以上海某公共建筑为案例,进行了建筑全生命周期碳排放量的计算,结果表明,该建筑全生命周期单位面积碳排放量指标为2.72 t/m2,运行期间的建筑碳排放量在建筑全生命周期碳排放量占比最高,其次为建材生产阶段.降低运行阶段的能源需求,选择可再循环和碳排放因子小的建材、减少建筑材料的使用和浪费有助于降低建筑全生命周期碳排放量.该模型的建立,可为建筑全生命周期碳排放计算提供依据,为优化设计方案、建造方案和运行方案提供方法指导.     

建筑全生命周期碳排放量计算模型

建立建筑全生命周期碳排放量计算模型,定量研究生产、运输、建造、运行、拆除和回收不同阶段的碳排放量,并以上海某公共建筑为案例,进行了建筑全生命周期碳排放量的计算,结果表明,该建筑全生命周期单位面积碳排放量指标为2.72 t/m2,运行期间的建筑碳排放量在建筑全生命周期碳排放量占比最高,其次为建材生产阶段.降低运行阶段的能源需求,选择可再循环和碳排放因子小的建材、减少建筑材料的使用和浪费有助于降低建筑全生命周期碳排放量.该模型的建立,可为建筑全生命周期碳排放计算提供依据,为优化设计方案、建造方案和运行方案提供方法指导.     

建筑全生命周期碳排放量计算模型

建立建筑全生命周期碳排放量计算模型,定量研究生产、运输、建造、运行、拆除和回收不同阶段的碳排放量,并以上海某公共建筑为案例,进行了建筑全生命周期碳排放量的计算,结果表明,该建筑全生命周期单位面积碳排放量指标为2.72 t/m2,运行期间的建筑碳排放量在建筑全生命周期碳排放量占比最高,其次为建材生产阶段.降低运行阶段的能源需求,选择可再循环和碳排放因子小的建材、减少建筑材料的使用和浪费有助于降低建筑全生命周期碳排放量.该模型的建立,可为建筑全生命周期碳排放计算提供依据,为优化设计方案、建造方案和运行方案提供方法指导.     

对建筑楼宇碳排放量计算模型的探索

对建筑楼宇碳排放量的计算模型进行研究,将有助于评估建筑楼宇整个生命周期对环境的影响。本文对建筑的整个生命周期中各个阶段的二氧化碳排放量进行了探索,通过对建筑物材料及所耗能源数据进行收集与分析,获得不同建筑材料及能源碳排放系数。在前人研究的基础上,建立建筑物碳排放量的计算模型。通过案例分析,得到建筑使用和维护阶段中的碳排放量占到全生命周期的比例最大的结论。     

基于全生命周期的建筑工程碳排放计算模型

为核算建筑全生命周期的碳排放量,将建筑生命周期分为设计阶段、物化阶段、使用维护阶段与拆除回收处理阶段,将建筑全生命周期的碳排放活动归结为能源、建筑材料、机械的碳排放,在求出每单位能源、建筑材料、机械的碳排放量的基础上,运用碳排放因子方法计算二氧化碳排放量,并给出具体计算公式,构建全生命周期碳排放核算模型。结合具体实例进行实证应用,简要分析了各阶段的碳排放量比例,为建筑业的碳排放核算研究提供参考。     

基于BIM的建筑物碳排放度量平台构建与应用

分析建筑全生命周期碳排放构成,提出基于碳排放系数的建筑全生命周期碳排放量理论计算方法;构建并分析建筑信息模型,并按照理论计算方法设计建筑全生命周期碳排放度量平台,在此基础上指出其在建筑设计、建造、运行及拆除阶段的应用优势与方法。     

建筑构造生命周期碳排放评价方法研究——以西安地区住宅建筑墙体构造为例

在全球气候变化且建筑产业能耗相对较大的背景下,节能减排已经成为我国重点关注的问题。围护结构是内外环境热交换的重要通道,其中墙体又是围护结构的重要部分,因此应该作为重点的节能减排对象。基于目前墙体构造以及材料的多样繁杂,选择合适的建筑墙体构造显得尤为重要。通过对现有的生命周期碳排放核算模型的研究,结合墙体构造对建筑整体的影响特点,重新划分全生命周期,借助建筑案例,对一栋位于西安地区的高层建筑附以四种不同规格种类保温材料的两种典型墙体构造,进行全生命周期的碳排放核算,建立针对墙体构造的建筑全生命周期碳排放评价模型。对比不同工况下的全生命周期的碳排放量,得出不同要求下相应的墙体构造方案。研究结果表明:每种外保温墙体构造的碳排放量并不会因保温材料的加厚持续降低,而是存在某一厚度使得其碳排放量最低;自保温墙体构造的砌块厚度越大,碳排放量越低;综合两类墙体构造,自保温墙体构造的减排效果明显优于外墙外保温墙体构造。     

住宅建筑碳排放分析及总量核算研究

我国建筑行业碳排放在总碳排放量中约占48％,其中住宅建筑碳排放量占主要部分.因此,住宅建筑碳排放研究对我国城市实现碳达峰目标至关重要.以天津市某住宅楼为研究对象,对住宅建筑全生命周期各阶段的碳排放进行分析,结合计算分析结果总结北方地区住宅建筑全生命周期碳排放特点.研究成果可为其他城市的住宅碳排放测算提供参考依据.     

城市更新中窗户碳排放的影响研究

城市更新代替大规模建设与拆除已经成为建筑行业减碳的重要策略,但由于窗户等建筑围护结构构件的使用寿命与建筑主体结构差异较大,其在建筑维护、修缮与翻新中产生的碳排放必然对建筑全生命周期的碳排放有影响,然而现有相关研究常常忽视该问题。因此,有必要重新考虑围护结构构件寿命与建筑整体寿命不匹配因素,探讨窗户维护与更换对建筑碳排放测算的影响。以上海超低能耗建筑外窗为研究对象,建立3种不同情景下窗户全生命周期碳排放计算模型,对比分析断桥铝合金窗、铝木复合窗、铝塑共挤窗和塑钢窗碳排放量差异。结果表明：若忽略建筑使用过程中窗户的维护与更换,将对窗户的全生命周期碳排放量计算带来约49%的碳排放计算误差。建筑寿命为50年时,通过有效维护获得长寿命的断桥铝合金窗产生的碳排放量相对最低,为1072.2 kgCO₂(原生铝)和875.4 kgCO₂(含回收材料)。同时,在窗户型材中提高回收材料的占比,可以显著降低窗户全生命周期碳排放量,以断桥铝合金窗为例,窗框型材使用30%回收铝可降低约18%的碳排放量。因此,在预期使用寿命较长的新建建筑或翻新建筑中,考虑建筑使用寿命与...     

A combined tuned damper and an optimal design method for wind‐induced vibration control for super tall buildings

The wind‐induced vibrations of super tall buildings become excessive due to strong wind loads, super building height and high flexibility. Tuned mass dampers (TMDs) and tuned liquid column dampers (TLCDs) have been widely used to control vibrations for actual super tall buildings for decades. To fully use both the economic advantage of the TLCD system and the high efficiency of the TMD system, an innovative supplemental damping system including both TLCD and TMD and called combined tuned damper (CTD), which can substantially decrease the cost of the damper, was proposed to control the wind‐induced vibrations of tall buildings. The governing equations are generated for the motion of both the primary structure and the CTD and solved to anticipate the dynamic response of the CTD‐structure system. Moreover, an optimal design method of human comfort performance is proposed, in which the life cycle cost of the damper‐structure system is considered as the quantitative index of the performance. The life cycle cost includes the initial cost, the maintenance cost and the failure cost. The failure cost can be calculated using the vibration‐sensation rate model, which is based on the Japanese code AIJES‐V001‐2004. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Life-cycle cost analysis and life-cycle assessment of the second-generation benchmark building subject to typhoon wind loads in Hong Kong

Tall buildings located in Hong Kong can suffer great damage caused by typhoon hazards throughout their lifetimes. In addition, the effect of wind hazards may be exacerbated due to increases in the typhoon intensity and frequency caused by the climate change effect. Therefore, developing a framework to evaluate and quantify the damage caused by wind hazards on tall buildings from the economic perspective is critical for engineers and building owners in designing a cost-effective tall building. In this study, an economic damage indicator, life-cycle cost, is measured by using a probabilistic method called life-cycle cost analysis (LCCA). Moreover, the building sector is one of the biggest contributors to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and the environmental impact that may be generated in intervention activities after wind-induced damage occurs is analyzed. An environmental impact indicator, embodied carbon emission, is quantified by employing another probabilistic method called life-cycle assessment (LCA). Therefore, an integrated methodology combining the LCCA and LCA is proposed to evaluate potential damage costs and environmental impact caused by typhoon hazards on tall buildings.     

基于剪重比敏感性的超高层结构优化设计方法

为保障建筑物最低抗震安全性的要求,地震作用下结构系统受剪承载力不应过小,GB 50011—2010《建筑抗震设计规范》中提出了剪重比指标。由于地震影响系数在长周期段下降较快,超高层结构在地震作用下的基底剪力及楼层剪力偏低,导致其剪重比指标往往无法满足规范要求。通过对剪重比约束下构件尺寸的敏感性分析,研究以最小成本满足剪重比指标的优化设计方法。依据虚功原理和等增量分析方法推导了敏感性系数公式,并以简单框架结构为例验证了两种敏感性分析方法的有效性。并将上述敏感性分析方法用于建筑高度为468 m的某超高层建筑,结果表明,以敏感性为指引对剪重比控制的超高层结构进行优化设计,共节约材料成本1141.99万元,具有较好的经济效益。     

Fazlur Khan's legacy: towers of the future

Abstract

Dr. Khan’s contributions to the design of tall buildings have had a profound impact on the profession. Khan had a unique understanding of forces, materials, behaviour, as well as art, literature and architecture. Long before there was widespread focus on environmental issues, Khan’s designs promoted structural efficiency and minimising the use of materials resulting in the least carbon emission impact on the environment. Khan was interested in the performance of structural systems over an expected life; recognising a building’s life cycle and issues of abnormal loading demands, he developed concepts to apply to severe wind environments as well as early concepts of seismic isolation of structures. These system ideas have led to the development of other concepts which have yielded buildings much taller than those considered by Khan. His ideas have inspired others to expand the possibilities in tall building design, life cycle engineering and the effects of the structures on the environment.     

超高层建筑结构生命周期多维度经济成本评估及优化方法

超高层建筑结构具有结构体系复杂、结构功能多样、生命周期长、投资量大、持有人固定不变等特点,其全生命周期成本费用包含初始费用、维护费用、灾害失效费用以及拆除费用等多项费用。为了实现超高层结构全生命周期经济利益最大化而采用的生命周期经济评估方法通过方案对比、构件对比、费用项目等多维度对超高层结构成本费用进行管理。使用该方法能够在项目初期就对结构项目进行全面的评估与优化,同时,一个超高层建筑的实例将被引用来说明其有效性与适用性。     

Effect of vertical structural irregularity on seismic design of tall buildings

Many tall buildings are practically irregular as an entirely regular high‐rise building rarely exists. This study is thus devoted to assessing the approach and coefficients used in the seismic design of real‐life tall buildings with different vertical irregularity features. Five 50‐story buildings are selected and designed using finite element models and international building codes to represent the most common vertical irregularities of reinforced concrete tall buildings in regions of medium seismicity. Detailed fiber‐based simulation models are developed to assess the seismic response of the five benchmark buildings under the effect of 40 earthquake records representing far‐field and near‐source seismic scenarios. The results obtained from a large number of inelastic pushover and incremental dynamic analyses provide insights into the local and global seismic response of the reference structures and confirm the inferior local response of tall buildings with severe vertical irregularities. Due to the significant impacts of the severe irregularity types on the seismic response of tall buildings, the conservative code approach and coefficients are recommended for design. It is also concluded that although the design coefficients of buildings with moderate irregularities are adequately conservative, they can be revised to arrive at more consistent safety margins and cost‐effective designs.     

华润大厦超限高层的抗震性能化设计

《高层建筑混凝土结构技术规程》(JGJ 3—2010)新增加了第3.11节:结构抗震性能设计,使高层的抗震设防目标有了更进一步的深化和发展。以南宁华润大厦超限高层为工程实例,采用基于性能设计的抗震分析方法,细化了各构件在各阶段的抗震性能目标。采用多种有限元分析软件,针对超限高层详细进行了小震振型反应谱分析、中震作用下的屈服判别法分析、大震作用下的弹塑性静力推覆分析、跨多层通高柱的屈曲分析,并基于分析结果提出了该工程结构的超限抗震加强措施,保证了超限结构的安全可靠,为同类工程设计提供借鉴。     

基于BIM平台的绿色办公建筑早期设计决策观念模型

建筑信息模型（BIM）是当今建筑业蓬勃发展的一项数字化建模技术。作为一个建筑的信息共享资源,BIM可以在整个建筑生命周期内给予从业人员有效的设计决策支持。该文选取办公建筑这一常见建筑类型,探讨建立基于BIM技术早期绿色办公建筑设计决策观念模型。该观念模型包括早期设计信息初步模型与优化模型两大阶段模型,结合绿色办公建筑环境性能评价体系和BIM软件在早期设计阶段评估优化设计方案,旨在为建筑师提供准确和便捷的设计决策支持,提高绿色办公建筑设计质量。     

软黏土地基沉降的时变效应对超高层建筑结构内力的影响

软黏土地基沉降具有时变性,其规律被广泛认知。随着超高层建筑的大量兴建,工程师对超高层建筑与地基基础共同作用问题越来越重视。从地基沉降的时变性出发,综合考虑地基沉降的时变效应与地基-基础-上部结构共同作用的耦合问题,以时间切片的形式进行共同作用分析,提出了考虑地基沉降时变效应的共同作用计算方法,经初步分析得到地基沉降的时变效应对超高层建筑结构关键构件内力的影响。对软土地基上高500 m的超高层结构的分析结果表明,地基沉降的时变效应对上部结构的影响仅限于中低层区;其对巨柱、核心筒轴力的影响较小,轴力最大增、减幅值仅约为5%,在工程实践中可以忽略不计;但其对伸臂构件的影响较大,尤其是斜腹杆最为明显,其内力最大增幅可达200%,在工程实践中应给予重视。     

A decision support system for super tall building development

Super tall building projects commonly inherit a slow and lengthy decision making process due to financial uncertainties, in spite of large investments. However, current decision‐making practices depend upon detailed cost estimating and scheduling during the design development phase and not rough cost estimating and scheduling during the schematic design phase. Discrepancies between a project budget and program with estimated construction cost and construction period often result in architect and consultants having to perform costly re‐design work. To mitigate these issues, this study proposes a decision support system (DSS) model. An interim design development phase is introduced between the schematic design phase and the design development phase. Design alternative generation, database, cost and schedule estimation modules are developed. The design alternative generation module provides design alternatives that change proportionately in response to increases or decreases in the number of building stories. The database module is established for cost and schedule estimation modules. The cost and schedule estimation modules produce construction costs and construction period for design alternatives. Finally, the proposed DSS is validated through the case study of an ongoing real super tall building. Ultimately, the new DSS can assist project control groups in performing efficient and financially beneficial decision making in terms of construction cost and construction period. This research provides a fundamental step towards the development of the DSS for super tall building projects. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.