应当重视弹药包装试验要求的研究

分析了美军在弹药包装试验方面的三种类型的试验要求和目前国内弹药包装试验要求所存在的不足。指出加强弹药包装试验工作研究的必要性和紧迫性，并提出了相应的实施建议。     

气垫性能及平板玻璃缓冲包装

对我国发明的缓冲包装气垫进行静态试验,测其载荷-变形曲线,表明它属于正切型;对气垫作为内衬的PZOV型平板玻璃包装件进行冲击和振动试验,证明具有优良的防震缓冲性能,适于平板玻璃的运输包装。     

包装动力学简介

1.定义和意义包装动力学是一门研究商品包装在动态载荷下运动规律的科学。包装动力学的研究,为揭示商品包装在流通环境中运动规律,合理进行包装结构设计,保护商品,减少包装损失,提供理论依据,是当前我国为保护商品的一个重要学科。包装动力学的内容,目前主要包括包装防震缓冲理论,包装防震缓冲技术,包装结构设计,包装测试和试验,流通环境的调研和测试,新型包装防震缓冲材料的开发,包装防震缓冲标准以及有关包装工程问题。振动的含义比较广泛,振动是一种运动,是指某物     

鲜鸡蛋的缓冲兼销售包装设计

目的针对鲜鸡蛋自身特点,提出兼具缓冲和促销功能的创意包装结构设计。方法以鸡蛋包装的保护性能为首要目标,基于缓冲包装"六步法"。首先进行鸡蛋物流环境数据采集,其次通过试验掌握鸡蛋本身的力学性能,再次选择环境友好型纸质包装材料进行包装结构d xs设计,最后结合运输环境数据对设计方案打样并进行包装性能测试试验。结果经过等效跌落高度为1.2 m的冲击跌落试验及随机振动试验,内装鸡蛋均无破损,包装件外形完好。结论该包装设计具有良好的缓冲性能、便携性能及促销性能。     

弹药包装试验现状与发展

从国内外弹药包装现状讨论入手,回顾了我国弹药包装试验的发展历程,针对我国弹药包装试验现状,指出了弹药包装试验的亟待改进之处,同时,着眼未来,从公路运输试验、环境试验、高新兵器弹药包装试验等方面讨论了未来弹药包装试验的发展方向.     

包装测试中的危险品包装试验

为了保护环境，危险品包装件在进入流通领域前必须进行测试。文章综述了危险品包装通用的试验方法及要求，并以一个特殊的危险品包装件为例，描述了其整个试验过程以及对试验结果的评价。     

弹药防殉爆包装技术浅析

目的研究弹药防殉爆包装设计形式和技术方法,防止弹药间殉爆的发生。方法综合运用弹药安全性评估、弹药殉爆、弹药殉爆试验、爆炸防护和包装设计等5个专业方向的技术方法,分析概括弹药防殉爆包装技术实施原理和典型的防殉爆包装应用案例。结果隔爆、抗爆、泄爆和缓冲减震等4种技术方法是弹药防殉爆包装设计实施的主要依据。结论弹药防殉爆包装是解决弹药殉爆问题的一条可靠途径。在弹药防殉爆包装具体实施时要考虑弹药安全性要求、弹药殉爆试验结果和防护包装经济性等因素。     

家具包装性能试验简易方法

根据生产实践,分析了家具包装性能试验的重要性。介绍了国内外家具包装性能试验常用标准,提出了以跌落作为家具包装性能试验简易方法,并对家具包装性能试验简易方法进行了详细的分解和说明,同时论述了方法的运用和试验结果的判定标准,并提出了对试验失败包装件进行改进的方案。     

兵器运输包装件的设计与试验

根据兵器流动环境的特点,本文提出了兵器运输包装件设计与试验的五个程序。     

美军包装试验方法标准的特点及对我国军用包装试验的适用性

介绍了美军８０年代军用包装件基本性能的试验方法标准的来源、构成及应用情况。并对该标准的协调配套性、可操作性等特点，以及对我国军用包装试验的适用性进行了综合分析。     

Failure in composite laminates: overview of an attempt at prediction

Success with the high strain rate testing of polymer composites has been limited by the ability to isolate the inherent inertial disturbances attributed to the test system. This necessitated the development of a technique for the prediction of high strain rate material property data. The resulting data were used in a finite element analysis (FEA) to simulate impact behaviour of glass fibre reinforced composites. High strain rate properties obtained by extrapolating results of experiments conducted at low to intermediate strain rates were used in the FEA of a simple three-point bend beam impact. Three point bend impact tests were performed on the laminates, and comparisons were made of the results predicted from this analysis and actual impact test data.The results show that the finite element model created may be used to predict the behaviour of woven glass laminates. However, the inclusion of flexible post-failure degradation rules to allow for progressive damage, will improve the accuracy of the analysis.     

Failure and impact behavior of facade panels made of glass fiber reinforced cement(GRC)

GRC is a cementitious composite material made up of a cement mortar matrix and chopped glass fibers. Due to its outstanding mechanical properties, GRC has been widely used to produce cladding panels and some civil engineering elements. Impact failure of cladding panels made of GRC may occur during production if some tool falls onto the panel, due to stone or other objects impacting at low velocities or caused by debris projected after a blast. Impact failure of a front panel of a building may have not only an important economic value but also human lives may be at risk if broken pieces of the panel fall from the building to the pavement. Therefore, knowing GRC impact strength is necessary to prevent economic costs and putting human lives at risk.One-stage light gas gun is an impact test machine capable of testing different materials subjected to impact loads. An experimental program was carried out, testing GRC samples of five different formulations, commonly used in building industry. Steel spheres were shot at different velocities on square GRC samples. The residual velocity of the projectiles was obtained both using a high speed camera with multiframe exposure and measuring the projectile’s penetration depth in molding clay blocks. Tests were performed on young and artificially aged GRC samples to compare GRC’s behavior when subjected to high strain rates. Numerical simulations using a hydrocode were made to analyze which parameters are most important during an impact event.GRC impact strength was obtained from test results. Also, GRC’s embrittlement, caused by GRC aging, has no influence on GRC impact behavior due to the small size of the projectile. Also, glass fibers used in GRC production only maintain GRC panels’ integrity but have no influence on GRC’s impact strength. Numerical models have reproduced accurately impact tests.     

夏比摆锤冲击试验的有效质量控制

通过使用标准夏比冲击试样对摆锤冲击试验机的准确性进行校准以及对夏比冲击断裂残样形貌进行分析的方法,可以实现对摆锤冲击试验机的快速期间核查,并能及时查找出导致夏比摆锤冲击试验示值偏离的因素,并针对每种偏离因素给出了相应的解决方法,以便尽可能削减偏离到受控范围内。从而保证了夏比摆锤冲击试验的精度,在一定程度上确保了夏比摆锤冲击试验能够得到有效的质量控制。     

The significance of impact data for brittle non-metallic materials

Experimental data for the impact energy of a number of brittle materials are reviewed and their significance discussed in terms of material properties and test conditions. For each material and test method several interpretations need to be considered but it is not always possible to extract meaningful information from the data. At one extreme, for strong, very brittle materials like ceramics, the impact strength may be controlled by the elastic energy in the specimen at the instant of fracture initiation. At the other extreme, for weaker or tougher materials like graphite and fibre reinforced plastics, the impact strength may be controlled by the work of fracture of the specimen. However, in many cases, the situation is less clear and it is emphasized that great care should be taken in the interpretation of test data.     

Impact conditions in side-impact collisions with fixed roadside objects

Designing vehicles and roadside structures that are safer in side-impact collisions is an emerging area of concern in roadside safety research. Selecting impact conditions that are relevant to the way side-impact collisions occur in real world collisions is an important part of developing effective full-scale crash test procedures and evaluation criteria. If test impact conditions are unrealistically severe, improving the performance of roadside hardware for side-impacts may appear unfeasible. If test impact conditions are not demanding enough, good performance in full-scale crash tests may not be indicative of good performance in real-world crashes. The purpose of this paper is to examine the best available accident data to determine what the reasonable worst case test impact conditions are for side-impacts with roadside objects.     

Analysis of formation of the Odessa crater

The impact of the meteorite that formed the Odessa crater is examined in this numerical study. Extensive information collected from excavation of the site has made it possible to use the Odessa crater as a code validation test, to the extent that a calculated impact can produce equivalent cavity dimensions and stratification. In addition, the calculations can be used to provide a better estimate of velocity and trajectory of the meteorite at impact. The initial set of simulations performed in this study suggests that original estimates of the impact conditions may not have been sufficient to produce a crater of the size and shape known from the Odessa site. Supplemental analysis was performed and suggested that the meteor impacted at a much larger obliquity angle and may have been much larger than originally speculated. Details of the analysis leading to these observations are presented.     

基于玻璃啤酒瓶抗冲击检验结果重复性的对策研究

目的 通过对啤酒瓶的抗冲击项目进行重复性测试，分析质量水平与公布数据之间的差异原因，探求适合持续监管和减少异议复检的对策。方法 通过在同等条件下，对99组不同地区、不同厂家、不同规格的样品进行连续检测抗冲击指标，统计该项目结果的再现性。结果 抗冲击项目在相同条件下的连续检测，不论是通过组还是未通过组，其结果再现性都很低。同理，监督工作中如运用备样进行复检，并以复检结果作为最终定论，可造成大概率的结论否定，给监管工作增加难度，使承检机构出具报告处于两难境遇。结论 啤酒瓶抗冲击指标作为重复性很低的破坏性试验项目，不适合在监督工作中的备样复检，应严格规范试验过程，保留现场试验影像记录等方式，作为异议复检的证明资料对策运用，不但要能便于持续性监管，避免自我否定，而且还能维护各方的权益，确保监督工作的公信度。     

低速横向冲击下钢管混凝土构件的力学性能研究

建立了钢管混凝土构件在低速横向冲击作用下的有限元计算模型,其中考虑了钢材和混凝土的应变率效应以及钢管和混凝土界面的接触关系。与现有试验结果对比,分析结果表明:有限元模拟结果和试验结果吻合较好。之后采用该有限元模型进行了参数分析,讨论了各参数对钢管混凝土在冲击荷载下的力学性能的影响。     

Optimum Sensor Placement for Impact Location Using Trilateration

A key problem associated with structural health monitoring (SHM) is the placement of sensors upon a structure to detect the existence, location, and the extent of any damage. Because input data coming from the sensors are groups of measurements, it is arguable that the most widely used approach to SHM nowadays is to consider it as a statistical pattern recognition problem. Artificial neural networks have made a great impact on pattern recognition practice. A problem associated with this monitoring strategy is to find a good compromise between the quality of information achieved by the sensor network, increasing with the sensor density, and the need to keep the minimum weight and instrumentation cost. Thus, the number of sensors must be kept under control, and a search of the optimal location of such sensors needs to be performed. All these aspects have been taken into account in the present work, dealing with the problem of optimum sensor placement for impact location on a multilayered composite structure. Multilayered composite structures may suffer particularly relevant trauma when subject to low‐velocity impacts, as they may produce non‐visible or barely visible damage on the structure surface, while remarkable subsurface delaminations may be present. Such hidden damage, when remaining undetected, may grow to catastrophic failure. To overcome this issue, a neural network approach has been used here to predict the impact locations on a composite panel from time‐dependent data recorded on a set of surface‐mounted piezoelectric sensors during an experimental impact test. A genetic algorithm has been used to find the optimal sensor layout that minimised the error in predicting the impact location. A new approach, based on trilateration, is discussed and compared with the traditional one and is shown to provide the same degree of accuracy at reduced computational cost.