两步法催化废白土油制备生物柴油的研究

以废白土油为原料,采用酯化和酯交换两步法制备生物柴油。选用硫酸铁作为酯化催化剂,选用氢氧化钠作为酯交换催化剂。利用正交实验优化两步法工艺条件,得到酯化反应中各因素最佳的水平组合为硫酸铁用量4%、醇油摩尔比14∶1、反应温度70℃、反应时间3 h,得到酯交换反应中各因素最佳的水平组合为醇油摩尔比6∶1、氢氧化钠用量1.4%、反应温度70℃、反应时间2.5 h。在最佳的酯化和酯交换工艺条件下,总转酯率达到96.4%,所得的生物柴油主要质量指标与0#柴油接近。     

两步法利用高酸值潲水油制备生物柴油研究

以潲水油为原料,采用两步催化法制备生物柴油。先用聚合硫酸铁催化潲水油中游离脂肪酸和甲醇酯转化为脂肪酸甲酯,然后再通过碱催化剩余的甘油三酯进行酯交换反应。通过响应面试验设计优化酯化反应,结果表明,在反应时间6.0 h、甲醇用量108.7%(质量比,按油质量)、催化剂用量5.87%(质量比,按油质量)、反应温度80℃下,酸值可达到2.20 mgKOH/g,即酯化率为97.71%。在110℃下对经两步催化得到的生物柴油进行分子蒸馏,得率为98.20%,测定了生物柴油的脂肪酸甲酯组成,按照国标检测了纯化的生物柴油的物化性质。     

两步法催化高酸值油脂生产生物柴油的研究

以高酸值废油脂为原料,采用两步法即先用硫酸氢钠为催化剂催化废油脂中的游离脂肪酸和甲醇酯化反应降低原料的酸值,然后分离出硫酸氢钠,加入氢氧化钠催化中性油酯交换生产生物柴油。酯化反应的最佳条件为：温度65℃,催化剂硫酸氢钠用量4%,醇油摩尔比为12∶1,反应4h;酯交换反应条件是：在65℃下加入0.8%的氢氧化钠,醇油摩尔比为6∶1,反应时间为1h,最终生物柴油的得率为93.2%。该两步催化法具有不产生酸化废水,不需要耐强酸设备,同时硫酸氢钠可以回收重复利用等优点。     

两步法试制生物柴油的研究

采用硫酸作催化剂,利用高酸值油脂与甲醇进行预酯化反应;再用氢氧化钠作催化剂,进行酯交换反应.结果表明:预酯化的反应条件为:醇油摩尔比8∶1、催化剂用量0.25%、反应时间1h,游离脂肪酸的转化率达到97.2%;酯交换的反应条件为:醇油摩尔比6∶1、催化剂用量0.5%、反应时间0.5h,生物柴油的收率可达98%.     

新型两步法餐饮废油制备生物柴油

采用两步法催化高酸值餐饮废油（Waste Cooking Oil,WCO）制备生物柴油;第一步先用单质碘（I2）催化废油中游离脂肪酸和甲醇酯化生成脂肪酸甲酯（生物柴油）,第二步再用KOH催化废油中的甘油三酯和甲醇进行酯交换。结果表明,I2对酯化反应具有很强的催化活性,而且可以回收利用。通过正交试验得到最佳酯化反应参数：12用量1．3％（w／w,WCO）,反应温度80℃,醇油质量比1．75：1,反应时间3h,在该反应条件下酸值由120．86（KOH）／（mg／g）降为1．89（KOH）／（mg／g）;酯交换条件为：KOH用量1％,反应温度85℃,反应时间0．5h,醇油质量比0.3：1,经过两步催化,生物柴油的总得率为95．1％。     

新型两步法餐饮废油制备生物柴油

采用两步法催化高酸值餐饮废油（Waste Cooking Oil,WCO）制备生物柴油;第一步先用单质碘（I2）催化废油中游离脂肪酸和甲醇酯化生成脂肪酸甲酯（生物柴油）,第二步再用KOH催化废油中的甘油三酯和甲醇进行酯交换。结果表明,I2对酯化反应具有很强的催化活性,而且可以回收利用。通过正交试验得到最佳酯化反应参数：12用量1．3％（w／w,WCO）,反应温度80℃,醇油质量比1．75：1,反应时间3h,在该反应条件下酸值由120．86（KOH）／（mg／g）降为1．89（KOH）／（mg／g）;酯交换条件为：KOH用量1％,反应温度85℃,反应时间0．5h,醇油质量比0.3：1,经过两步催化,生物柴油的总得率为95．1％。     

固体碱催化地沟油制备生物柴油工艺研究

以地沟油为原料,硫酸铁作为催化剂,通过酯交换反应制备生物柴油。酯交换反应考察醇油摩尔比、反应时间、反应温度和催化剂氢氧化钾的用量对降酸后的地沟油酯化产率的影响。结果表明:醇油摩尔比为7∶1,反应时间为40min,催化剂氢氧化钾用量为油重的1.0%,反应温度为65℃时,生物柴油得出产率含量为96.53%。     

高酸值米糠毛油生产生物柴油工艺

介绍了分别以H2SO4和KOH作催化剂,米糠毛油与甲醇两步反应生产生物柴油的工艺。结果表明,酯化的最优条件为：醇油摩尔比13．5：1,硫酸5．52％（油重）,温度65℃,反应时间2h;酯交换的最优条件为：醇油摩尔比6：1,KOH1％（油重）,温度55—65℃,反应时间90min,生物柴油转化率达99．3％。     

高酸值麻疯树油两步法制生物柴油的研究

以获得高酸值麻疯树油的生物柴油工业生产基础技术参数为目的,研究了高酸值麻疯树油的酸碱两步法催化制备生物柴油工艺。结果表明:在65℃、催化剂浓硫酸用量1%、反应120 min、醇油摩尔比9∶1的条件下,高酸值麻疯树油经预酯化处理其酸值从14.85 mg KOH·g-1降至0.41 mg KOH·g-1,满足碱催化的原油酸值要求;Na OH催化酯交换的优化工艺条件为:反应30 min、反应65℃、催化剂用量1%、醇油摩尔比6∶1,在此优化条件下,酯交换率达到90.55%。制备的生物柴油中脂肪酸甲酯含量占总组分的98.73%,主要理化性能符合生物柴油标准。     

生物酶催化废白土油制备生物柴油的工艺研究

研究生物酶催化废白土油与甲醇酯交换制备生物柴油的最佳工艺条件。通过对比相当用量的Lipozyme TL IM和Novozyme 435的催化效果,筛选出Lipozyme TL IM为适宜的酶;在此基础上,以醇油摩尔比、生物酶添加量、反应温度、反应时间为自变量,生物柴油得率为响应值,进行酯交换制备生物柴油的响应面优化实验。结果表明,酯交换反应最佳条件为：醇油摩尔比4∶1,Lipozyme TL IM添加量10%(以废白土油质量计),反应温度35℃,反应时间15 h;在此条件下,生物柴油得率为95.9%,所得生物柴油非常接近0#柴油的质量标准。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Announcing a new international peer-reviewed journal:Food Science and Human Wellness now accepting manuscript submission in English

<正>We are pleased to announce the launch of a new international peer-reviewed journal-Food Science and Human Wellness,ISSN 2213-4530,which is an open access journal,produced and hosted by Elsevier B.V.on behalf of Beijing Academy of Food Sciences.Food Science and Human Wellness is an international peer-reviewed English journal that provides a forum for the dissemination of the     

Chinese CTP Market

According to Printing and Printing Equipment Industries Association of China（PEIAC）＇s statistics to the plate manufucturer in China, in 2013, the actual offset plate production has reached 346 million square meters in China. Among them, the CTP production volume was 245 million square meters, up by 11% than that of last year; the total sales of the CTP plate was 239 million square meters, up by 13%.     

Preparatory Work of Print China 2015 is Going Smoothly

正Held at Guangdong Modern International Exhibition Center,Print China 2015 will cover 7exhibition halls,besides the original Hall No.3,4,5,6,7,the newly built F zone of Hall 3 will be used too.The total area will be140,000 square meters.Hall 3:Offset and large printing equipment,package printing equipment,post press