QA活动的理解与实施

质量保证（QA）活动是软件能力成熟度（CMMI）实施中较难得到贯彻的过程。针对目前国内的QA过程实施情况,从QA的地位、原则、活动、实施等方面进行了阐述;同时讨论了QA与质量控制（QC）、测试之间的关系;以及实施QA活动的最佳实践,为组织实施过程改进提供了基础。     

可实现动态调试、检测和质量保证的综合诊断测试方案

企业级设备软件诊断解决方案Wind River Lab Diagnostics可实现设备软件开发过程中多职能开发小组合作开发工作的程序动态调试、检测和质量保证（QA）。     

动态

风河推出全新综合诊断测试解决方案风河系统公司日前发布了最新的企业级设备软件诊断解决方案产品——Wind River Lab Diagnostics。该解决方案实现了设备软件开发过程中多职能开发小组合作开发工作的程序动态调试、检测和质量保证(QA)。     

先期启动－动态管理－全面完善──谈谈我厂贯彻ISO9000中的例试工作

面对国内外激烈的市场竞争，为最大限度提高产品质量，全面贯彻GB／T19O00－ISO9000质量管理与质量保证系列标准（以下简称ISO9000）已成为企业内在的自觉行为。产品例行试验作为质量管理与质量保证体系中的一个重要环节，也面临着在贯彻ISO9000标准中如何创新完善的问题。下面从三个方面谈谈我厂在例试工作方面的做法和体会。一、先期启动得先机，摸底试验创效益按正常程序，例行试验的日常项目－QA电性能抽样测试应在产品进仓出厂前进行，以验证产品最终是否符合规定要求。但在这一过程中，我们有时会遇到这样一个问题：若在最终试…     

中小软件项目中基于敏捷过程域控制的QA外包探索

软件的质量管理是控制软件品质乃至项目品质的重要手段,但企业在建设中小型软件项目时,极易受到条件的制约而无法控制项目的质量.将质量保证(QA)外包给第三方评估机构,通过实施SSTL设计搭建的轻载质量管理框架SQAF,约束质量管理过程中关键过程域,既能保证中小型软件项目运行的过程受控,又能避免重载质量体系对项目的繁琐制约.     

对PDK实现程序化QA的难点处理

本文主要研究了如何利用SKILL汇编语言实现对PDK程序化QA,并且以MOS管为例,着重介绍了在实现自动化QA过程中出现的主要问题以及有关难点的解决方法。从而可以得出,PDK的QA是一项非常复杂化的设计工作,需要一套行之有效的设计开发流程。不仅需要对大量的参数进行处理,同时对PDK中每一项参数的变化也需要进行验证,量化,进而对整个数据包进行系统建模,整体验证等等。     

基于CMMI的软件质量保证

为了实现CMMI软件过程和产品质量保证的要求,提高质量活动的规范性和自动化水平,在采用软件质量保证活动实际工程实践结合CMMI软件过程和产品质量保证方法的基础上,建立了适合的软件质量保证流程,实现了一体化的质量保证和质量趋势分析系统。该系统辅助质量保证人员便捷地制定质量保证计划,有效地开展软件过程和产品评价,自动地跟踪不符合项处理情况,生成质量保证报告,准确地描述质量趋势。     

基于QA3000的VDMOS芯片RG测试技术改造

该文简要介绍了QA3000系统的测试能力和VDMOS芯片的基本构造原理,通过对现有测试设备性能特点和VDMOS芯片RG参数测试原理进行分析,协同设备供应商一起通过技术方案论证,设计出一种基于QA3000测试系统的"嵌入式RG测试改造"技术解决方案。该技术改造方案设计独特,开发周期短,测试性能稳定;改造方案的成功开发,解决了中测VDMOS芯片RG参数测试问题,方便工艺跟踪分析,提升产品品质和市场竞争力。     

空间科学用COTS元器件的质量与可靠性保证研究

商用货架(COTS)元器件具有高性能、低成本、易采购和短货期等优点,但是,在有高可靠性要求的空间领域使用存在一定的风险。为了探索COTS元器件空间应用的可行性,对几种空间科学用COTS元器件质量保证过程中出现的问题进行了研究,分析了问题机理,以及可能造成的失效。根据环境剖面和元器件特点,制定了有针对性的元器件质量保证方案,预计了COTS元器件质量保证后在空间应用的可靠性,并通过环境与可靠性试验得到验证,结果证明COTS元器件的空间应用是可行的。     

信息化行业的QA和QC的区别和分工

通过在信息化行业中QA和QC的定义和区别,论述QA和QC的主要工作内容,对企业QA和QC部门的分工有一定的借鉴作用。     

接近零不合格过程的质量分析及控制探讨

该文对提高接近零不合格过程的质量分析和控制的准确性及效率进行探讨,提出对接近零不合格过程的质量分析首先应根据产品质量要求和过程能力要求选择合适的aσ,且要与接近零不合格过程的控制的程度相适应,然后利用传统的统计过程控翩(SPC)的方法对过程进行质量分析和控制,使过程处于受控状态或良好的受控状态,同时利用该状态时的不合格...     

Image information and visual quality.

Measurement of visual quality is of fundamental importance to numerous image and video processing applications. The goal of quality assessment (QA) research is to design algorithms that can automatically assess the quality of images or videos in a perceptually consistent manner. Image QA algorithms generally interpret image quality as fidelity or similarity with a "reference" or "perfect" image in some perceptual space. Such "full-reference" QA methods attempt to achieve consistency in quality prediction by modeling salient physiological and psychovisual features of the human visual system (HVS), or by signal fidelity measures. In this paper, we approach the image QA problem as an information fidelity problem. Specifically, we propose to quantify the loss of image information to the distortion process and explore the relationship between image information and visual quality. QA systems are invariably involved with judging the visual quality of "natural" images and videos that are meant for "human consumption." Researchers have developed sophisticated models to capture the statistics of such natural signals. Using these models, we previously presented an information fidelity criterion for image QA that related image quality with the amount of information shared between a reference and a distorted image. In this paper, we propose an image information measure that quantifies the information that is present in the reference image and how much of this reference information can be extracted from the distorted image. Combining these two quantities, we propose a visual information fidelity measure for image QA. We validate the performance of our algorithm with an extensive subjective study involving 779 images and show that our method outperforms recent state-of-the-art image QA algorithms by a sizeable margin in our simulations. The code and the data from the subjective study are available at the LIVE website.     

The advent of MEMS in space

An overview of the MEMS activity at the French Space Agency (CNES) is presented. At present, MEMS are in the introduction phase and failure analysis and quality assurance (FA/QA) activities are underway for a large variety of MEMS technologies. This paper presents the CNES roadmap and methodology developed to assess the reliability of MEMS for space applications. The presented approach focuses, in particular, on the use of advanced analytical models, test vehicles, process control monitoring test structures and simulation tools to control and validate the quality of a technology. It also discusses the FA know-how and associated techniques acquired by CNES to observe, characterize, prepare and test in controlled environment MEMS processes. Finally, case studies illustrating the CNES MEMS FA/QA strategy are presented.     

An information fidelity criterion for image quality assessment using natural scene statistics.

Measurement of visual quality is of fundamental importance to numerous image and video processing applications. The goal of quality assessment (QA) research is to design algorithms that can automatically assess the quality of images or videos in a perceptually consistent manner. Traditionally, image QA algorithms interpret image quality as fidelity or similarity with a "reference" or "perfecft" image in some perceptual space. Such "full-referenc" QA methods attempt to achieve consistency in quality prediction by modeling salient physiological and psychovisual features of the human visual system (HVS), or by arbitrary signal fidelity criteria. In this paper, we approach the problem of image QA by proposing a novel information fidelity criterion that is based on natural scene statistics. QA systems are invariably involved with judging the visual quality of images and videos that are meant for "human consumption." Researchers have developed sophisticated models to capture the statistics of natural signals, that is, pictures and videos of the visual environment. Using these statistical models in an information-theoretic setting, we derive a novel QA algorithm that provides clear advantages over the traditional approaches. In particular, it is parameterless and outperforms current methods in our testing. We validate the performance of our algorithm with an extensive subjective study involving 779 images. We also show that, although our approach distinctly departs from traditional HVS-based methods, it is functionally similar to them under certain conditions, yet it outperforms them due to improved modeling. The code and the data from the subjective study are available at.     

No-reference quality assessment using natural scene statistics: JPEG2000.

Measurement of image or video quality is crucial for many image-processing algorithms, such as acquisition, compression, restoration, enhancement, and reproduction. Traditionally, image quality assessment (QA) algorithms interpret image quality as similarity with a "reference" or "perfect" image. The obvious limitation of this approach is that the reference image or video may not be available to the QA algorithm. The field of blind, or no-reference, QA, in which image quality is predicted without the reference image or video, has been largely unexplored, with algorithms focusing mostly on measuring the blocking artifacts. Emerging image and video compression technologies can avoid the dreaded blocking artifact by using various mechanisms, but they introduce other types of distortions, specifically blurring and ringing. In this paper, we propose to use natural scene statistics (NSS) to blindly measure the quality of images compressed by JPEG2000 (or any other wavelet based) image coder. We claim that natural scenes contain nonlinear dependencies that are disturbed by the compression process, and that this disturbance can be quantified and related to human perceptions of quality. We train and test our algorithm with data from human subjects, and show that reasonably comprehensive NSS models can help us in making blind, but accurate, predictions of quality. Our algorithm performs close to the limit imposed on useful prediction by the variability between human subjects.     

Survey of information theory in visual quality assessment

We survey information theoretic approaches to solve a variety of visual quality assessment (QA) problems. These approaches are generally built on natural scene statistical models and lead to practical automatic QA algorithms delivering excellent performance in terms of correlation with human judgments of quality. We study all three categories of image QA models: full reference (FR), reduced reference (RR) and no reference (NR) image QA, as well as FR video QA and information weighting strategies for FR image and video QA. We demonstrate the application of information theory in each of these problems. Each of these problems presents its own challenges in the design of information theoretic QA indices leading to different algorithms under different scenarios. In the algorithms, we survey, FR image and video QA algorithms are based on mutual information or conditional Kolmogorov complexities; RR image QA algorithms either use relative entropy or entropic differences, while the NR QA algorithm applies Rényi entropy, and the weighting strategies rely on mutual information. We also discuss various open research questions, particularly in the realm of NR image QA and all classes of video QA.     

A new proportional differentiation scheme based on batch scheduling for optical burst switching networks

Optical burst switching (OBS) is a promising switching paradigm for building the next generation optical internet. The proportional differentiation model is very convenient for network operators to quantitatively adjust the quality differentiation among service classes. To provide proportional differentiated services for OBS networks, a proportional differentiation scheme based on batch scheduling is proposed in this article. The scheme adopts the batch scheduling idea to reserve data channel resources for a batch of data bursts. It helps to decrease burst dropping probability. When some data bursts are unsuccessfully scheduled, a preemption method is used to keep a proportional burst dropping probability among service classes according to the expected burst dropping probability equations given by the proportional differentiation model. The scheme has low computational complexity. Simulation results show that the scheme can provide proportional differentiated services and efficiently decrease the burst dropping probability.

过硫酸铵在TMAH体硅刻蚀中的作用

为了提高低浓度下四甲基氢氧化铵(TMAH)体硅刻蚀的质量,通过对质量分数为5%的TMAH进行研究,发现合适的过硫酸铵(AP)添加方式和添加量能够在不降低刻蚀速率的条件下提高体硅刻蚀质量。通过SEM,EDS和XRD对AP的作用机理进行深入分析,发现加入AP能使刻蚀底面生成"伪掩膜",并确定其成分为低温石英晶体。这些"伪掩膜"能够选择性地覆盖于刻蚀底面金字塔小丘的交界区域,使刻蚀底面相对凹陷的部分被保护,而金字塔顶相对凸出的部分则被刻蚀,从而在宏观上达到了降低粗糙度的效果。在此基础上得到了"两步法"的优化刻蚀工艺,结合该工艺已成功制备出深度485μm,平均刻蚀速率1.01μm/min,底面粗糙度仅为0.278μm硅杯微结构。