上转换发光纳米技术及其在食品安全检测中应用研究进展

近年来发展起来的上转换发光纳米技术正成为研究的热点。与放射性同位素标记,酶标记、化学发光标记以及有机荧光染料和量子点等其他荧光材料标记相比,上转换发光纳米技术具有灵敏度高、稳定性好、选择性好、便于观察、操作简单且不损伤样本、无背景荧光等诸多优点,克服了放射性污染、酶不稳定、灵敏度差、化学发光重现性差等缺点,在细胞和组织成像研究、生物分子定量检测等方面有着广泛的应用,取得了令人瞩目的研究成果。本文介绍了上转换发光纳米材料的激发态吸收等3种发光机制、发光材料组成、水热法等4种合成方法以及硅烷化法等6种表面修饰方法。在此基础上对上转换发光纳米技术在食品安全检测中的应用进行了总结和展望。     

发光纸的研究和发展动态

主要介绍了长余辉发光材料,发光纸的制违方法及其应用,探讨了发光纸在国内外的发展动向。目前制备发光纸主要采用涂布法,将长余辉发光材料与有机树脂制成发光涂料,使用涂布技术将配制好的发光树脂涂料涂布在不同基材上,来实现夜间发光的功能。     

发光材料在可穿戴服装中的应用分析

文章主要分析了发光材料在可穿戴服装中的应用。介绍了不同类型的发光材料，包括荧光材料、磷光材料、电致发光材料以及其他发光材料，并对它们的特性进行了概述。探讨了发光材料在可穿戴服装中的应用方式，包括直接添加在面料中、利用发光纤维制作服装以及结合LED等电子元件实现发光效果。通过具体案例分析了发光材料在可穿戴服装中的应用效果，并总结了其在提高服装的视觉效果、增强实用性和舒适性以及推动时尚与科技结合方面的优势。     

稀土掺杂上转换发光材料的研究进展

上转换发光材料的研究已取得巨大的发展,并在各行业中得到应用。介绍了稀土掺杂上转换发光材料的发光机制、制备方法、材料种类和应用,并提出其进一步发展的方向。     

发光纤维在针织面料上的应用

首先介绍了蓄光纤维、荧光纤维、光致变色纤维的发光机理、制造方法及各自的用途以及发光纤维在针织上的应用情况。然后对发光纤维的未来发展方向做了展望,并且提出了今后应开发新型发光材料,用以降低发光纤维的原料成本。     

光致发光材料在纺织产业方面的发展与应用

本文介绍了蓄光型发光材料的特性以及它在纺织行业里的发展与应用。目的是希望引起有关人员关注,做好有关这方面新产品的开发储备工作,以便在市场上抢得先机,取得效益。     

发光纤维用纳米铝酸盐发光材料的研究进展

发光纤维是一种光致发光、可循环使用的功能性纤维材料,可广泛用于服装、家居装饰、交通、防伪等不同领域。受激发光照后呈现不同光色是源于添加了稀土长余辉发光材料,其中以黄绿光的铝酸锶制备的纤维使用最为广泛。纳米铝酸盐系长余辉发光材料发光性能优良,在制备纤维方面有较好的应用。为了更好促进发光纤维产品的研发,本文从光谱波长、余辉性能和发射强度阐述了纳米铝酸盐稀土长余辉发光材料的发光特性,总结了不同制备方法的特点和发展现状,对其未来研发应用趋势进行了展望,并从发光材料粒径大小、纤维中含量、相容性方面提出了要求。     

稀土发光纤维发展历程及研究现状

介绍发光材料的发展历程、种类、发光原理、制备方式.不同种类发光材料的制备方式主要有固相法、燃烧合成法、溶胶-凝胶法、微波合成法等,不同制备方法制备的发光材料性能会有所不同,应用于不同的领域.总结发光材料在纺织行业的应用,发光纤维的制备方法主要有熔融纺丝与溶液纺丝法、静电纺丝法、键合法、表面涂层法等,阐述不同制备方法下发...     

被动发光材料在智能纺织品中的应用研究进展

智能服装是未来服装的一个重点发展方向，发光智能服装在满足人们对个性化、趣味性、功能性的追求方面有着无可替代的优势。文章从被动发光材料的定义出发，阐述不同类别被动发光材料的分类、发展现状、发光特点和在智能服装中的应用前景。重点对被动发光材料在智能服装中的应用做了分析与比较。结果表明：光致发光材料较电致、力致发光材料服用性好；电致发光材料较光致、力致发光材料功能性强；力致发光材料发光方式特殊，可实现一些特殊功能。该研究可对发光智能服装研发提供一定参考。     

上转换发光纳米粒子表面修饰及应用研究进展

由于上转换发光纳米技术能够快速、准确、高效的检测食品中的危害因素,因此成为了食品安全检测技术研究的热点。上转换发光纳米粒子的合成与表面修饰是上转换发光纳米技术在食品安全检测中运用的关键。因此介绍上转换发光纳米粒子的合成方法和表面修饰,以及在食品安全检测中上转换发光纳米材料表面修饰的应用情况。     

Changes in smoking prevalence in Ukraine in 2001-5

Objectives

To analyse trends in smoking prevalence in Ukraine from three surveys conducted in 2001–5, and to explore correlates of observed changes, in order to estimate the stage of tobacco epidemic in Ukraine.

Design

Repeated national interview surveys in Ukraine in 2001, 2002 and 2005.

Main outcome measure

Prevalence of current smoking among the population aged ⩾15 years.

Results

The age‐standardised prevalence of current smoking in Ukrainian men was 54.8% in 2001 and 66.8% in 2005. Among Ukrainian women, prevalence increased from 11.5% in 2001 to 20.0% in 2005. ORs for yearly increase in prevalence were estimated as 1.164 (95% CI 1.111 to 1.220) for men and 1.187 (1.124 to 1.253) for women, which implies that, on average, 3–4% of men and 1.5–2% of women living in Ukraine join the smoking population each year.

Conclusions

In Ukraine, smoking prevalence is increasing in most population groups. Among men, the medium deprivation group with secondary education has the highest smoking prevalence. Among women, while the most educated, young and those living in larger cities are the leading group for tobacco use, other groups are also increasing their tobacco use. Tobacco promotion efforts appear to have been significantly more effective in Ukraine than smoking control efforts. The decrease in real cigarette prices in Ukraine in 2001–5 could be the main factor explaining the recent growth in smoking prevalence.Ukraine is a large eastern European country with high smoking prevalence. Tobacco products are widely available at very low prices, and the transnational tobacco industry is extremely successful in promoting its products and lobbying for its interests in the legislative field. Advocacy of tobacco control has only recently achieved some success in the legislative field, with the first tobacco control law being adopted in late 2005. Ukraine ratified the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control in 2006, but there is still much cause for concern regarding the enforcement and effectiveness of the adopted legislative measures. Unfortunately, the government is not yet involved in nationwide surveillance of the tobacco problem, and the available data have mostly been gathered with funding from foreign donors. Several attempts have been made to measure the extent of the tobacco epidemic in the countries of the former Soviet Union (FSU).^{1,2,3,4,5,6,7} Most of these studies have shown rather high smoking prevalence among men (50–70%) and comparatively low prevalence among women (5–20%). Most countries in the FSU have similar smoking rates, while certain trends are shown to be related to the differences in how the transnational tobacco industry succeeds in every national tobacco market.⁶ Unfortunately, few studies have been published showing trends in smoking prevalence in the FSU.⁷ In Ukraine, two studies^3,4 provided point estimates of smoking prevalence.The aim of this study was to analyse trends in smoking prevalence in Ukraine, on the basis of three surveys conducted in 2001–5, and to explore correlates of observed changes in order to estimate the stage of the tobacco epidemic in Ukraine.     

2010年河南省部分食品中重金属污染状况分析

了解河南省部分食品中重金属污染的现状。方法 在河南省18个省辖市采集8大类3 657份食品样品,按照国家标准检测食品中铅、镉和汞的含量,检测结果按照GB 2762—2012《食品安全国家标准食品中污染物限量》进行评价。结果 河南省部分食品中铅含量的平均值为0.34 mg/kg,总体超标率为8.8%(320/3 656),其中粮食、肉类和蔬菜中超标率较高,分别为17.2%(95/552)、14.5%(85/587)和10.7%(57/534);部分食品中镉含量的平均值为0.054 mg/kg,总体超标率为3.9%(143/3 657),其中食用菌和蛋类中超标率较高,分别为9.6%(49/508)和8.1%(42/518);部分食品中汞含量的平均值为0.077 mg/kg,总体超标率为8.3%(303/3 657),其中蔬菜和粮食中超标率较高,分别为25.3%(135/534)和12.3%(68/551)。结论 河南省部分食品中铅、汞污染情况较为严重,其中粮食、蔬菜和肉类食品中污染情况尤为突出,需要加强监管。     

Moulds and mycotoxins in sorghum stored in traditional containers in India

Various traditional containers have been used in India for storage of sorghum grains. Sorghum is susceptible to fungal infestation and toxin elaboration. The present study relates to the mould and mycotoxin contamination (aflatoxin B₁ and T-2 toxin) in stored sorghum in different storage containers viz. “Kotlu” (Storage rooms), earthenware pots, gunny bags and reed baskets. Aspergillus sp. and Fusarium sp. were the prominent genera and the “Kotlu” form of storage was most susceptible to fungal attack. Storage treatment had little effect on fungal contamination, but despite the fungal infestation, the mycotoxin contamination was found to be very low.     

中国固态发酵白酒中功能细菌研究进展

细菌是白酒酿造3大类微生物之一,其在白酒生产中有着重要的作用,如:芽孢杆菌、乳酸菌、放线菌和梭菌等,它们能产生酯类、有机酸、吡嗪、萜烯等微量成分,从而影响白酒的风味与品质。基于细菌在白酒中的重要功能以及微生物分离培养技术和分析检测技术的进步,近年来相关研究越来越深入。该文综述了近年来白酒功能细菌的研究进展,介绍了酿酒各个环节中主要功能细菌及其在白酒中的作用,旨在为白酒功能细菌的研究提供参考。     

Aflatoxins in black tea in Iran

Aflatoxins (AFs) are highly toxic, and carcinogenic secondary fungal metabolites and have been detected in various food commodities. In this regard, 40 black tea samples including domestic and imported black tea were analysed for aflatoxin contamination by high-performance liquid chromatography using a post-column derivatisation procedure (Kobra cell) with fluorescence detection. Samples were randomly collected in 2010 from Tehran markets. The results revealed that 30 among 40 samples were contaminated with aflatoxins (27.5% of the total). Mean AFB1 content was 10.0 ng/g and mean of aflatoxin total was 12.07 ng/g for the 11 contaminated samples.