计算机优化控制系统在杭钢高线加热炉中的应用

介绍了杭钢高线加热炉优化控制系统的结构、功能、原理及其优化控制级应用。结果表明，该计算机优化控制系统在杭钢高线加热炉应用成功，取得了显著效果。     

浅谈采矿系统软件Minesight在露天境界设计中的应用

介绍了Minesight软件在露天境界优化中的应用，与传统的境界优化法进行比较，总结了软件在露天矿山开采设计应用的一些方法。     

厂址选择的运输指向分析

本文应用“工业区位理论”和“运筹学”中的选址优化原理，从物料运输的角度阐述厂址选择的优化方法及其优化的数学模型，并附有实例。     

钢铁企业煤气系统优化管理模型及其应用

介绍了一种应用于某钢铁厂煤气系统优化管理模型，其中包括模型的总体设计、供需计划及优化调配子模型、煤气生产及工序用气优化子模型等。此外，还介绍了该模型的实际应用情况，应用结果表明这种优化是切实有效的。     

初轧加热炉节能的模式识别优化

应用模式识别调优方法对初轧加热炉节能进行优化，建立模式空间优化区对应的数学模型．获取优化点对应的热工参数。实施表明，优化模型有助于降低能耗，并可为加热炉实现计算机控制提供参考。     

钢铁能源管控优化研究应用的综述与展望

钢铁工业是国民经济支柱性产业，同时也是能源消耗排放大户。随着“碳达峰”“碳中和”等目标的提出，钢铁行业绿色化势在必行。而在生产工艺与核心设备相对完备、固定的前提下，能源管控优化成为节能降耗、低碳运行的主要手段，相关方法技术自然也成为了行业的研究应用热点。针对钢铁工业能源系统管控优化问题，综述状态感知与趋势预测、运行优化与设备控制、调度决策与系统优化、平台研发与工程应用4个方面的研究进展，覆盖机理建模、数据驱动、工业互联网、人工智能等多个理论技术体系。最后，基于行业现状、结合发展趋势，总结归纳了钢铁能源管控优化的难点挑战与未来发展方向。     

计算机优化控制在味精发酵工业中的应用

本文介绍了工业规模谷氨酸分批发酵过程中计算机优化控制的应用，结合发酵机理和工艺，提出了优化操作控制策略，并设计人工智能逻辑顺序控制算法，根据批报数据确定提风和加尿素的优化操作设定和约束条件，进行全自动化优化控制，在此基础研究了开发现代高级过程控制技术，应用矩阵单值分解方法，选择在检测的排气Ｏ２和经验数据集，进行状态在线辨识，使多变量同时满足过程约束条件，实现发酵过程的稳定和高产率。     

用灰色多目标模型优化矿床品位指标

本文针对矿床品位指标优化的特点，建立矿床品位指标优化的灰色多目标模型，阐述其算法原理，结合实例说明其应用。     

人工神经网络在采矿优化决策中的应用

本文在分析现行采矿优化决策方法的困难的基础上，探讨了人工神经网络在采矿优化决策中的各种可能应用，并对其未来的发展提出了可能的方向。     

板坯的优化切割

针对切割机的优化切割及数学模型的建立和应用，阐述了切割长度优化数学模型的研究方法。     

Drawdown due to Temporally Varying Pumping Discharge: Inversely Estimating Aquifer Parameters

A ramp kernel method is proposed for accurately calculating the drawdown due to any temporal variation in pumping discharge. The use of the ramp kernels assumes the linear variation between the two consecutive measured pumping discharges. The prior studies assume a rectangular variation between the two consecutive measured pumping discharges. In the rectangular variation, a uniform pumping rate is assumed during a time span. An analytical equation for calculating the ramp kernel is derived. An optimization method is used with the proposed ramp kernels for inversely estimating the aquifer parameters from drawdown due to an arbitrary unsteady pumping discharge. Unlike the prior methods, the proposed method accurately identifies the parameters even when the sampling interval for the drawdown and pumping discharge is longer than that needed for assuming a linear variation. The proposed method outperforms the prior method. Application of the proposed method is illustrated using examples.     

New Orleans Levee System Performance during Hurricane Katrina: London Avenue and Orleans Canal South

Hurricane Katrina was one of the worst natural disasters in U.S. history. The effects of the hurricane were particularly devastating in the city of New Orleans. Most of the damage was due to the failure of the levee system that surrounds the city to protect it from flooding. This paper presents the results of centrifuge models conducted at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers simulating the behavior of the levees at London Avenue North and South that failed during Hurricane Katrina. Those levees failed without being overtopped by the storm surge. Also included are the results of a centrifuge model of one levee section at Orleans Canal South, which did not fail during the hurricane. The key factor of the failure mechanism of the London Avenue levees was the formation of a gap between the flooded side of the levee and the sheetpile. This gap triggered a reduction of the strength at the foundation of the protected side of the levee. The results are fully consistent with field observations.     

Evaluation, Rehabilitation Planning, and Stay-Cable Replacement Design for the Hale Boggs Bridge in Luling, Louisiana

The Hale Boggs Bridge opened to traffic on October 5, 1983. At the time, it was the first U.S. cable-stayed crossing over the Mississippi River. The PE (polyethylene) protective sheathing was damaged in many of the cables before and during installation, and after the opening of the bridge to traffic. Repairs were attempted to correct the defects in cable sheathing. Many of the repairs performed poorly and failed to protect the main tension element. The condition of 39 out of 72 cables indicated a critical need for repair and timely action was recommended. To address these damages, and to assure the structural integrity of the bridge structure, several strategies involving a range of repair and replacement options were evaluated using life cycle cost analysis. It was concluded that the strategy to replace all cables presents the best value among evaluated alternatives. The design of the complete 72 cable array replacement is the first occasion on which this process is attempted in North America. The final design of the replacement cables is heavily influenced by the geometric restrictions of the existing anchorage locations. The replacement cables are being designed for a 75-year design life and incorporated with the latest advancements in corrosion protection and vibration control. Maintenance of traffic design is an essential part of the project. The bridge is a critical regional link and constitutes a hurricane evacuation route. Traffic maintenance during cable replacement was designed to be as unobtrusive to the public and commerce as practical. This paper describes efforts associated with cable condition assessment, rehabilitation strategy, and design considerations and concepts, undertaken by the writers since 2002 to improve the condition of this major river crossing.     

Case Study of Fluvial Modeling of River Responses to Dam Removal

A plan was made to remove Matilija Dam on the Ventura River. With dam removal, the delta in the reservoir and the downstream channel were expected to undergo major changes in morphology. The FLUVIAL-12 model was employed to simulate reservoir and river channel responses after dam removal. As a first step, the model was calibrated using the Ventura River data to establish its validity. In calibration, the model was used to simulate the fluvial processes starting from the time of dam completion. The simulated sediment deposition above the Matilija Dam matches closely with the deposits measured by the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation. A large amount of sediment was stored in the reservoir; some of the stored sediment would be transported downstream after dam removal. An important consequence of dam removal is the major increase of sediment release to the river channel downstream. The sediment supply to the downstream reach is not only from the stored sediment in the reservoir but also from natural sediment inflow from the upstream watershed. Therefore, sediment supply to the downstream reach will exceed the natural sediment flow before the dam presence. This situation tends to overload the downstream reach with sediment, resulting in excessive deposition. The amount of sediment release from the area above the removed dam is closely related to the changes in reservoir morphology. It is necessary to model changes in the channel bed profile and channel width during erosion in order to determine the amount of sediment removal. The amount of sediment release may not be simulated using an erodible-bed model but it may be determined using an erodible boundary model.     

Below-Average Bidding Method

The low-bid method, typically used for competitive bidding in the United States, may result in a contract with a firm that submits either accidentally or deliberately an unrealistically low-bid price. Such an occurrence hurts both the owner and the contractor by promoting disputes, increased costs, and schedule delays. To address this problem, other countries have adopted bidding methods based on the average of the bids submitted. One such approach is the below-average method where the winning bid is closest to but below the average of all bids. A competitive bidding model for the below-average-bid method is presented and its merits relative to the average-bid method and the low-bid method are explored. The below-average-bid process is investigated analytically and through Monte Carlo simulation. The results of bidding models for the below-average, the average, and the low-bid methods are presented in four easy-to-use nomograms which allow contractors to determine the optimal lump-sum bid price for each method without the need for complicated analysis. A comparison of the three methods provides information and insights to help owners with the difficult choice of a suitable bidding method for the project at hand.     

Reliability-Based Optimal Design of Truss Structures Using Particle Swarm Optimization

In this work, the particle swarm optimization method is employed for the reliability-based optimal design of statically determinate truss structures. Particle swarm optimization is inspired by the social behavior of flocks (swarms) of birds and insects (particles). Every particle’s position represents a specific design. The algorithm searches the design space by adjusting the trajectories of the particles that comprise the swarm. These particles are attracted toward the positions of both their personal best solution and the best solution of the swarm in a stochastic manner. In typical structural optimization problems, safety is dealt with in a yes/no manner fulfilling the set of requirements imposed by codes of practice. Considering uncertainty for the problem parameters offers a measure to quantify safety. This measure provides a rational basis for the estimation of the reliability of the components and of the entire system. Incorporating the reliability into the structural optimization framework one can seek a reliability-based optimal design. For the problems examined herein, the reliability indexes of the structural elements are obtained from analytical expressions. The structure is subsequently analyzed as a series system of correlated elements and the Ditlevsen bounds are used for the calculation of its reliability index. The uncertain-random parameters considered in this work are the load, the yield-critical stress; and the cross sections of the elements. The considered design variables of the optimization problem are the cross-sectional areas of the groups, which control the size of the truss, and the heights and lengths that control the shape of the truss. The results of the optimization are presented for a 25-bar truss and a 30-bar arch and the robustness of the optimization scheme is discussed.     

Bridge Scour and Substructure Deterioration: Case Study

In 1988, the State of Mississippi set up its first statewide underwater bridge inspection program. During this inspection, serious damage was found on the substructure of two parallel bridges on I-10 near Biloxi. Significant scour had occurred, exposing the steel piling. These piles had severe corrosion with cross sections reduced by 50%. Because of the reduced cross section, the web and flanges of the piles had buckled locally. This damage was exacerbated by collisions associated with barge traffic on the waterway. This accumulation of problems resulted in a bridge on the verge of collapse. Two alternatives were used to repair the substructure. The more seriously damaged piles were encased in concrete, and the less seriously damaged ones were dewatered and a concrete seal was placed around the piles. After 10?years, the piers with pile encasements showed no additional scour effects. However, the piers with the large concrete seals had scoured by as much as 3?m (10?ft). Described in this paper is the analysis of damage, design of the repair, and a review of the performance of the two types of repair over a 10-year period.     

Evaluation of Construction Practices That Influence the Bond Strength at the Interface between Pavement Layers

This study investigated the influence of several construction practices on the bond strength at the interface between pavement layers. These practices included the surface treatment, curing time, residual application rate, and equipment tracking. Three tests were performed for estimating the bond strength between an existing hot mix asphalt (HMA) and a newly constructed HMA overlay, namely the Florida Dept. of Transportation shear tester, the University of Texas at El Paso pull off test, and the torque bond test. Testing involved a CSS-1 type emulsion as the tack coat. The results from the three tests were statistically analyzed. Generally, milling provided a significantly better bond at the interface between the existing surface and the new overlay. Curing time had a minimal effect on the bond strength. The results indicated that the absence of tack coat did not significantly affect the bond strength at the interface for the milled sections, whereas it severely decreased the strength for the nonmilled sections. The results also showed that increasing the residual rate of tack coat did not generally affect the bond strength at the interface.     

Bridge Blockage and Overbank Flow Simulations Using HEC–RAS in the Keelung River during the 2001 Nari Typhoon

On September 16, 2001, Typhoon Nari resulted in severe flooding in the Keelung River basin. More than 1,000 shipping containers were swept by the rising water from the floodplain into the river, blocking 14 bridges. A severe overbank flow due to the blockage occurred at the Ba-Tu Railway Bridge. The overbank flow then passed through a railway tunnel and inundated Keelung City, resulting in significant damage. The objective of this study was to determine the influence of the bridge blockage and the Ba-Tu overbank flow on the water stages in the Keelung River during Typhoon Nari. The floating-pier-debris module and the lateral-weir module in the Hydrologic Engineering Center–River Analysis System (HEC-RAS) unsteady-flow routing model were applied to investigate water stage variation due to the bridge blockage and overbank flow. The numerical simulation results provided by this study served as an important reference for authorities who needed to clarify the responsibility of the containers’ owners for the loss of lives and property during this typhoon.     

Influence of the chromium and ytterbium co-doping on the photoluminescence of zinc selenide crystals

The luminescent properties of ZnSe, ZnSe：Cr（0.05 at.% Cr）, ZnSe：Yb（0.03 at.% Yb） and ZnSe：Cr：Yb（0.05 at.% Cr, 0.05 at.% Yb） crystals, doped during the growth process by the chemical vapor transport method, were studied within the temperature interval of 6–300 K. At the 6 K temperature in the visible spectral range 2 bands were observed： a band in the excitonic spectral region and a band of self-activated luminescence. It was shown that co-doping of zinc selenide crystals with the chromium and ytterbium led to the combination of the impurities influence on the photoluminescent properties. At the liquid helium temperature in the middle infrared range of the spectra of the ytterbium and chromium co-doped crystal a band with the maximum localized at 1.7μm was observed, which was overlapped with a complex band in the middle-IR spectral range, characteristic for the chromium doped ZnSe crystals. On the basis of obtained data an interaction mechanism of the chromium and ytterbium co-doping impurities was proposed. Guided by the existent model of the ytterbium ion incorporation in the selenide sublattice of the ZnSe crystals, an assumption about stabilization of single charged chromium ions in the zinc sublattice crystal nodes, by means of formation of the local charge compensating clusters, was made. It was assumed that the resonant energy transfer from one chromium ion to another,which led to the concentration quenching of the IR emission in the ZnSe：Cr PL spectra, would lead to the broadening of the IR emission in the spectra of ytterbium and chromium co-doped zinc selenide crystals.g