基于德温特专利数据的低维纳米碳材料发展态势文献分析

富勒烯、碳纳米管和石墨烯等低维纳米碳材料为近年来纳米材料和纳米技术领域的研究热点。本文以3种典型的低维纳米碳材料为研究对象,通过对德温特（Derwent）专利数据库收录的从2005—2015年专利受理数量、国家分布、专利权人名称、学科类别及国际专利分类代码等相关信息进行分析,发现近年来研发人员更加关注石墨烯,对碳纳米管和富勒烯的关注度在逐渐下降。经过对全球低维纳米碳材料技术创新现状与发展趋势的分析,指出我国低维纳米碳材料在进一步发展中还存着研发领域发展不均衡、缺乏全方位发展战略的整体布局研究、技术成果不能顺利转化、经费投入偏低等问题,并针对以上问题提出了建设性意见,以期为我国低维纳米碳材料相关领域的技术创新和决策提供参考。     

利用模板合成纳米材料研究的新进展

在当今纳米科学技术研究突飞猛进的年代，本文分别介绍了近几年来以无机材料、有机高分子及天然大分子为模板进行的纳米材料合成研究的新进展。     

三氯氢硅技改措施及效果

分析了三氯氢硅生产中存在的问题,提出技改措施,改造后氯化氢含水体积分数在1×10-4左右,产品中含硼质量分数低于4×10-8,硅粉单耗降低30 kg/t.     

A novel method to graft carbon nanotube onto carbon fiber by the use of a binder

A novel method is developed for grafting multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) onto the surface of polyacrylonitrile‐based high strength (T300GB) carbon fiber. Functionalized MWNTs were well dispersed in the PVA solution and the carbon fiber was dip‐coated in this solution. After heat treatment of the coated carbon fiber under a nitrogen atmosphere, MWNTs with carboxyl groups were grafted onto the functionalized carbon fiber via chemical interaction. The resulting materials were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), Raman spectrum and mechanical testing. FESEM observations revealed uniform coverage of carbon nanotubes on carbon fiber. The carbon fiber grafted with MWNTs improved the tensile strength by 12% with respect to the pristine carbon fiber. These results are supportive of good interfacial bonding between the carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and carbon fiber. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013     

Enhancement in the limit of detection of lab-on-chip microfluidic devices using functional nanomaterials

Technological developments in recent years have witnessed a paradigm shift towards lab-on-chip devices for various diagnostic applications. Lab-on-chip technology integrates several functions typically performed in a large-scale analytical laboratory on a small-scale platform. These devices are more than the miniaturized versions of conventional analytical and diagnostic techniques. The advances in fabrication techniques, material sciences, surface modification strategies, and their integration with microfluidics and chemical and biological-based detection mechanisms have enormously enhanced the capabilities of these devices. The minuscule sample and reagent requirements, capillary-driven pump-free flows, faster transport phenomena, and ease of integration with various signal readout mechanisms make these platforms apt for use in resource-limited settings, especially in developing and underdeveloped parts of the world. The microfluidic lab-on-a-chip technology offers a promising approach to developing cost-effective and sustainable point-of-care testing applications. Numerous merits of this technology have attracted the attention of researchers to develop low-cost and rapid diagnostic platforms in human healthcare, veterinary medicine, food quality testing, and environmental monitoring. However, one of the major challenges associated with these devices is their limited sensitivity or the limit of detection. The use of functional nanomaterials in lab-on-chip microfluidic devices can improve the limit of detection by enhancing the signal-to-noise ratio, increasing the capture efficiency, and providing capabilities for devising novel detection schemes. This review presents an overview of state-of-the-art techniques for integrating functional nanomaterials with microfluidic devices and discusses the potential applications of these devices in various fields.     

基于二维纳米材料的水处理功能膜研究进展

二维纳米材料是制备膜材料中一类重要的掺杂材料或膜构筑单元,也是新型水处理功能膜的研究热点。已有许多研究报道了二维纳米材料通过有序的堆叠和自组装在膜内构建出规整的水通道,可以赋予膜可调控的分离性能,进而实现trade-off效应的突破,被认为是“下一代膜材料”（next-generation membranes）。同时,二维纳米材料的独特片层结构、催化性能及可修饰性可使膜材料获得新的功能,如导电性能、光/电催化性能等。本文综述了近年来基于二维纳米材料的水处理功能膜研究进展,重点介绍了共混法、自组装等制备方法,并总结了此类功能膜在抗污染、膜通量恢复、强化污染物去除、调控盐截留及污染物监测领域的应用。最后对基于二维纳米材料的水处理功能膜发展方向,如限域催化、调控盐分离、监测传感等新兴领域进行了分析和展望。     

碳纳米管水泥基复合材料压阻效应的多尺度研究进展

碳纳米管水泥基复合材料具有多尺度的非均一性,其宏观尺度的性能是其各级低阶尺度本质的偶联映射,故而多尺度分析碳纳米管水泥基复合材料性能机理至关重要。本文从宏观、细观、微观和纳观四个尺度,综述了碳纳米管水泥基复合材料压阻效应的多尺度试验、机理和模型等方面的研究进展。总结了现有研究在骨料、孔隙结构、界面过渡区、外部环境因素以及理论模型等方面存在的局限或不足,并提出微纳观结构、理论模型等方面需进一步研究。     

Crystallization of calcium silicate hydrates on the surface of nanomaterials

The poorly crystalline calcium silicate hydrate (C‐S‐H) is the primary binding phase in portland cement concrete. In this paper, the influence of adding anatase phase nano‐TiO₂, nano‐SiO₂, graphene oxide (GO), and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (CNT) on the crystallization and morphology of C‐S‐H are systematically investigated through tests. C‐S‐H gels were prepared using the double decomposition method, and the nanomaterial additions of nano‐TiO₂, nano‐SiO₂, GO, and CNT were 2 wt%, 2 wt%, 0.5 wt%, and 0.5 wt%, respectively. X‐ray diffraction (XRD) results show that a more crystalline nanostructure of C‐S‐H is induced by the addition of nano‐TiO₂ or GO. This phenomenon is further confirmed by the transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observations. The TEM observations demonstrate that C‐S‐H would grow on the crystal face of TiO₂ to form nanocrystalline regions with a lattice fringe spacing of 3.0 Å. When incorporated with GO, it will form a square lattice structure with a lattice constant of 3.1 Å on the surface of GO and later change to the lattice fringe structure with a spacing of 3.1 Å on the region bit away the GO surface. However, when adding nano‐SiO₂ or CNT, these nanocrystalline regions are not observed. Further characterization through scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) has been performed to investigate the effect of nanomaterials on C‐S‐H morphology. Different nanomaterials take a different morphology of C‐S‐H: sheet‐shape structures for pure C‐S‐H, rod‐shape with for C‐S‐H with nano‐TiO₂, and granular agglomeration for C‐S‐H with nano‐SiO₂. C‐S‐H with GO or CNT forms a structure of C‐S‐H growing on the templates.     

Effects of the electrical conductivity and orientation of silicon substrate on the synthesis of multi-walled carbon nanotubes by thermal chemical vapor deposition

We studied the effects of the electrical conductivity and orientation of silicon substrate on both catalytic Fe thin film and the structure and morphology of multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWNT) grown by low-pressure chemical vapor deposition. Both p-type Si(100) and Si(111) substrates with three different doping concentrations (high, low, undoped) were used to evaluate the formation of catalytic nanoparticles and the growth of MWNTs. The morphology of catalytic nanoparticles such as size and density was characterized by field-emission scanning electron microscopy, Cs-corrected energy-filtered transmission electron microscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Structural characteristics of MWNTs grown on different combinations of silicon substrate orientation and electrical conductivities (σ) were also systematically analyzed. Based on the experimental results, growth modes of MWNTs could be controlled by choosing an appropriate combination of σ and orientation of Si substrates.     

Memory effect of locally ordered α-phase in the melting and phase transformation behavior of β-isotactic polypropylene

Structural changes in β-isotactic polypropylene (β-iPP) during the heating were studied by means of differential scanning calorimetry and real-time in situ X-ray diffraction using a synchrotron source. Crystalline phase transformation and the memory effect caused by residual nuclei of α-iPP were observed during the heating of β-iPP. The memory effect observed in β-iPP during heating and crystallization is believed to be due to the existence of locally ordered α-from in the melt. The effect of local α-form order was probed by studying the behavior under heating of samples with a range of thermal histories. Samples were heated above the equilibrium melting temperature of iPP to remove all residual local order and the memory effect associated with this local order. The samples crystallized isothermally at different temperatures exhibited a significantly different melting and phase transformation behavior during heating. β-iPP is found to be an excellent material for the study of polymorphism, phase transformations, and characteristic memory effects in semicrystalline polymers.     

海泡石吸附果糖的性能研究

研究海泡石对果糖的吸附性能,并与活性炭对其的吸附作对比。同室温条件下考察两种吸附剂的吸附时间、投加量对果糖去除率的影响。结果表明,海泡石的吸附效果明显优于活性炭,前者0．3g几乎就可将50rnL0．1mg／mL标准液中果糖去除干净,而等量此标液,后者2．4g才能达到最大吸附量,且果糖去除率只有前者的一半。综合考虑实际应用,获得了最佳吸附条件。     

富勒型篦冷机的性能特点和技术改造

富勒型篦冷机具有急冷熟料、热回收效率高和冷却效率高等性能。自1985年引进富勒篦冷机设计和制造技术以来，我国的篦冷机技术已完成了第一代、第二代、茅三代的技术更新和发展历程。针对第二篦冷机一些固有的缺陷，巢湖铁道水泥厂采用第三代篦冷机技术，对原609S-819S／809S-1025S型第二代篦冷机进行了改造并获成功。改造4年来，篦冷机运行稳定，维修较少，经济效益明显。     

Modelling of the effective thermal conductivity of carbon nanotube nanofluids based on dimensionless groups

A model has been developed to predict the effective thermal conductivity of carbon nanotube (CNT) suspensions. This model uses a set of dimensionless groups based upon the properties of the base fluid, the CNT‐fluid interface, and characteristics of the nanotubes themselves, such as diameter, aspect ratio, and thermal conductivity. According to the model, the thermal conductivity of the CNT suspension increases in a nonlinear way as the CNT concentration is increased. The model is in good agreement with experimental data that was obtained for a series of CNT–R113 (Cl₂FC‐CClF₂) nanofluids.     

基于相转化的金纳米棒表面修饰

利用种子生长法,以CTAB为表面活性剂制备的金纳米棒具有生物毒性.本研究利用相转化的方法修饰金纳米棒,修饰后金纳米棒的理化性质稳定,生物相容性更好,有更广的应用前景.     

Rapid determination of triazophos using acetylcholinesterase biosensor based on sol–gel interface assembling multiwall carbon nanotubes

A sensitive and stable amperometric sensor has been devised for rapid determination of triazophos based on efficient immobilization of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) on silica sol–gel (SiSG) film assembling multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWNTs). The sol–gel matrix provided a biocompatible microenvironment around the enzyme and efficiently prevented leakage of the enzyme from the film. In the presence of acetylthiocholine chloride (ATCl) as a substrate, MWNTs promoted electron transfer reactions at a lower potential and catalyzed electrochemical oxidation of enzymatically formed thiocholine, thus increasing detection sensitivity. Based on the inhibition of organophosphorous compound on the enzymatic activity of AChE, using triazophos as a model compound, the effects of pH, temperature, and MWNTs contents were explored. Under optimum conditions, the inhibition of triazophos was proportional to its concentration from 0.02 μM to 1 μM and from 5 μM to 30 μM, with a detection limit of 0.005 μM. The determination of triazophos in garlic samples showed acceptable accuracy. Fabrication reproducibility of the sensor was good and stability was acceptable. The sensor is a promising new tool for pesticide analysis.     

Photoisomerization of electroactive polyimide/multiwalled carbon nanotube composites on the effect of electrochemical sensing for ascorbic acid

We present the first investigation of photoisomerization of the azo‐based electroactive polyimide (PI)/amino‐functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) composite electrode on the effect of electrochemical sensing for ascorbic acid (AA). First, MWCNTs were grafted with 4‐aminobenzoic acid in a medium of polyphosphoric acid/phosphorous pentoxide to obtain MWCNTs functionalized with 4‐aminobenzoyl groups (AF‐MWCNTs). Subsequently, photoactive and electroactive PI/AF‐MWCNT composites (PEPACCs) were prepared by introducing pendant conjugated oligoaniline (amino‐capped aniline trimer) in the main chain and azobenzene chromophores in the side chain, in the presence of AF‐MWCNTs. Photoactive and electroactive PI (PEPI) and PEPACCs were characterized by ¹H NMR spectra, UV?visible absorption spectra, cyclic voltammetry (CV) and transmission electron microscopy. The CV study shows that the PEPACCs have higher electroactivity than PEPI. The redox and reversible photoisomerization (i.e. cis ? trans) behavior of PEPACCs was analyzed by in situ monitoring through systematic studies of CV and UV?visible spectroscopy. The light of the UV lamp was 365 nm. It should be noted that the sensor constructed from a trans‐PEPACC‐modified carbon‐paste electrode (CPE) demonstrated a higher electrocatalytic activity by 2.75‐fold and 1.12‐fold towards the oxidation of AA compared with those constructed using a PEPI‐ and cis‐PEPACC‐modified CPE, respectively. The detection limit of the trans‐PEPACC‐modified electrode was 1.73‐fold and 1.70‐fold lower than that of PEPI‐ and cis‐PEPACC‐modified CPE. Moreover, the differential pulse voltammetry data showed that the trans‐PEPACC‐modified electrode had high electrochemical sensing ability for the determination of AA, dopamine and uric acid. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry     

苏氨酸基于表面活性效应在碳糊电极上的伏安行为研究

研究了苏氨酸在表面活性剂存在下于碳糊电极上的电化学行为,发现表面活性剂能显著提高苏氨酸的氧化电流,在此基础上,建立了一种直接测定苏氨酸的电化学方法。优化了测定条件,即介质的pH、扫描速度、富集时间和表面活性剂的种类等。氧化峰电流与苏氨酸在2.0×10-7~3.0×10-5mol/L之间呈良好的线性关系,检出限为7.56×10-9mol/L。应用于实际样品分析,回收率为97%~105%。     

基于机械力化学作用制备荧光纳米纤维素

采用机械力化学法,以磷钨酸-柠檬酸为复合水解剂处理竹浆纤维,再进一步加入半胱氨酸,使降解的纤维素发生接枝反应,从而在水相中一锅法制备高荧光、高量子产率荧光纳米纤维素（fluorescent cellulose nanocrystals, F-CNC）。研究考察了半胱氨酸溶液浓度、反应时间、反应温度等因素对F-CNC的得率和荧光强度的影响。采用紫外分光光度计（UV-vis）、荧光分光光度计、透射电子显微镜（TEM）、傅里叶红外光谱仪（FTIR）、核磁共振光谱仪（NMR）、X-ray光电子能谱（XPS）、X射线衍射仪（XRD）以及热分析仪（TGA）等对F-CNC的光学性质、形貌结构、化学结构、晶体结构以及热稳定性等进行了表征分析。结果表明,半胱氨酸溶液浓度为1mol/L,反应时间为8h,反应温度为140℃,F-CNC的得率为56.8%,荧光量子产率达到34.24%,荧光寿命达到3.44ns,且F-CNC的直径在20~40nm,长度为150~300nm。基于机械力化学法制备F-CNC工艺简便、绿色环保且所制备的F-CNC在水中具有良好的分散性,在防伪和生物传感器中具有潜在的应用前景。     

A disposable sensor based on immobilization of acetylcholinesterase to multiwall carbon nanotube modified screen-printed electrode for determination of carbaryl

A simple method has been devised for immobilization of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) covalent bonding to a multiwall carbon nanotube (MWNT)-cross-linked cellulose acetate composite on a screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE) and a sensitive and disposable amperometric sensor for rapid determination of carbaryl pesticide is proposed. The immobilized enzyme was preserved on this film because of the excellent biocompatibility and non-toxicity of cellulose acetate. Based on the inherent conductive properties of the MWNT, the immobilized AChE had greater affinity for ATCl and excellent catalytic effect in the hydrolysis of ATCl. MWNT improved the interface enzymatic hydrolysis reaction and increased the amperometric response of the sensor. Under optimum conditions, the inhibition of carbaryl on AChE increased linearly with the increasing concentration of carbaryl in two ranges, from 0.01 to 0.5 μg mL⁻¹ and from 2 to 20 μg mL⁻¹, with the correlation coefficients of 0.9985 and 0.9977, respectively. The detection limit was 0.004 μg mL⁻¹ taken as the concentration equivalent to 10% decrease in signal. The sensor showed acceptable stability, accuracy and could be fabricated in batches, thus it is economic and portable. This type of disposable enzyme-based amperometric sensor has extensive application potential in environmental monitoring of pesticides.