高温高压下超级13Cr不锈钢抗CO2腐蚀性能

为了推进超级13Cr不锈钢在油气田中的应用,用高温高压釜系统模拟了油气田腐蚀环境,研究了超级13Cr不锈钢在动静态环境中高温高压下的CO2腐蚀行为,利用扫描电镜、能谱仪和X射线衍射仪等对超级130r不锈钢表面腐蚀产物的形貌及成分进行了分析。结果表明：动态腐蚀时超级13Cr不锈钢的腐蚀速率随温度的升高而增大,150℃时最大,此后腐蚀速率随温度的升高而下降;静态腐蚀速率随温度的升高呈上升趋势;动态腐蚀速率高于静态的,动静态平均腐蚀速率均较小,属于轻度或中度腐蚀,在油气田的安全使用范围之内;动静态腐蚀时超级13Cr不锈钢表面均生成均匀、致密的钝化膜层,表现为均匀腐蚀,腐蚀产物成分为不锈钢基本成分,未发现CO2腐蚀产物,超级13Cr不锈钢具有良好的抗高温高压CO2腐蚀性能。     

pH值对超级13Cr钢在NaCl溶液中腐蚀行为与腐蚀膜特性的影响

采用全浸泡腐蚀方法,利用扫描电镜(SEM)、能谱分析(EDS)、X射线衍射(XRD)、失重法、极化曲线和交流阻抗(EIS)等分析手段,对超级13Cr油管钢在不同pH值NaCl溶液中的腐蚀形貌、腐蚀速率、腐蚀产物及其腐蚀膜层的电性能进行了分析,研究了超级13Cr油管钢在NaCl溶液中的腐蚀行为与腐蚀膜层电性能,结果表明:超级13Cr油管钢在酸性的NaCl溶液中具有较好的抗腐蚀性能,其表面腐蚀膜层具有钝化特性,随着溶液pH值的降低,其腐蚀膜层的钝化性能增强,发生点蚀的倾向性减小,而发生全面腐蚀的倾向性增大,其腐蚀产物为Fe和Cr的氧化物组成。当溶液pH值大于4.5时,腐蚀速率随着溶液pH值的减小而增大;当溶液pH值小于4.5时,腐蚀速率随着溶液pH值的减小而减小。     

超级13Cr马氏体不锈钢在入井流体与产出流体环境中的腐蚀行为研究

通过模拟油田超深超高压高温油气井腐蚀环境,研究超级13Cr马氏体不锈钢管材抗均匀腐蚀、点蚀、应力腐蚀开裂(SCC)及酸化液腐蚀的性能。研究结果表明:随着井深的增加,超级13Cr马氏体不锈钢的均匀腐蚀速率逐渐增大,且气相的均匀腐蚀速率要大于液相的腐蚀速率,但不论在液相还是在气相腐蚀条件下,均匀腐蚀速率均远小于0.1mm/a;由于超级13Cr马氏体不锈钢有较高的Mo,Ni含量,在模拟腐蚀环境中未出现明显点蚀现象,且具有良好的抗SCC性能;循环酸化腐蚀试验后试样管体和接箍部分没有出现点蚀、缝隙腐蚀等局部腐蚀迹象。     

饱和CO2溶液中Cl-浓度对马氏体不锈钢应力腐蚀敏感性的影响

为了明确Cl-浓度的变化对超级13Cr马氏体不锈钢耐蚀性能的影响规律,利用电化学动电位测试技术对比分析了Cl-浓度对超级13Cr腐蚀电位的影响关系;采用慢应变速率拉伸(SSRT)应力腐蚀开裂(SCC)试验方法和应力-应变曲线(σ-ε)、扫描电镜(SEM)等分析手段,研究了饱和CO2环境下在一定慢应变速率条件下Cl-浓度...     

超级13Cr油管钢在不同浓度Cl-介质中的腐蚀行为

采用全浸腐蚀实验方法,通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、能谱分析(EDS)、X射线衍射分析(XRD)、失重法、极化曲线等分析手段,对超级13Cr油管钢在不同浓度(5%,15%,25%,35%,质量分数)的NaCl溶液中的腐蚀速率、腐蚀形貌、腐蚀产物及电化学特性进行了分析,研究了Cl~-浓度对其腐蚀行为的影响。结果显示:超级13Cr油管钢在Cl~-浓度低于35%的NaCl溶液中具有较好的耐腐蚀性能,Cl~-浓度对其腐蚀行为有一定程度的影响,随着Cl~-浓度的增大,材料的耐腐蚀性能降低,被腐蚀倾向增大。较高的Cl~-浓度加速了材料表面点蚀的生长,引发局部腐蚀,进而导致全面腐蚀。Cl~-浓度的增大使超级13Cr油管钢的腐蚀速率增大,但随着腐蚀程度的加重,腐蚀产物增厚及覆盖面积增大,阻碍了基体和溶液的接触,从而减缓了腐蚀速率的增速,其腐蚀产物主要是由Fe和Cr的氧化物构成。     

极化电位对超级13Cr钢应力腐蚀开裂行为的影响

采用慢应变速率拉伸(SSRT)应力腐蚀开裂(SCC)的实验方法,通过应力应变(σ-ε)曲线、扫描电镜(SEM)、能谱分析(EDS)和X射线衍射分析(XRD)等手段分析了不同极化电位下超级13Cr钢在NaCl溶液中的力学性能、腐蚀形貌、腐蚀产物和应力腐蚀开裂敏感性指数(Iscc),研究了极化电位对其抗SCC性能的影响。结果显示:随极化电位的升高,超级13Cr钢在5%NaCl溶液中的Iscc增大,其抗SCC性能降低;当极化电位低于-150mV时,超级13Cr钢的应力腐蚀程度较轻,抗SCC性能较好;当极化电位高于-90mV时,其应力腐蚀程度严重,抗SCC性能较差。     

Cl~-,CO_2和微量H_2S共存时13Cr不锈钢的腐蚀性能

通过高温高压釜模拟油气田现场环境,采用扫描电镜、能谱和X射线衍射方法对油气田现场水样腐蚀后1Cr13和OCr13两种钢的表面形貌及成分进行了分析,对比研究了Cl~-,CO_2和微量H_2S共存时在气、液两相中的耐蚀性能。结果表明:1Cr13和0Cr13钢在气、液两相中的平均腐蚀速率均较小,但均有不同程度的点蚀发生,且0Cr13钢点蚀比1Cr13钢点蚀严重;1Cr13和0Cr13钢主要靠钝化膜中铬的化合物降低腐蚀速率。并探讨了影响不锈钢耐蚀性能的因素,包括化学成分、夹杂、晶粒度、显微组织和腐蚀介质,并采用金相分析法进行了验证。     

超级13Cr马氏体不锈钢在鲜酸中的腐蚀行为

通过不同温度的高温高压鲜酸(15%HCl+1.5%HF+3%HAc+4.5%缓蚀剂)腐蚀试验及极化曲线测量,研究超级13Cr马氏体不锈钢油管材质在鲜酸溶液中的腐蚀行为及其与酸化缓蚀剂的匹配性。结果表明:鲜酸中加入酸化缓蚀剂,超级13Cr的开路电位正移,自腐蚀电流密度显著降低,酸化缓蚀剂主要改变了超级13Cr的阳极过程;在较低温度条件下,超级13Cr与酸化缓蚀剂的匹配性良好;随着鲜酸试验温度的提高,超级13Cr材质的均匀腐蚀速率增大,其在160℃的均匀腐蚀速率为47.08mm/a,接近50.8mm/a;温度低于120℃,超级13Cr未出现明显点蚀,超过160℃,其点蚀程度显著增大;140~160℃应为酸化缓蚀剂缓蚀效果显著降低的突变区。     

超级13Cr马氏体不锈钢抗SSC性能研究

采用四点弯曲实验方法、电化学测试技术及扫描电子显微镜(SEM)等分析手段研究了超级13Cr马氏体不锈钢在模拟工况和标准工况中的H2S应力腐蚀开裂(SSC)行为.结果表明:超级13Cr 马氏体不锈钢在标准工况条件下具有很高的SSC敏感性,裂纹起源于表面点蚀坑处,H2S腐蚀性气体的存在及Cl-浓度的增加显著降低超级13Cr...     

高温高压酸性气井油套管钢在超临界CO_2环境下的腐蚀行为

高温高压酸性气井腐蚀环境恶劣,油套管腐蚀、变形、破损等事故频繁发生,严重影响气井安全生产。为了解掌握油套管钢的腐蚀类型、严重程度及耐蚀性能,利用高温高压反应釜在模拟井底实际工况条件下研究了J55、N80、P110、13Cr、S13Cr 5种油套管材质的抗CO_2腐蚀性能,运用失重法、扫描电镜(SEM)和能谱分析等技术,重点分析了腐蚀速率、腐蚀产物膜形貌和腐蚀产物膜成分。结果表明:在本试验测试范围内,J55、N80、P110钢在90℃时腐蚀速率为最大,然后随温度升高而降低,属于极严重腐蚀;13Cr、S13Cr钢的腐蚀速率随温度的升高不断增大,在150℃达到最大值;5种材料的平均腐蚀速率随CO_2分压的增大呈先上升后下降的趋势;碳钢材质腐蚀类型主要为均匀腐蚀+局部腐蚀,含Cr钢材质腐蚀类型主要为均匀腐蚀;碳钢CO_2腐蚀产物膜主要成分为FeCO_3,同时夹杂有少量的Fe_3C和铁的氧化物或铁单质;13Cr和S13Cr钢CO_2腐蚀产物膜的主要成分为晶态FeCO_3和非晶态的Cr(OH)_3,此外,还含有少量的Fe或Cr的氧化物、碳化物和单质Fe等。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...