热机械加工对2099铝锂合金挤压材组织与抗腐蚀性能的影响

采用金相组织观察、XRD分析、硬度和导电率测试等手段,研究了热机械加工(Thermo-Mechanical Processing, TMP)对2099铝锂合金挤压材组织、硬度、导电率、晶间腐蚀及剥落腐蚀性能的影响。结果表明：与经T83 (540 ℃/2 h固溶、3%预压缩、121 ℃/14 h + 181 ℃/48 h时效)热处理的2099铝锂合金挤压材相比,经TMP(540 ℃/2 h固溶、400 ℃/48 h过时效、约50%大应变变形、540 ℃/2 h再结晶/固溶)+(121 ℃/14 h + 181 ℃/48 h时效)处理的2099铝锂合金挤压材发生了明显的再结晶,硬度（HV）降低(从2006.2 MPa到1865.3 MPa),位错强化亦降低,但导电率和抗晶间腐蚀性能明显提高,同时抗剥落腐蚀性能也有所提高。结果表明,热机械加工是不显著降低2099铝锂合金挤压材硬度,但显著提高其抗晶间腐蚀性能的有效途径     

强化固溶对含Sr2099型铝锂合金腐蚀性能的影响

采用金相显微镜、扫描电子显微镜和Х射线衍射仪显微分析技术,研究了强化固溶工艺对含Sr 2099(Al-2.52Cu-1.87Li-1.19Zn-0.497Mg-0.309Mn-0.0825Zr-0.0605Sr)型铝锂合金抗晶间腐蚀和抗剥落腐蚀性能的影响。结果表明:与常规固溶(540℃×2 h)+T8时效(121℃×14 h+151℃×48 h)工艺相比,强化固溶(540℃×2 h+550℃×2.67 h)+T8时效(121℃×14 h+151℃×48 h)工艺显著减少了合金中的粗大未溶相,再结晶程度提高,细化了晶粒,且促进等轴晶的形成。按晶间腐蚀标准(GB7998-2005)和剥落腐蚀标准(GB/T 22639-2008),强化固溶+T8时效工艺降低了该合金的抗晶间腐蚀能力,但显著提高了该合金的抗剥落腐蚀能力。     

强化固溶处理对含Sr 2099型铝锂合金组织和位错强化的影响

通过显微组织观察、硬度测试以及XRD分析,研究强化固溶处理对一种Sr微合金化2099型铝锂合金组织和位错强化的影响。结果表明,与常规固溶(540℃,2h)相比,强化固溶(540℃,2h+550℃,2.67h)促进了合金中粗大第二相的溶解,降低了合金后续T8时效处理(121℃,14h+151℃,48h)后的硬度(分别为162.7HV和154.1HV),显著降低了合金中的位错及位错强化。基于Taylor公式的定量计算表明,强化固溶使合金时效强化有所加强,强化固溶合金硬度的降低主要是位错强化降低所致。微合金化元素Sr不能有效使2099型铝锂合金在其固溶处理温度(540～550℃)驻留位错,2099型铝锂合金强度、硬度的进一步提高需要进行进一步微合金化设计。     

强化固溶处理对含锶钪7085铝合金腐蚀性能的影响

采用硬度和电导率测试、晶间腐蚀和剥落腐蚀试验、光学金相电镜观察,研究强化固溶处理对含锶钪7085型铝合金(Al-8.34Zn-1.89Mg-1.83Cu-0.15Zr-0.060Sr-0.10Sc)硬度、电导率、晶间腐蚀和剥落腐蚀性能的影响。结果表明,与常规固溶(470℃×2 h)处理相比,强化固溶(470℃×2 h+480℃×2 h+490℃×2 h)处理使合金中粗大析出相溶解更为充分,晶粒(亚晶粒)等轴性显著提高。经强化固溶处理加传统T6(121℃×24 h)处理后合金的硬度提高、电导率略有降低,抗晶间腐蚀和剥落腐蚀性能显著提高。     

含Sc 2099型铝锂合金的组织和位错强化

采用维氏硬度计(HV)、金相显微镜(OM)和X射线衍射(XRD)仪显微分析技术,研究含Sc2099型铝锂合金经固溶T8时效后的组织和位错强化。结果表明,合金经均匀化退火和热锻压变形加工处理后,与常规固溶(540℃,2h)相比,强化固溶(540℃,2h+550℃,2.67h)促进了合金中粗大难溶第二相的溶解,降低了合金T8时效处理(121℃,14h+151℃,48h)后的硬度(分别为1746和1633MPa),减少了合金内部的晶格应变和位错密度。基于Taylor公式的定量计算证明,微合金化元素Sc能较有效使2099型铝锂合金在其固溶强化处理温度(540～550℃)驻留位错,强化合金。强化固溶降低合金硬度、强度的主要原因是合金中的位错强化和时效强化共同下降所致。     

含钪7085铝合金的热处理工艺

采用光学显微镜、扫描电镜、透射电镜、拉伸试验、剥落腐蚀试验等分析方法,研究了不同固溶、时效处理制度对含钪7085铝合金(Al-7.5Zn-1.5Mg-1.4Cu-0.15Zr-0.15Sc)强度和剥落腐蚀性能的影响。结果表明:与常规固溶处理和双级固溶处理相比,强化固溶可使合金中粗大相溶解更充分,晶粒细化,同时提高合金强度和剥落腐蚀性能;在T6、T76、回归再时效3种时效状态下,T76时效后合金的强度和剥落腐蚀抗性最好,这与形成的粗大不连续的晶界析出相有关。含钪7085铝合金最佳固溶时效制度为:强化固溶(450℃×1 h+460℃×2 h+475℃×2 h)+T76时效(120℃×5 h+160℃×7 h)处理。     

含Sr 7085铝合金挤压材的热处理制度

采用显微硬度与电导率测试、拉伸试验、晶间腐蚀及剥落腐蚀试验、金相(0M)及扫描电镜(SEM)观察,研究了热处理制度对含Sr Al-7.0Zn-1.4Mg-1.5Cu-0.14Zr 7085铝合金挤压材性能的影响.结果表明:固溶处理对合金的拉伸性能影响显著,强化固溶合金强度要明显高于常规固溶合金,常规固溶(470℃×2 h)T76(121℃×5 h +153℃×16 h)时效处理合金的屈服强度与抗拉强度分别为436.8 MPa、492.25 MPa,而经强化固溶(470℃×2 h+480℃×2 h+490℃ ×2 h)T76处理的合金为471.8MPa、518.25 MPa;时效制度对合金的硬度、电导率及抗腐蚀性能有较大影响,T76(121℃×5 h+153℃×16h)时效处理后,合金获得较好的性能配合.本合金的最佳热处理制度为强化固溶T76时效处理,此时合金具有良好的综合性能.     

强化固溶处理对7075铝合金晶间腐蚀和剥落腐蚀性能的影响

研究了强化固溶处理对7075铝合金晶间腐蚀和剥落腐蚀性能的影响.结果表明,与常规固溶(470℃×2h)+T6时效处理相比,强化固溶(470℃×2h+480℃×2 h+490℃×2h)+ T6时效处理使7075铝合金中粗大第二相溶解更为充分,加速了合金时效动力学,改善了合金的抗腐蚀性能,抗晶间腐蚀等级由3级提高至2级,抗剥落腐蚀等级由EC级提高至EA级.     

Al-7.5Zn-1.5Mg-1.4Cu-0.15Zr7085铝合金挤压材的热处理制度

采用显微硬度与电导率测试、拉伸试验、晶间腐蚀及剥落腐蚀试验、金相(OM),研究了热处理制度对Al-7.5Zn-1.5Mg-l.4Cu-0.15Zr7085铝合金挤压材性能的影响.结果表明:常规固溶(470℃×2h)时效后合金的屈服强度与抗拉强度分别为458.5、522.5 MPa,而经强化固溶(470℃×2h+480℃×2h+490℃×2h)时效处理的合金为4523、517 MPa,表明固溶处理对合金的拉伸性能影响不大;时效制度对合金的硬度、电导率及抗腐蚀性能有较大影响.最后得出该成分合金的最佳热处理制度为强化固溶T76(121℃×5h+153℃×16h或121℃×5h+163℃×7h)时效处理,此时合金具有良好的综合性能,可以更好的运用于工业化生产.     

固溶处理对新型铝锂合金组织和性能的影响

对新型铝锂合金进行不同工艺固溶处理+ 165℃×20 h单级人工时效,研究固溶温度和时间对新型铝锂合金组织和性能的影响.结果表明,随固溶温度的升高,合金弥散析出的第二相不断长大,新型铝锂合金的抗拉强度和屈服强度有所提升,塑性、韧性下降;固溶时间对合金强度和塑性的影响较小.535℃×30 min固溶处理后,综合力学性能较好.     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.     

Theoretical Analysis for the Motion and Temperature of Melt Droplets in Spray Degassing Process

The motion of melt droplets in spray degassing process was analyzed theoretically. The height of the treatment tank in spray degassing process could be determined by the results of theoretical calculation of motion of melt droplets. To know whether the melt droplets would solidify during spraying process, the balance temperature of melt droplets was also theoretically analyzed. Then proof experiments for theoretical results about temperature of melt droplets were carried. In comparison, the experimental results were nearly similar to the calculation results.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.