3Cr13不锈钢模具断裂失效分析

3Cr13不锈钢模具在淬回火后发生了断裂失效。采用直读光谱仪、金相显微镜、显微硬度计、体视显微镜和扫描电镜等检测方法,对3Cr13不锈钢模具的材料成分、非金属夹杂物、显微组织、显微硬度和断口形貌等项目进行了检验分析。结果表明,钢中存在较多非金属夹杂物和严重的网状碳化物,组织不均匀使得淬火组织应力过大,从而导致了模具的开裂。     

H13钢热锻模开裂失效原因分析

采用Leica光学显微镜、438VP/KEVEX扫描电镜/能谱仪、AMH43自动显微硬度计分别对热锻模裂纹处的非金属夹杂物、显微组织、化学组成和显微硬度等项目进行了检测分析。同时,结合模具的锻造方法、坯料加热、锻造温度、锻后冷却、退火等热加工过程和模具的淬火、回火、表面氮化热处理,以及模具的工作环境、使用过程等,对热锻模开裂失效机理进行了系统分析。研究结果表明:H13钢热锻模的钢质纯净度较高,显微组织较为均匀,热锻模的开裂非原材料质量问题造成的;热锻模的裂纹处无脱碳现象,但存在氮化层,说明开裂发生在热锻模淬火后、渗氮前;热锻模淬火后,由于回火不充分或未及时回火造成组织应力及残余应力较大而产生开裂。     

SKD11冷作模具裂纹原因分析

SKD11冷作模具热处理后经磨削加工入库放置时检查一侧表面发现裂纹。通过直读光谱仪、硬度计、金相显微镜、电子探针分别对模具化学成分、硬度、夹杂物以及金相组织进行检测分析。结果表明：原始显微组织不均匀、条带状成分偏析严重,晶粒粗大、晶界宽化的过热倾向以及残留奥氏体多回火不足等因素,造成马氏体转变时淬火残余应力过大,在淬火过程中及后续的模具放置应力释放过程中,内应力最终超过材料的强度极限,导致SKD11冷作模具表面裂纹的加速形成及纵深扩展。     

GEST80钢塑料模具裂纹原因分析

采用光学显微镜、扫描电镜及能谱仪,通过断口形貌观察及显微组织检测,对GEST80钢模具失效件开裂的原因进行分析。结果表明,该塑料模具失效件开裂的原因,是因为模具材料在最终热处理过程中,加热温度过高及保温时间过长,材料组织产生严重过热现象,致使组织晶粒急剧长大。晶粒粗大带来晶间弱化,晶间强度显著降低,热处理淬火的组织应力超过材料的抗拉强度,造成模具失效件的淬火应力开裂。并对模具材料的各加工工序,提出了改进措施及优化方案,使组织晶粒得到细化,保证和延长模具产品的使用寿命。     

65Mn钢弹性卡箍断裂失效分析

采用XRD物相分析、金相显微组织观察以及SEM断口形貌分析等手段,分析了65Mn钢卡箍弹性热处理后断裂的原因.实验结果表明,对于所处理的零件,由于回火不充分,造成碳化物未能从淬火马氏体中充分析出,而淬火马氏体的针状显微组织形貌未能完全消失,导致组织脆性大,在外界应力作用下零件易发生脆性断裂.     

ABAQUS软件对70钢丝铅浴淬火过程的模拟

用ABAQUS软件对70钢丝铅浴等温淬火过程温度场和残余应力场进行了模拟,得到了70钢丝的温度场、显微组织和残余应力的分布.结果显示,70钢丝铅浴淬火残余应力值总体上都不是很大;钢丝在铅浴等温淬火过程中发生了奥氏体-索氏体转变,转变时间与热膨胀法所测得的数据最大误差不超过5%.相变结束后最终的应力状态心部为压应力,表面为拉应力.模拟结果与实际吻合,这将为生产中淬火温度场和残余应力的计算以及淬火工艺的分析提供参考.     

空心圆柱模具内孔壁纵向裂纹原因分析

采用化学成分分析、裂纹宏观分析、硬度测试及金相检验等方法,对空心圆柱模具内孔壁的纵向裂纹进行了检验和分析.结果表明:该空心圆柱模具内孔壁的纵向裂纹属于淬火裂纹,其主要原因是淬火冷却时模具各部分冷却速度不一致,尤其是模具轴向中部处的内孔冷却速度比外壁慢,导致在内孔壁形成以组织应力为主的切向拉应力,当内孔壁受到的切向拉应力大于钢的断裂强度而产生纵向裂纹.     

H13钢挤压模开裂原因分析

H13钢挤压模淬火后出现开裂.对开裂模具进行了化学成分分析和金相检验,以揭示模具开裂的原因.结果表明,该模具的含铬量超标,且存在化学成分偏析和显微孔隙等缺陷,从而导致模具淬火开裂.     

自行车多飞飞轮轮芯冷挤压模具失效分析

采用光学及扫描电镜观察分析了自行车多飞飞轮轮芯冷挤压凸模显微组织结构,探究了其断裂失效的原因.观察显微组织发现,失效模具的显微组织中明显存在不均匀带状分布的碳化物.断口形貌及裂纹附近EDS测试分析表明,碳化物集中区为断裂裂纹发生区.模具组织中存在不均匀带状分布的碳化物是产生断裂失效的内在原因,而模具在冷挤压成型过程中形成的应力积累是导致模具断裂失效的外在诱因.     

5CrMnMo热锻模淬火工艺研究

采用化学成分分析及金相检验手段,对5CrMnMo热锻模具在淬火过程中出现的淬火开裂及淬火后延迟开裂等问题进行了研究.结果表明:淬火加热温度过高、加热时间过长,导致组织粗大;同时淬火冷却终冷温度过低以及未及时回火,导致过高的淬火应力,使锻模表面出现淬火开裂.建议改进热处理工艺,控制热处理过程以减小淬火应力.     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。