回火温度对30CrMnSiA钢力学性能的影响

30CrMnSiA钢样品经890℃油冷淬火处理后,分别在450-590℃进行回火处理。通过光学显微镜(OM)、扫描电镜(SEM)以及力学试验机等手段,研究了热处理后30CrMnSiA钢的显微组织以及力学性能。结果表明:随着回火温度的升高,30CrMnSiA钢组织中的回火索氏体占比不断提高,合金强度下降,伸长率增加。经890℃淬火+500℃回火处理后低合金钢的综合性能较佳,硬度、抗拉强度、屈服强度、伸长率和冲击韧度分别为39 HRC、1302 MPa、1147 MPa、11. 3%和28 J/cm~2。30CrMnSiA钢在530～550℃左右会发生回火脆性。回火温度继续升高,冲击韧度得以恢复。回火温度为590℃时,冲击韧度达到41. 25 J/cm~2,而抗拉强度和屈服强度分别为1126 MPa和1027 MPa。     

热处理对高强建筑钢组织和性能的影响

对试验钢进行了不同的两相区直接淬火+回火处理。对试样显微组织进行了观察,并对力学性能进行了检测,研究了淬火温度和回火温度对试验钢组织和性能的影响。结果表明,钢板回火显微组织以多边形铁素体+岛状回火马氏体为主。随着直接淬火温度的升高,回火马氏体含量增加,铁素体含量减少,组织中少量珠光体逐渐转变为贝氏体;屈服强度和抗拉强度均升高,屈强比先保持恒定后有所升高,伸长率逐渐下降,冲击功则是先大幅降低后几乎不变。当回火温度低于400℃时,马氏体形态没有明显改变;当回火温度超过500℃时,马氏体岛开始分解,碳化物析出量增加。随着回火温度升高,抗拉强度几乎呈线性降低,屈服强度则先升高后降低,屈强比升高,伸长率和冲击功先下降后提高。     

不同热处理温度对AAR TC128Gr.B钢力学性能的影响

研究了不同回火温度与正火温度对AAR TC128Gr.B力学性能的影响。结果表明:轧态钢板经不同温度回火后,抗拉强度出现下降,而在500℃及650℃回火时屈服强度降低,在550℃及600℃回火时屈服强度升高;经不同温度正火热处理后,其屈服强度及抗拉强度均出现下降,屈服强度下降幅度更大;热处理态较轧态钢板的冲击吸收能量值均大幅提高,回火较正火后的冲击吸收能量值更高;500~650℃区间回火后的冲击吸收能量值变化不大;850~910℃区间正火,随正火温度的提高,冲击吸收能量值为先上升后下降的趋势。     

不同回火温度下Nb、Ti对785 MPa级特厚齿条钢板组织性能的影响

针对特厚齿条用钢板的开发,通过微合金化设计、控制轧制、调质热处理等工艺,制备了两种不同成分的785 MPa级别高强韧特厚齿条钢,研究了不同回火温度下Nb、Ti对钢板微观组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明,随着回火温度的升高,试验钢板屈服强度、抗拉强度、硬度逐渐降低。NbTi钢板回火脆性区间为300~500 ℃,3Ni钢板回火脆性区间为200~550 ℃。Nb、Ti微合金化可显著细化奥氏体晶粒,增加了大角度晶界的比例和密度,从而提高了钢板的强度和冲击韧性。NbTi钢板在650 ℃回火时获得最优强韧性匹配,其屈服强度和-60 ℃冲击功分别为805 MPa和200 J;3Ni钢板在600 ℃回火时获得最优强韧性匹配,其屈服强度和-60 ℃冲击功分别为881 MPa和140 J。     

轧制工艺对14Cr1MoR钢板组织与性能的影响

采取光学显微镜、扫描电镜及拉伸、冲击试验机对板厚60 mm的14Cr1MoR热轧钢板正火+回火态和模拟焊后态的组织与性能进行了研究。结果表明:一阶段控轧与两阶段控轧的钢板相比,终轧温度高,轧后冷却速度慢,钢板铁素体晶粒尺寸粗大,珠光体含量多;钢板的强度低,伸长率高,冲击性能低。两阶段控轧的钢板经655 ℃保温3 h模拟焊后热处理,屈服强度下降44 MPa,抗拉强度下降24 MPa,冲击吸能能量降低;模拟焊后保温时间延长到12 h,强度和冲击性能变化不大。两阶段控轧的14CrMoR钢板,经正火+回火或再经过655 ℃模拟焊后热处理,钢板的力学性能优良。     

回火温度对铁索体/粒状贝氏体钢显微组织及力学性能的影响

采用Gleeble 1500热模拟试验机对成分为0. 12C-1. 46Mn-0. 83Si-0. 70Al-0. 34Mo-0. 01Nb的低碳钢进行多道次连续压缩后并空冷处理,得到了细晶铁素体+粒状贝氏体复相组织。采用扫描电镜和透射电镜研究了复相组织在600℃以下不同温度回火后的组织,并研究了实验钢回火后的室温拉伸性能。结果表明:该复相组织钢具有较好的强度及塑性,室温拉伸时屈服强度大于500 MPa,伸长率超过20%,屈强比为0. 65;同时该复相组织具有较好的回火稳定性,300～400℃较低温度回火3 h后不会引起马奥(M-A)岛的分解,500℃回火3 h后有少量马奥岛发生了分解,等轴铁素体内仍然存在高密度位错,600℃回火3 h后仍能保持一定量的马奥岛,贝氏体铁素体板条间及等轴铁素体晶界等处有碳化物粒子析出;随回火温度提高,实验钢的屈服强度和伸长率均呈现先增加后降低的趋势,400℃回火后屈服强度和伸长率达到峰值,600℃回火后的屈服强度仍高于未回火状态,伸长率与未回火态基本相当,但抗拉强度下降,屈强比增大。     

回火温度对贝氏体耐磨钢组织和性能的影响

对贝氏体耐磨钢进行控轧控冷+回火工艺,探究不同温度回火后贝氏体耐磨钢的组织演变和性能。结果表明,经控轧控冷工艺和200℃回火后,试验钢获得较为理想的无碳化物贝氏体/马氏体复相组织,组织中包含8.7%(体积分数)的残留奥氏体。该工艺下钢板获得较好的强韧性匹配,屈服强度达到1172 MPa,抗拉强度达到1613 MPa,断后伸长率达到19.4%,-20℃冲击吸收能量为47 J,并可满足NM500级别的硬度要求。520℃回火后大量粗大碳化物析出,且残留奥氏体基本分解完毕,导致钢板强韧性下降。     

690 MPa级低碳贝氏体钢回火后的组织与性能

利用扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)研究不同回火温度对屈服强度为690 MPa 级低碳贝氏体钢组织和性能的影响.结果表明,回火温度对试验钢的屈服强度的影响更为明显,而对抗拉强度的影响相对较小;未经回火时,试验钢的轧态组织为细小的板条贝氏体,随着回火温度的增加, 钢板-60 ℃冲击性能得到显著改善,贝氏体板条束逐渐合并在一起,试验钢板在650 ℃回火时可获得良好的综合力学性能.     

热处理对高强韧船舶用钢板组织及性能的影响

采用光学显微镜和力学性能测试设备研究了不同热处理方式对550 MPa级高强度船板组织和性能的影响。结果表明:随正火温度的升高(低于860℃),组织的变化并不明显,均为铁素体+粒状贝氏体+M/A;继续升高温度,铁素体晶粒尺寸明显粗大,带状组织减轻;钢板的屈服强度、抗拉强度都下降,屈服强度不能满足标准要求。高温热处理再经回火后,组织中的M/A岛几乎完全分解;屈服强度、伸长率及低温冲击韧度明显提高,抗拉强度下降。在高出Ac3点0~40℃进行正火+650℃回火处理,钢板的综合力学性能最佳。     

回火处理对Q420建筑用钢显微组织与力学性能的影响

对控轧控冷态Q420钢板进行了不同回火温度和时间的热处理试验,研究了回火对试验钢拉伸性能和显微组织的影响。结果表明,回火温度为450～600℃时,随着回火保温时间从0～120 min,试验钢的抗拉强度先减小后上升,屈服强度和屈强比均呈现逐渐上升的趋势;在回火温度为550℃时,试验钢具有较高的抗拉强度和屈服强度及较低的屈强比。控轧控冷态试验钢的显微组织为针状铁素体+M/A岛+退化珠光体。550℃回火保温不同时间后,试验钢的组织类型未发生改变,但当回火时间≥60 min,基体组织中铁素体晶粒粗化,且退化珠光体中渗碳体形态有向短片状转变的特征,基体组织中的M/A岛含量和平均尺寸随着保温时间延长而都逐渐减小。550℃/60 min回火处理后,试验钢基体组织中的M/A岛已发生明显分解,位错密度减小,且基体中析出了较多的尺寸约在10～25 nm的(Nb,Ti)C强化相。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.