低渗透非均质性油藏扩大波及体积技术

为了有效利用水气交替技术提高低渗透、非均质性油藏的采收率,引入注入速度差异控制(AOIR)、段塞比变化的水气交替驱(TWAG)和AOIR-TWAG技术研究了提高采收率的可行性.结果表明,渗透率变异系数越大,水气交替驱相对于连续注气驱的效果越好,3种技术的采收率均高于常规的水气交替驱.但是,如果考虑经济效益,则只有AOIR和AOIR-TWAG技术的净现值高于常规的水气交替驱.通过新疆油田某油藏的模拟验证了概念模型研究的可行性,对提高低渗透、非均质性油藏气驱波及体积具有指导意义.     

特低渗透油藏注CO_2驱油注入方式研究

针对特低渗透油藏水相难以有效注入、水气交替难以有效实施的问题,提出采用周期注气来改善特低渗透油藏注CO2驱油效果。首先通过与其他注入方式的对比,分析周期注气的优缺点,指出其比较适合特低渗透油藏。然后采用数值模拟的方法,研究周期注气改善驱油效果的机理,分析认为周期注气能够有效改善流度比,扩大CO2的波及体积,降低粘性指进的影响。最后将周期注气应用到特低渗透油藏芳48和树101区块的方案编制中,数值模拟结果表明,与连续注气相比,周期注气可以有效提高CO2的换油率,减缓油井气窜,最终提高采收率;并且在现场生产过程中,周期注气可以明显降低油井油气比上升速度,改善油藏开发效果。     

低渗油藏水驱后CO_2驱潜力评价及注入参数优化

延长油田乔家洼区块属于典型的低孔、特低渗油藏。针对该区块基质致密和非均质性严重造成注水开发效果差的问题,通过开展CO2室内驱油实验,在水驱基础上分别对连续气驱和气水交替驱驱油潜力进行评价,并对气水交替驱流体注入速度、段塞尺寸及气水比等注入参数进行优化;同时,对区块采用水驱、优化井网后水驱、利用优化的CO2驱注入参数开展气驱和注气5 a后转气水交替驱4种开发方案进行数值模拟产量预测。实验结果表明:CO2驱在目标区块高含水后有着较大驱油潜力,连续气驱和气水交替驱分别在水驱基础上可提高采收率8.43,20.95百分点;最佳注入速度、最佳注入段塞尺寸和最佳气水比分别为0.727 m L/min,0.10 PV,1∶1。数值模拟结果表明,连续气驱和注气5 a后转气水交替驱,在开发15 a末,在水驱基础上分别可以提高采收率13.81,12.98百分点。     

三叠系长６ 油藏二氧化碳驱技术方案优选

针对长庆油田三叠系长６ 特低渗透油藏物性差、水驱开发采收率低、含水上升快等问题,研究ＣＯ２ 驱在该油藏中的应用。利用油藏数值模拟技术,分别对ＣＯ２ 水气交替驱（ＣＯ２ －ＷＡＧ）和ＣＯ２ 连续气驱的注采参数进行了优选,并在此基础上对比了这２ 种开发方式。得到了最优的技术方案：采用ＣＯ２ －ＷＡＧ 驱技术,产油速度提高１􀆰 ５ 倍,单井平均产油速度为３ ｍ３ ／ ｄ,关井气油比为１×１０３ｍ３ ／ ｍ３,单井注气速度为１×１０４ｍ３ ／ ｄ,水气比为１,交替注入６ 个月。模拟结果表明,２０ ａ 预测期内,优选方案的采出程度比水驱增加了９􀆰 ７％。优化ＣＯ２ 驱方案适合特低渗透油藏的开发。     

全直径砾岩长岩心水驱后烟道气驱油与埋存实验

选取新疆油田某砾岩油藏目的层段的5块全直径岩心拼接成直径10 cm、长度52.3 cm的长岩心组,利用中国自主研发的全直径长岩心驱替装置,模拟砾岩油藏衰竭、水驱、注烟道气驱、烟道气-水交替驱、CO2驱及烟道气埋存等全开发过程,并评价了烟道气驱的驱替特征和开发效果。研究表明,全直径岩心驱替实验可更大程度地模拟砾岩油藏的真实驱替特征和渗流特点;火驱产出烟道气可应用于砾岩油藏水驱后进一步提高采收率,取得较好开发效果的关键是选择合理的注气时机、注气压力、注气方式;水驱中期优势渗流通道尚未完全形成,此时适当提高油藏压力后转烟道气-水交替驱可避免烟道气过早气窜而形成无效循环,较大幅度提高采收率;烟道气-水交替驱油过程中,储集层可有效吸收烟道气中有害气体硫化氢,同时可实现烟道气的安全有效埋存。     

低渗透油藏CO2驱注入方式优化

根据吉林油田某低渗透区块的油藏条件,运用数值模拟方法研究不同驱替方式下的驱油效果。数模结果显示,交替驱替方式优于注水方式和连续气驱方式,能大幅度提高原油采收率。在交替驱过程中,气段塞和水段塞的先后顺序对采收率有显著的影响,气水交替驱优于水气交替驱,随着注气速度的增加,采收率的差值也逐渐增加。气水交替驱注入CO2能够和原油充分接触,越早注入CO2,对提高原油采收率越有利。该研究不仅为低渗透油田CO2驱油技术提供了理论基础,而且对于国家下一步进行CO2驱油和埋存潜力评价及规划具有重要的借鉴意义。     

渤海A油田水气交替复合驱提高采收率先导试验研究

水气交替驱是增加油田水驱后波及体积和减弱注气驱过程因油气黏度差异而产生的气体指进现象的有效方法。本文阐述了国内外注气驱提高采收率技术的发展概况。根据水气交替复合驱的适用条件,经过油藏工程方案研究,选定渤海A油田为水气交替驱先导试验区。通过室内试验和数值模拟研究表明,氮气和水交替驱采收率较单纯水驱提高11%~12.6%。通过水气交替驱配套技术研究,确定氮气压缩机最大出口压力不高于17 MPa,研制出遇水膨胀封隔器,解决了管柱密封问题,并攻关形成了注氮设备海洋环境下连续运转技术和井下分层注气工艺技术。最后对水气交替驱数据监测、效果评价和改善水气复合驱波及效率技术进行了总结。     

多层砂砾岩油藏注烟道气提高采收率技术

通过在水驱多层砂砾岩油藏中注入火驱烟道气,可实现老油田提高采收率及节能环保的双目标。并联长岩心室内驱油实验结果表明,水驱后注烟道气可有效提高油藏采收率,通过气水交替注入控制气体流度能得到更好的开发效果。在室内实验的基础上,针对A油藏开展了现场试注,进一步评估注气的可行性。根据试注动态分析及数值模拟,认为注烟道气能起到明显增油效果,但多层砂砾岩油藏连续注气方式下注入气易沿高渗、薄层窜流,导致气体早期突破。油藏规模注烟道气的注采参数优化结果表明,采取分层注烟道气、水气交替注入、水气比1∶1、交替周期7 d的效果最好。目前,A油藏投注了1个分层注气井组,取得较好的增油效果。该研究成果可以为同类油藏开发提供一定借鉴。     

低渗油藏水驱后CO2潜力评价及注采方式优选

针对延长油田乔家洼区块由于基质致密和非均质性严重造成注水开发效果差的问题,通过开展CO2室内驱油实验,在水驱基础上分别对连续气驱和气水交替驱驱油潜力进行评价,并对气水交替驱流体注入速度、段塞尺寸及气水比等注入参数进行优化。同时,对区块采用水驱、优化井网后水驱、利用优化的CO2驱注入参数开展气驱和注气5年后转气水交替驱4种开发方案,进行数值模拟产量预测。实验结果表明,CO2驱在目标区块高含水后有着较大驱油潜力,连续气驱和气水交替驱分别在水驱基础上可提高采收率8.43%和20.95%;气水交替注入方式下采收率随各注入参数的增大均呈先增加后降低的趋势,最佳注入速度、最佳注入段塞尺寸和最佳气水比分别为0.73mL/min、0.1PV和1∶1。数值模拟结果表明:优化井网后水驱、连续气驱和注气5年后转气水交替驱3种方案在开发15年后,分别可以在原水驱方案基础上提高采收率0.77%、13.81%和12.98%,建议采用注气5年后转气水交替驱方案进行生产。     

三叠系长6油藏二氧化碳驱技术方案优选

针对长庆油田三叠系长6特低渗透油藏物性差、水驱开发采收率低、含水上升快等问题,研究CO2驱在该油藏中的应用。利用油藏数值模拟技术,分别对CO2水气交替驱(CO2-WAG)和CO2连续气驱的注采参数进行了优选,并在此基础上对比了这2种开发方式。得到了最优的技术方案:采用CO2-WAG驱技术,产油速度提高1.5倍,单井平均产油速度为3 m3/d,关井气油比为1×103m3/m3,单井注气速度为1×104m3/d,水气比为1,交替注入6个月。模拟结果表明,20 a预测期内,优选方案的采出程度比水驱增加了9.7%。优化CO2驱方案适合特低渗透油藏的开发。     

Simulation Study of Different Modes of Miscible Carbon Dioxide Flooding

Carbon dioxide flooding has been applied worldwide as a successful enhanced oil recovery. Carbon dioxide flooding may be applied as a continuous injection or as water-alternating-gas (WAG) process. Optimization of the injection mode of carbon dioxide is important for economical field application. This paper focuses on using a fully compositional simulation model for “AEB-3C” sandstone oil reservoir of one of the Western Desert oil fields in Egypt to predict the impact of CO₂ miscible flooding on the reservoir oil recovery and net present value (NPV), to define the best mode of operation that is straight CO₂ injection or water alternating gas (WAG) processes and to show the difference between pure and impure CO₂. Moreover, several sensitivity runs were done on the oil price to show minimum profitable value of oil price when applying such a tertiary method in the subject field.The reservoir under study has been producing under a successful water flooding project since May-2010. The recovery factor by the end of water flooding project is predicted as 32%. CO₂ flooding processes have started by the end of water flooding. A significant increase in the oil recovery factor was noticed due to applying this method; it reached up to 57%. Comparisons between different modes of operations were shown which showed better results when applying WAG process than that with straight CO₂ injection. Moreover; sensitivities were done on the cycle periods in WAG processes and showed increase in the recovery factor with shortening the cycle periods. In addition to a comparison between pure and impure CO₂ which showed very close results.     

高凝油油藏气水交替驱提高采收率参数优化

通过开展室内物理模拟实验,验证了高凝油油藏气水交替驱提高采收率的可行性,得到了岩心尺度下的最优化参数,采出程度较纯水驱时提高19.83%。在物模研究的基础上,利用实验岩心和流体参数、含气活油相渗曲线建立数值模型,分别研究注采井网、注采井距、段塞尺寸、气水体积比、注入时机、注入周期各参数对采收率的影响。研究结果表明:当采用五点系统、300 m井距、0.2PV段塞尺寸、1∶2气水体积比、含水率60%时转注、连续注入9个周期为最佳方案,可以保证在较低的注气成本下获得较高的采收率,对以后该类油藏的气水交替驱开发具有理论指导意义。     

不同注采方式下CO2埋存与驱油效果优化评价

工业和人类生活过程中产生的温室气体CO₂排放量日益增加,由此导致的空气污染和温室效应正在严重地威胁着人类赖以生存的环境。实行CO₂高效利用与地质埋存相结合的一体化技术思路是缓解环境污染压力、提高石油采收率的有效途径。针对这一问题,建立了目标函数,并应用商业软件对注CO₂驱的9套注采方案进行了数值模拟对比研究。结果表明：溶剂驱比纯CO₂驱的采收率更高,但减少了CO₂的埋存量;进行溶剂驱或水气交替驱到CO₂驱的转换可以使目标函数值更大;井控方法是CO₂埋存与EOR的最优方法,该方法累计产油量最大,储集的CO₂也最多。这些结论为油田三次采油提供了技术参考,也为减排CO₂提供依据。     

The Experimental Investigation of Nitrogen and Carbon Dioxide Water-alternating-gas Injection in a Carbonate Reservoir

Abstract

Floods were conducted using rock–fluid systems consisting of carbonate cores from Binak reservoir, which is located in southwest of Iran, oil and brine. The coreflood protocol consisted of a series of steps including brine saturation, absolute permeability determination, flooding with oil to initial oil saturation, endpoint oil permeability determination, and, finally, nitrogen and carbon dioxide water-alternating-gas (WAG) injections. The effect of slug size on oil recovery was investigated using immiscible nitrogen (N₂) WAG injection and the amount of oil recovered was compared with continuous injection of N₂. Experimental results show that ultimate oil recovery is not very sensitive to changing the slug sizes for N₂ WAG injection, although the slug size of 0.15 pore volume (PV) injection is better than others. As less PV is injected, a higher oil production rate is achieved. Also, N₂ WAG flood appeared to be better in performance than continuous gas injection (CGI) of nitrogen. Carbon dioxide (CO₂) injection was performed in three modes, including CGI, WAG injection, and hybrid WAG. Experimental results show that for optimization of oil recovery in CO₂ floods, a continuous gas slug of 0.4–0.5 PV followed by 1:1 WAG needs to be injected.     

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水气交替注入（ＷＡＧ）是两种传统采油方法的综合,是二次采油和三次采油中颇具潜力的一种方法。由于高粘度的水趋向于在高渗层形成屏蔽,而使气体进入油气藏基岩层或低渗层,提高了气体的驱扫效率。通过层状二维剖面模型的模拟研究,证明了在层状凝析气藏中水气交替注入的采收率比循环注气的采收率高,根据全组分模拟器模拟结果可知：水气比、不同的注入采塞、渗透率和残余气饱和度对凝析渍打收率的影响非常明显;崦注入次序、注入     

Experimental Investigation of Miscible CO2 Flooding

Abstract

Management of water alternating gas (WAG) injection projects requires making decisions regarding the WAG ratio, half-cycle-slug size, and ultimate solvent slug size. The impact of these decisions affects the capital cost and ultimate incremental oil recovery. Core flooding runs were conducted on 2 and 4 ft core samples. Injection scheme (continuous gas injection [CGI] vs. WAG), WAG ratio, and slug size were investigated. In addition, miscible WAG flooding as a secondary process was investigated and its efficiency was compared to the conventional tertiary miscible gas flooding. Miscible gas flooding at different miscible WAG parameters (WAG ratio and slug size) indicate that 1:2 WAG ratio at 0.2 PV slug size is the best combination yielding the highest recovery and tertiary recovery factors. Miscible WAG flooding as a secondary process indicated a higher ultimate recovery compared to the conventional tertiary WAG flooding. However, a larger amount of gas injection is consumed particularly in the early stages of the injection process. Miscible CGI mode conducted using n-Decane as oleic phase appears to have better performance than miscible WAG injection in term of recovery. When light Arab crude oil was used as oleic phase, higher recovery was obtained for miscible WAG flooding. The reversal trend seen in is believed to be due to the presence of crude oil, which alters the rock wettability toward an oil-wet condition, preventing the water blockage during the WAG process.     

气水交替改善CO2驱油效果的适应界限*

针对低渗特低渗透油藏CO2驱油效果差、气窜现象严重等特点,开展了CO2驱气水交替注入(WAG)方式改善CO2驱油效果研究,评价了岩心渗透率及其非均质性对气水交替驱油效果的影响;选取天然露头和人造非均质岩心,对气水交替的注入速率、注入参数及注入量进行优选,进行了WAG驱的适应性评价。研究表明,对于0.5×10^-3、1×10^-3和5×10^-3μm^2的低渗特低渗均质岩心,气水交替驱能够实现良好的流度控制作用,延长CO2的窜逸时间,且渗透率越低,气窜时间越晚;渗透率级差为5、10和50的非均质性岩心,渗透率级差越小,气水比越高,提高采收率效果越好。渗透率级差大于10时,气窜时间明显提前,特别是当级差大于50时,气水段塞无法有效启动低渗基质中的剩余油,快速气窜而无经济效益。利用气水交替在适应界限范围内可显著降低CO2流度,延长CO2窜逸时间,启动基质中的剩余油,提高剩余油采收率。图16表2参20。     

水驱后特低渗透油藏氮气驱驱油特性分析

特低渗透油藏水驱采收率低,注入压力高,而氮气在特低渗油藏具有良好的注入性。本文在特低渗透岩心水驱后分别进行了常规的注氮气、水驱后水气交替、水驱后脉冲注氮气驱替实验。实验结果表明:特低渗储层微观非均质性导致气体在大孔道易形成窜流,水驱后常规注氮气提高采收率的效果有限。水气交替通过多轮次的注入使油藏中不同相态流体的分散程度提高,在优势流动通道中形成毛管阻力,促使后续注入气体进入局部致密区,可有效提高采收率16.37%;脉冲注气通过周期性注气方式,在局部高渗区和局部低渗区间形成压力扰动与交互渗流,使流体在地层中不断地重新分布,从而启动油层低渗区原油,提高采收率15.94%。此外,脉冲注气的注气压力比较低,与水气交替开采方式比较注入性提高。图6表1参12     

扎尔则油田泥盆系F4顶层油藏注富气混相驱实验

在扎尔则油田F4顶层油藏开展富气混相驱,具有良好的储层物性和流体性质条件。长细管实验研究了注入富气组成对混相驱效果的影响,确定了目前地层压力、温度条件下注入富气的最小混相组成,并揭示注入富气组成在影响驱油效率的同时,也影响驱油速度,且在近混相驱范围内对富气驱效果的影响更为强烈。长岩心驱替实验表明:开发初期注富气效果要好于水驱后注富气,但水驱后注入最小混相组成流体仍可获得非常高的驱油效率,高含水油藏注富气混相驱有望大幅度提高原油采收率;随着富气注入量的增加,混相驱最终采收率也增加,但存在增幅减缓的"拐点",原因是轻烃组分超越原油流动,使有效驱替容积部分损失,气油比的"台阶"式变化将是经济确定富气注入量的重要标志;在富气注入量较小时,连续注入比气水交替注入效果好,建议扎尔则油田小型先导试验采用连续注气方式。     

低渗透非均质油藏提高采收率实验研究

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏水驱开发时,注入水易沿渗透率相对高的部位窜流,而低渗透层动用程度差,整体开发效果不佳.对此类油藏,研究水驱后进一步改善开发效果的可行性,并探索提高低渗透层动用程度的有效方法具有重要意义.本文通过长岩心物理模拟实验,考察了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏常规水驱后,依次采用间歇开采、注氮气、水气交替注入等方法对改善开发效果的作用,也探讨了该类油藏水驱后进一步提高采收率的可行性.实验结果证明,通过采取合理方法可以在水驱基础上进一步提高采收率.其中采用间歇开采最多可以获得采收率近7%,但作用有效周期少;注入氮气可以得到约6%采收率,但在气窜后易导致注入气无效循环;水气交替注入方式效果最明显,可以进一步提高采收率15%左右.