超磁致伸缩多层悬臂梁的场致弯曲

利用四参量模型系统研究了由超磁致伸缩（GMS）薄膜材料制备的多层悬臂梁的弯曲问题，其中包括GMS/NMS（非磁衬底）、GMS/GMS、GMS/NMS，GMS等悬臂梁体系．针对此3类悬臂梁研究了它们的弯曲挠度等弯曲特性与构成悬臂梁的各种参数的关系，为进一步设计和优化新型悬臂梁体系给出了一些建议性结论．计算结果表明，GMS/GMS双层悬臂梁，其挠度最大值总是大于具有相同几何结构的其它悬臂梁体系。当在悬臂梁系统中需要使用非磁衬底时，较软而且较薄的衬底有益于得到更大的弯曲挠度，相比之下，两层薄膜较硬，因此薄膜不宜过厚．两层磁致伸缩材料的最优厚度比主要由两层材料的弹性模量比决定，即较软的薄膜需有较大的厚度。由于弯曲后悬臂梁自由端位移向下．因此较硬的磁致伸缩薄膜2（沉积在衬底下表面上的薄膜）有益于增加GMS/NMS/GMS3层悬臂梁的挠度．     

TbDyFe磁致伸缩薄膜悬臂梁弯曲性能的研究

以TbDyFe磁致伸缩薄膜悬臂梁为研究对象,采用有限元分析方法(FEM)对薄膜厚度及薄膜与衬底材料的弹性模量比对悬臂梁最大挠度值的影响规律进行了研究.通过FEM计算发现:当薄膜厚度小于衬底厚度的十分之一时,最大挠度值随薄膜厚度线性增加,计算结果与文献的理论计算结果吻合很好;当薄膜厚度为衬底厚度的一半时,悬臂梁的自由端挠度值达到最大.磁性薄膜与衬底材料有效弹性膜量比值的增加可以显著地提高悬臂梁的挠度值,同时挠度最大值向薄膜/衬底厚度比减少的方向移动.     

超磁致伸缩材料ΔE效应理论建模与试验研究

为研究超磁致伸缩材料的ΔE效应,采用Jiles-Atherton模型和磁弹性效应相结合的方法,提出了一种考虑动态应力影响及系数变化的磁化模型。分别对磁场和应力作用下超磁致伸缩材料的磁场-磁化关系和应力-磁化关系进行建模,并根据胡克定律以及二次畴转模型计算出材料在应力和磁场综合作用下的总应变,得到不同外加磁场下材料的应变-应力环。通过对应变-应力曲线斜率的计算,得到超磁致伸缩材料在不同外加磁场下,弹性模量随应力变化规律。搭建了应力测试装置,对不同磁场作用下Terfenol-D的磁化-应力响应和应变-应力响应测试,试验结果与模型计算结果基本一致,结果表明,ΔE效应是磁场能量和应力各向异性平衡的结果,Terfenol-D最大弹性模量变化达到513%。研究成果为新型机电系统变刚度设计提供了理论基础和调控手段。     

平面应力状态的磁声发射效应与强度分布

本文研究了宽板试样拉伸时磁化场方向对磁声发射强度的影响，不同方向接收磁声发射强度值的变化，由此提出了确定平面应力的主应力方向的方法，找出了磁声发射信号在平面应力场中以磁化区为中心沿角分布的规律。此外，还测量了应力对磁声发射强度的影响。     

含缺口受拉平板塑性应力场的有限元分析

含尖缺口受拉平板三维应力场是断裂分析研究中常遇到的问题,进入塑性状态以后,缺口尖端的应力状态和分布与弹性条件下有很大的不同。通过有限元的方法对含缺口受拉平板的塑性应力场进行了分析,并进一步研究了厚度和缺口半径因素对缺口尖端应力场的影响。分析结果表明,缺口半径减小提高了平面内应力σx和σy,也提高厚度方向应力σz和平面应变系数,平面应变系数在塑性条件下趋于0.5;厚度对平面内应力σx和σy影响很小,但提高厚度方向应力σz和平面应变系数,平面应变系数在载荷较小时趋于材料泊松比μ,在载荷较大时趋于0.5。     

自旋阀结构中的力致磁阻效应

采用变分法研究了外应力场下铁磁单层膜、铁磁/反铁磁双层膜系统的磁化性质,进而研究了由铁磁单层膜和铁磁/反铁磁双层膜所构建的自旋阀结构中的磁电阻与外应力场之间的关系.结果表明,铁磁膜中的磁化性质与膜面内所加应力场的大小,方向密切相关,而反铁磁层的嵌入将明显地改变着铁磁层的磁矩向应力场方向磁化的行为.特别地,在应力场方向垂直于铁磁易轴情况下,当应力场日H_λ=2(K_1+K_(up)/3M)时,将发生磁化从易轴方向到应力方向的突变.为此,可采用自旋阀结构,通过其膜面内的应力场所调控的磁电阻效应,构建纳米尺度下的力磁传感器.     

应力生长FeCoSiB非晶薄膜的磁各向异性研究

采用应力生长方法，制备出受压应力和张应力作用的FeCoSiB非晶磁弹性薄膜，研究了薄膜中的应变大小对FeCoSiB薄膜的磁滞回线、剩磁、应力诱导各向异性场等磁特性的影响．结果表明，无应变薄膜在薄膜面内呈现各向同性，而有应变的薄膜呈现出明显的各向异性。张应力诱导的各向异性与应力方向平行，而压应力形成垂直于应力方向的磁各向异性。各向异性场随应变的增大而线性增大。     

弹塑性变形阶段力磁效应的有限元模拟

金属磁记忆研究的是由铁磁材料内部应力和应变引起的材料磁性质的变化,而不同类型的形变(弹性和塑性)对材料磁化的影响机制各不相同.本文利用线性强化弹塑性模型,结合材料不同变形阶段对材料磁化影响的物理模型,提出了贯穿所有变形阶段的力磁耦合模型.为了研究不同变形阶段金属磁记忆检测信号的变化,基于上述模型利用ANSYS有限元分析软件,对不同应力载荷下铁磁材料试件表面漏磁场的分布进行了模拟研究.模拟结果表明,弹性变形对金属磁记忆信号的影响并不明显,而小的塑性形变会使磁信号发生锐变.     

中间主应力对金属悬臂梁承载力的影响

基于双剪统一强度理论使用显式有限差分方法对矩形截面金属悬臂梁承载力的中间主应力影响进行了计算分析。通过分析发现,极限状态下悬臂梁的塑性应变的分布非规则圆扇形,而是接近对称三角形分布。中间主应力对悬臂梁承载能力的影响与梁的厚度有关。平面应力情况的悬臂梁比平面应变的中间主应力影响要低,平面应变情况下中间主应力对金属悬臂梁极限承载力的影响与梁的长度无关,平面应力情况下中间主应力影响随梁长度的增加呈先增大后减小而后趋于恒定的趋势。     

TbFeCo磁光薄膜飞秒激光感应超快磁化动力学研究

利用时间分辨磁光克尔光谱技术,研究TbFeCo磁光薄膜飞秒激光感应超快磁化动力学过程。观测到亚皮秒的超快退磁过程,符合"三温度"模型中由电子-自旋散射引起的超快退磁机制。磁化动力学的激发功率流密度依赖关系结果表明,随着激发功率流密度的增大,超快退磁程度增加和磁化恢复时间延长,符合"三温度"模型的解释。在衬底厚度不同的TbFeCo样品对比实验中发现,同功率流密度激发下衬底较薄的样品退磁程度更高,磁化恢复速率更快。     

功能梯度形状记忆合金复合梁的力学行为

功能梯度形状记忆合金（Functionally graded shape memory alloy,FGSMA）兼具功能梯度材料和形状记忆合金材料的双重特性,广泛应用于微机电、航空航天等工程领域。为研究FGSMA复合梁的弯曲行为,本文对形状记忆合金（SMA）力学本构方程进行简化处理,并根据复合材料层合板理论建立了FGSMA复合梁的力学模型,据此研究了SMA体积分数沿厚度方向呈线性变化的FGSMA悬臂梁内SMA纤维铺设角度对悬臂梁横截面应变、中面轴向位移、中性面高度和相变层高度的影响以及悬臂梁中面应变、曲率、SMA马氏体相变临界层高度和中性面高度随弯矩载荷的变化规律。研究结果表明:在弯矩载荷作用下,悬臂梁中性面位置与中面位置不重合,且悬臂梁上下层SMA马氏体相变临界层位置不对称;截面轴向应变绝对值随铺设角度增大而增大,截面纵向应变绝对值随铺设角度增大先增大后减小,中面轴向位移随铺设角度增大先增大后减小;随着铺设角度增大,悬臂梁中性面高度逐渐增大,拉伸状态下相变结束临界层高度先减小后增大,压缩状态的趋势相反;随着弯矩载荷绝对值逐渐增大,中性面位置高度表现出先稳定后减小然后逐渐增大的趋势,相变临界层逐渐向中性面位置靠拢;中面正应变和挠曲率随着弯矩载荷绝对值逐渐增大而发生变化,且变化率先增大后减缓。      

Mechanical behaviour analysis of buried pressure pipeline crossing ground settlement zone

Numerical simulation model of buried pipeline crossing ground settlement zone was established considering pipeline–soil interaction. Mechanical behaviour of the buried pipeline was investigated, and effects of ground settlement, pipeline parameters and surrounding soil parameters on mechanical behaviour of the buried pipeline were discussed. These results show that there are two high stress areas on both sides of the dividing plane. High stress areas are oval on the top and bottom of the pipeline. Z-shape bending deformation appears under the action of ground settlement. In ground settlement zone, axial strain on the top of the pipeline is compression strain, and axial strain on the bottom of the pipeline is tension strain. On the contrary, they are tension strain and compression strain respectively in no settlement zone. Bending deformation, axial strain and plastic strain of the buried pipeline increase with the increase in ground settlement. Von Mises stress, high stress area, axial strain and plastic strain of the buried pipeline increase with the increasing diameter-thick ratio and internal pressure, but they decrease with the increase in buried depth. Diameter-thick ratio and internal pressure have a small effect on the bending deformation of the buried pipeline. Bending deformation decreases with the increase in buried depth in ground settlement zone. Von Mises stress and high stress area increase with the increasing surrounding soil’s elasticity modulus and cohesion, but they increase first and then decrease with the increase in Poisson’s ratio. Bending deformation of the pipeline in no settlement zone increases with the increase in elasticity modulus and Poisson’s ratio, but it is affected little by the cohesion. Axial strain and plastic strain have a bigger relationship with the elasticity modulus and Poisson’s ratio. Axial strain and plastic strain of the buried pipeline increase with the increase in cohesion, and the change rates increase with the increase in ground settlement.     

Flux Pinning-Induced Stress in a Long Hollow Cylindrical Superconductor Restricted by a Metal Tube

The tensile stress in a hollow cylindrical superconductor completely restricted by a metal tube in a parallel magnetic field is investigated. Using the plane strain approach, analytical expressions for the stress distribution of the superconductor and the contact stress between the metal tube and the superconductor are obtained and show that both the ratio of Young’s modulus and thickness ratio of the high-temperature superconductors and the metal tube significantly affect the stress distribution in the superconductor explicitly. In addition, the flux pinning-induced stress in the above-mentioned superconductor is systematically studied by the exponential critical state model during the field cooling process. The results indicate that the metal tube can reduce effectively the tensile stress in the hollow cylindrical superconductor during the magnetization process. The findings suggest that the appropriate selection of material parameters and size of the metal tube can improve superconductor performance efficiently.     

考虑初始残余应力的板料弯曲回弹理论分析

在实际弯曲加工过程中,板料内部如果带有初始残余应力,将与弯曲应力发生叠加,对板料的回弹产生一定的影响。由于传统的回弹理论都没有考虑初始残余应力的影响,该文基于平面应变假设,采用服从Mises屈服准则和线性强化材料模型,推导了考虑初始残余应力的板料弯曲回弹角近似公式并基于有限元软件ABAQUS进行了残余应力板料弯曲回弹仿真对比分析。理论计算与仿真结果具有较好的一致性,验证了理论模型的正确性。研究结果表明,残余应力和厚度对板料回弹均有较大影响：沿宽度方向,不同初始残余应力处的板料回弹并不均匀;增大初始残余应力峰值和减小板料厚度均使不同初始残余应力处板料的回弹差值增大。     

Influence of residual stress on diffusion-induced bending in bilayered microcantilever sensors

The influence of residual stress on diffusion-induced bending in bilayered microcantilever sensors has been analyzed under the framework of thermodynamic theory and Fick's second law. A self-consistent diffusion equation involving the coupling effects of residual stress and diffusion-induced stress is developed. Effects of thickness ratio, modulus ratio, diffusivity ratio and residual stress gradient of film and substrate on the curvature of bilayered cantilever are then discussed with the help of finite difference method. Results reveal that the curvature of bilayered cantilever increases with decreasing the diffusivity ratio and modulus ratio of substrate to film at a given time. Case study of the polysilicon/palladium hydrogen sensor has been finally carried out using the above developed bending theory.     

Thermal stability and magnetic anisotropy of nickel nanoplates

The thermal stability and magnetic anisotropies of nickel nanoplates with {111} planes as the exposure plane are studied. The melting point of Ni nanoplates drastically drops as compared to that of the bulk one due to the significant increase in the surface free energy. For the large aspect ratio, these nanoplates tend to lie flat on silicon wafer and form a thin Ni {111} plane film. Both the coercivity and the remnant magnetization of the Ni film deeply depend on the applied field direction. As the angle between the film plane and the applied field direction varies from zero to 45° and to 90°, the coercivity measured at 5 K increases from 335 Oe to 373 and to 410 Oe. Correspondingly, the remnant magnetization decreases from 18.1 to 15.8 to be 10.4 emu/g.     

岩样单轴压缩峰后泊松比理论研究

研究了单轴压缩岩样应变软化阶段侧向应变与轴向应变的比值(峰后泊松比)的变化规律.岩样的塑性变形假设根源于塑性应变局部化.岩样的轴向及侧向变形被分别分为两部分:弹性变形(由虎克定律描述)及由局部化引起的塑性变形(由梯度塑性理论及几何关系确定).应变软化阶段的轴向应变-侧向应变曲线、轴向应力-轴向应变曲线及轴向应力-侧向应变曲线都得到了实验验证.在峰值强度时,峰后泊松比等于峰前泊松比.当压缩应力降至零时,峰后泊松比达到临界值.该临界值可能比峰前泊松比大,也可能比它小.峰后泊松比还和试件尺寸有关,这与峰前泊松不同.峰后泊松比与轴向压应力之间的关系可能是一条直线,也可能是上凸的,或上凹的.这取决于岩石的本构参数(弹性模量、剪切及软化模量、剪切带宽度及峰前泊松比)、试件的结构尺寸(试件宽度及高度)及剪切带倾角之间的关系.     

Thermoelasticity analysis of functionally graded beam with integrated surface piezoelectric layers

This paper presents analytical solution for functionally graded material (FGM) beams integrated with piezoelectric actuator and sensor under an applied electric field and thermo-mechanical load. In FGM host properties is assumed to vary exponentially in thickness direction and the Poisson’s ratio is held constant. The hybrid beam is in a state of plane stress and the piezoelectric is composed of orthotropic materials. The beam is simply supported with the bottom surface traction free and zero temperature. By using of state-space method in thickness direction and Fourier series in longitudinal direction, the solution can be made. To verify the accuracy of the present formulation, numerical results for the simple case is compared with results obtained in the published literature. Finally, effects of FGM index, electromechanical coupling, thickness ratio and thermo-mechanical surface boundary condition on the bending behaviour of beam are investigated.     

The effects of film thickness variations on the residual stress distributions in coated Cr thin films

Generally, the residual stress of thin film coatings is calculated using Stoney's equation. However, variables in the manufacturing of the coated film, such as crystalline particle size and the unevenness of the thickness of the film, cause the radius of curvature of the beam to vary all over the beam. The cantilever beam curves not only in the axial direction but also in the transverse direction. Therefore, the residual stress in a film coating comprises not only axial residual stress but also transverse residual stress, and its distribution is also not uniform. Under such conditions, Stoney's equation must be modified. In this study, Si was used as a substrate in the production of cantilever beam specimens. Chromium thin films of various thicknesses were coated onto the Si substrates. The 3D digital image correlation technique was used to measure the out‐of‐plane displacement of the specimens at various positions. Then the modified Stoney's equation was used to obtain the axial and transverse residual stress at each measurement point to study the effect of variations in the thickness of the thin film on the magnitude and uniformity of the distribution of the residual stresses. Three thin film thicknesses 1, 2, and 3 μm were studied, and three specimens for each thickness were used. For each specimen, axial and transverse residual stresses were obtained at nine test points, and the equivalent residual stress was calculated. The results of this study reveal that as the difference between the thicknesses of the coating increased, average equivalent residual stress decreased and the distribution of stresses became more uniform. By comparing the corresponding results for the 1‐ and 3‐μm‐thick films revealed that the confidence levels in the average value and uniformity of the equivalent residual stress distribution, which increased with thickness, were 92.81% and 80.57%, respectively.