在包装流水线中边缘检测算法的比较

阐述了经典边缘算子、最优算子以及自适应邻域算法、纹理边缘检测、边界跟踪技术以及神经网络方法等其它改进算法及其特性.经分析,Canny边缘检测算法以及由它改进得各种算法可以应用于包装的流水线控制中.     

Integrating human factors into process hazard analysis

A comprehensive process hazard analysis (PHA) needs to address human factors. This paper describes an approach that systematically identifies human error in process design and the human factors that influence its production and propagation. It is deductive in nature and therefore considers human error as a top event. The combinations of different factors that may lead to this top event are analysed. It is qualitative in nature and is used in combination with other PHA methods. The method has an advantage because it does not look at the operator error as the sole contributor to the human failure within a system but a combination of all underlying factors.     

哈密顿量明显与时间有关系统的量子论

给出了明显与时间有关量子振动系统的哈密顿量的普遍形式。由量子湮灭算符和量子产生算符,构造了一组满足特定对易关系的量子算符,并由这组算符构造一个不变量算符,建立算符代数理论,由此得到量子振动系统的能级和波函数的具体表示。以一维量子阻尼振动系统为例,对该量子系统的量子力学问题进行了讨论。     

应用规范化公式的MCDM保序研究

规范化公式的应用会破坏方案之间的独立性，导致逆序的产生。提出了两种改进规范化公式的方法以消除逆序，并以加权算术平均（WAA）集结算子的多属性决策分析(MCDM)为例验证了所提出方法的合理性和有效性。改进后的规范化公式不仅可以应用于WAA算子，还可以应用到其他类似的决策算子中。改进后规范化公式的应用可以降低和消除规范化公式对无关方案独立性的影响，使得MCDM决策过程更加合理、科学。     

A novel multiple attribute material selection approach with uncertain membership linguistic information

In engineering design, the decision to select an optimal material has become a challenging task for the designers, and the evaluation of alternative materials may be based on some multiple attribute decision making (MADM) methods. However, the current methods for material selection may induce the information losing and cannot represent the real preference of decision maker precisely. Therefore, in this paper, inspired by the idea of the intuitionistic linguistic variables, we define a new fuzzy variable called uncertain membership linguistic variable (UMLV) which composes two linguistic variables and membership degrees of elements to the linguistic variables. Meanwhile, the operational laws, score function, accuracy function and comparison rules of the UMLV are defined. Then, some aggregation operators are developed for aggregating the uncertain membership linguistic information such as the uncertain membership linguistic weighted average (UMLWA) operator, the uncertain membership linguistic weighted geometric (UMLWG) operator, the uncertain membership linguistic ordered weighted average (UMLOWA) operator and the uncertain membership linguistic ordered weighted geometric (UMLOWG) operator, and some desirable properties of these operators are discussed. Based on the proposed operators, an approach is proposed for material selection problems under uncertain membership linguistic environment. Finally, two numerical examples for material selection are given to illustrate the application of the proposed approach.     

工业系统监控作业中的人因失误研究综述

目的 对工业系统监控作业中的人因失误相关研究进行梳理和分析,以了解其研究现状及发展趋势。方法 通过文献研究法,梳理并界定人因失误的概念,归纳出人因失误的性质与特征。通过对监控作业的演变研究,总结出目前工业系统数字化监控作业的人因特征。从核电、航空、轨道交通、电力系统等行业出发,分析监控作业人员的认知行为模型,探究人因失误产生机制,梳理人因失误辨识方法,分析其在工业系统监控作业中的适用性,识别监控作业中人因失误的影响因素。结论 随着数字化监控界面的发展及作业情境的变化,监控作业人员的认知过程和行为响应方式都发生了改变,需要不断丰富人因失误理论,探究人因失误机理,为工业系统监控作业中人因失误管控提供理论依据。     

Finite-dimensional perturbations of linear operators and some applications to boundary integral equations

Finite-dimensional perturbing operators are constructed using some incomplete information about eigen-solutions of an original and/or adjoint generalized Fredholm operator equation (with zero index). Adding such a perturbing operator to the original one reduces the eigen-space dimension and can, particularly, lead to an unconditionally and uniquely solvable perturbed equation. For the second kind Fredholm operators, the perturbing operators are analyzed such that the spectrum points for an original and the perturbed operators coincide except a spectrum point considered, which can be removed for the perturbed operator. A relation between resolvents of original and perturbed operators is obtained. Effective procedures are described for calculation of the undetermined constants in the right-hand side of an operator equation for the case when these constants must be chosen to satisfy the solvability conditions not written explicitly. Implementation of the methods is illustrated on a boundary integral equation of elasticity.     

Operator monitoring in a complex dynamic work environment: a qualitative cognitive model based on field observations

Complex and dynamic work environments provide a challenging litmus-test with which to evaluate basic and applied theories of cognition. In this work, we were interested in obtaining a better understanding of dynamic decision making by studying how human operators monitored a nuclear power plant during normal operations. Interviews and observations were conducted in situ at three different power plants to enhance the generalizability of results across both individuals and plants. A total of 38 operators were observed for approximately 288 hours, providing an extensive database of qualitative data. Based on these empirical observations, a cognitive model of operator monitoring was developed. This qualitative model has important theoretical implications because it integrates findings from several theoretical perspectives. There is a strong human information processing component in that operators rely extensively on active knowledge-driven monitoring rather than passively reacting to changes after they occur, but there is also a strong distributed cognition component in that operators rely extensively on the external representations to offload cognitive demands. In some cases, they even go so far as to actively shape that environment to make it easier to exploit environmental regularities, almost playing the role of designers. Finally, expert operators use workload regulation strategies, allowing them to prioritize tasks so that they avoid situations that are likely to lead to monitoring errors. These meta-cognitive processes have not received much attention in the human information processing and distributed cognition perspectives, although they have been studied by European psychologists who have studied cognition in complex work environments. Collectively, these findings shed light on dynamic decision making but they also serve an important theoretical function by integrating findings from different theoretical perspectives into one common framework.     

Metrological features of color pyrometry

Summary An examination of the sources of errors leads to the conclusion that in many instances the methods of color pyrometry can improve the precision of industrial temperature measurements. This is the case in the measuring of the temperature of oxidized and other surfaces with a rough structure, of clean surfaces of many metals in different conditions, of components in closed furnaces (through windows, etc.). and in many other cases. Objective color pyrometers are particularly useful, for they have a high instrument accuracy and measure directly the redblue ratio. However, in making the color measurements it should be remembered that the selective, especially the changing, emission or absorption produces an error which often exceeds the error of the brightness method.     

Characterising the information requests of aerospace engineering designers

During product development, engineering designers raise several information requests that make them search through human and documentary sources. This paper reports research to characterise, in detail, these requests for designers working in a major aerospace engineering company. The research found that at a high level, a distinction can be made between requests to acquire information and to process information. The former are raised to access design and domain information. The latter, instead, are formed to define designs. For researchers, this study extends existing knowledge of information requests by characterising key differences in their nature and explaining how they are used in the design process. For practitioners, these findings can be used as a basis to understand the diverseness of information requests and how to channel efforts to support designers in information seeking. In particular, the research indicates that a strategy to support designers should enable the development of engineering communities that share information effectively and the introduction of techniques that facilitate the documentation of information.     

General Image-Quality Equation: GIQE

A regression-based model was developed relating aerial image quality, expressed in terms of the National Imagery Interpretability Rating Scale (NIIRS), to fundamental image attributes. The General Image-Quality Equation (GIQE) treats three main attributes: scale, expressed as the ground-sampled distance; sharpness, measured from the system modulation transfer function; and the signal-to-noise ratio. The GIQE can be applied to any visible sensor and predicts NIIRS ratings with a standard error of 0.3 NIIRS. The image attributes treated by the GIQE are influenced by system design and operation parameters. The GIQE allows system designers and operators to perform trade-offs for the optimization of image quality.     

产品包装的人性化设计

产品和产品包装是不可分割的整体,在进行产品包装设计的时候,就要充分的考虑人的因素,不仅仅要考虑包装的基本功能,还要有很多和产品相关的人性化考虑.比如在包装给人的信息方面和使用方面,多站在使用者的角度来考虑.     

On the notion of 'software independence' in voting systems

This paper defines and explores the notion of 'software independence' in voting systems: 'A voting system is software independent if an (undetected) change or error in its software cannot cause an undetectable change or error in an election outcome'. For example, optical scan and some cryptographically based voting systems are software independent. Variations and implications of this definition are explored. It is proposed that software-independent voting systems should be preferred, and software-dependent voting systems should be avoided.An initial version of this paper was prepared for use by the Technical Guidelines Development Committee in their development of the Voluntary Voting System Guidelines, which will specify the requirements that the USA voting systems must meet to receive certification.     

做有价值的设计：论包装设计的社会责任感

包装设计的商业性使得过度包装、技术洛可可式包装、相似化包装等诸多问题频频出现。面对这些问题,包装设计师要肩负起应有的社会责任,在包装设计时,关注环境保护,关注人的基本需求,关注文化,关注公共健康,做有社会价值的设计。     

Reasoning with multilevel flow models

Complex heterogeneous systems, such as power plants or petro-chemical process plants, nowadays contain complex automation for start-up and shut-down control and support systems for the operators. Often, however, the operator support and automation suffers from a lack of flexibility, and only functions for a number of well defined operating modes and pre-defined paths for the transition between these modes. This paper proposes an alternative and more flexible method for developing and describing intentional mode transitions, and for developing diagnostic systems, using Multilevel Flow Modeling (MFM). MFM models a system by expressing it in terms of its goals and in terms of elementary functions that describe the mass, energy and information flows in the system. This paper describes the use of MFM models as a basis for reasoning about the actions that are necessary to achieve the goals of a system or to obtain an intentional change in the system's mode. For this, data measured from the system must be used to update the state of the MFM model so that the state of the model reflects the state of the system. The outcome of the reasoning can be used as support for an operator or for automated control of complex systems. This paper defines the relevant states for goals and flow functions and presents a set of rules for determining these states on the basis of measurements from a process. The relations between goals and functions, and among functions themselves, are discussed. A mechanism is introduced to produce a change in the desired mode of a process, and expressed in rules to implement this change. The approach is explained at the hand of a simple example system. An MFM model of this example system is presented, and used to illustrate how measured variables can be used to calculate the states of the elements in the MFM model. At the hand of the same model the rules for inferring the states of goals and functions, and for determining the required actions will be illustrated.     

Error analysis and applications in transportation systems

This paper presents an overview of the field of error analysis. Section 1 shows why discussions about human error are relevant for societal safety. With regard to safety research, it is important to predict abnormal events. At the machine side, reliability studies proved their value, but to predict failures in the human factor has been shown to be very difficult. Therefore, problems in how to define the notion of human error (Section 2) and how to classify different types of error (Section 3) are discussed. Some researchers started to use systematical classifications of human error types based on a recent, hierarchical model of human task performance. The outline of the model is presented. Examples of error analysis studies from the field of transportation research (Section 4) provide some basic suggestions on how to reduce error rates. Some conclusions on error control are given in Section 5. The responsibility of managers and system designers in this respect is strongly emphasized.     

Team performance modeling for HRA in dynamic situations

This paper proposes a team behavior network model that can simulate and analyze response of an operator team to an incident in a dynamic and context-sensitive situation. The model is composed of four sub-models, which describe the context of team performance. They are task model, event model, team model and human–machine interface model. Each operator demonstrates aspects of his/her specific cognitive behavior and interacts with other operators and the environment in order to deal with an incident. Individual human factors, which determine the basis of communication and interaction between individuals, and cognitive process of an operator, such as information acquisition, state-recognition, decision-making and action execution during development of an event scenario are modeled. A case of feed and bleed operation in pressurized water reactor under an emergency situation was studied and the result was compared with an experiment to check the validity of the proposed model.     

Auditory stimulus-response compatibility and control-display design

This study investigated spatial stimulus-response (S-R) compatibility effects for auditory signals, in order to suggest interface design recommendations. The auditory signals were presented in transverse and longitudinal orientations relative to the listener. The results showed that stimulus-response correspondence was the prime factor contributing to spatial compatibility and that there were spatial compatibility effects for both orientations. Relatively longer reaction times (RTs) and higher error percentages (EPs) were found for the longitudinal orientation than for the transverse one. The results suggest that the longitudinal orientation should not be used for getting attention and soliciting responses when using auditory signals. Transverse orientation signals produced quicker and more accurate responses. For faster reaction times, auditory signals should be positioned on the right hand side of right-handed operators. The length of warning time interval between an alerting visual message and the presentation of an auditory signal was shown to affect reaction time in the transverse stimulus orientation. To shorten reaction times, people should be given a greater than 1-s, and preferably a 3-s, forewarning period before being asked to make a response. For both orientations, reaction times varied with assigned hand posture, indicating that the layout of response keys on, for example, a control console should be compatible with the hand posture of the operators. Uncrossed hand posture should be assigned in the transverse orientation and the right and left hands should be used for the rear and front keys, respectively, in the longitudinal orientation. This study showed that in man–machine interface design, in addition to spatial S-R compatibility, hand position and an appropriate warning time should also be considered.