A novel graphite-polyurethane composite electrode modified with thiol-organofunctionalized silica for the determination of copper ions in ethanol fuel

A graphite-polyurethane composite modified with 2-benzothiazolethiol organofunctionalized silica was evaluated as an alternative electrode in the determination of Cu²⁺ ions in ethanol fuel samples, on the basis of a differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry procedure. This metal can be quantified by mixing ethanol fuel with 0.10 mol L⁻¹ KNO₃ aqueous solution and subsequent voltammetric measurement after the accumulation step. A maximum limit of 70% (v/v) ethanol in potassium nitrate aqueous solution was obtained for voltammetric measurements without loss of sensitivity for metal species. Factors affecting the pre-concentration and stripping steps were investigated and optimum conditions were employed to develop the analytical procedure. Using 20 min of accumulation time, the linear range of 0.1-1.2 μmol L⁻¹ was obtained with the limit of detection of 3.9 × 10⁻⁸ mol L⁻¹. The developed electrode was successfully applied to determine Cu²⁺ in commercial ethanol fuel samples. The proposed method was compared with a traditional analytical technique, the flame atomic absorption spectrometry, and no significant differences between the results obtained by both methods were observed according to statistical evaluation.     

介体型电流式酶传感器中电子媒介体的研究进展

评述了国内外介体型电流式酶生物传感器用电子媒介体的研究进展。重点叙述了电子媒介体的分类、特点与介体型酶生物传感器的性能。指出了应用不同类型电子媒介体的酶生物传感器的优缺点 ,并对其发展方向予以展望     

柠檬酸钠生产新工艺的研究

提出了两种生产柠檬酸钠新工艺:①用Na_2SO_4代替部分H_2SO_4,②采用自行研制的活化剂αG-2。两种工艺均在不同程度上解决了现行工艺中存在的生产成本高、周期长、副产品利用率低及环境污染等问题。仅在原料成本上就比现行工艺降低15%～30%。     

A novel high-performance counter electrode for dye-sensitized solar cells

A novel Pt counter electrode for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSC) was prepared by thermal decomposition of H₂PtCl₆ on NiP-plated glass substrate. The charge-transfer kinetic properties of the platinized NiP-plated glass electrode (Pt/NiP electrode) for triiodide reduction were studied by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Pt/NiP electrode has the advantage over the platinized FTO conducting glass electrode (Pt/FTO electrode) in increasing the light reflectance and reducing the sheet resistance leading to improve the light harvest efficiency and the fill factor of the dye-sensitized solar cells effectively. The photon-to-current efficiency and the overall conversion efficiency of DSC using Pt/NiP counter electrode is increased by 20% and 33%, respectively, compared to that of using Pt/FTO counter electrode. Examination of the anodic dissolution and the long-term test on the variation of charge-transfer resistance indicates the good stability of the Pt/NiP electrode in the electrolyte containing iodide/triiodide.     

Development of a novel electrochemical immuno-assay using a screen printed electrode for the determination of secretory immunoglobulin A in human sweat

This paper reports on the steps involved in the development of a novel electrochemical immunoassay for secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) determinations in human sweat. This novel immunoassay involves an initial step whereby sweat sIgA is adsorbed onto a polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membrane (sweat patch). Following a wash step, a solution containing bovine serum albumin (BSA) is used to block any sites at which non-specific binding might occur. After a second wash step, the PVDF sweat patch is transferred to a second tube to which is added diluent and anti-sIgA antibody conjugated to horseradish peroxidase (HRP). Following an incubation step, an aliquot of supernatant containing unbound antibody is transferred to a well in a 96 well plate format which had been previously coated with sIgA. After a second incubation step and wash step, 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) is added to the same well and left to undergo enzymatic oxidation. Finally a screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE) is inserted into the well and any oxidised TMB is detected by chronoamperometry using an applied potential of +50 mV. The resulting reduction current is then referred to a calibration plot to deduce the unknown sIgA concentration. The optimisation of the steps involved in this assay is described in detail. Some preliminary data is presented on sweat sIgA levels collected from human volunteers who had undergone a controlled exercise regime on a bicycle (Ergociser). To our knowledge this is the first report where a sweat patch and a SPCE have been successfully incorporated into an immunoassay for sIgA.     

柠檬酸三丁酯、乙酰柠檬酸三丁酯的合成进展

概述了柠檬酸酯增塑剂中两个主要品种柠檬酸三丁酯和乙酰柠檬酸三丁酯的催化合成进展。介绍了固体超强酸、稀土固体酸,杂多酸等催化剂的催化效果和特点。指出高效,无毒,无公害的催化剂的是今后研究的重点。     

阳树脂合成柠檬酸钙的电化学自动分析系统

基于流动注射流通式Na/Ca微电极串联动态电化学自动检测系统,给出了一种阳树脂在线离子交换连续合成高纯度柠檬酸钙的新方法,并实现了对阳树脂柱的运行状态及流出液中柠檬酸钙含量的同时自动在线监测。通过对此系统的相关影响因素进行了考察和优选,得到的结果是:检测系统的总离子强度调节缓冲液由80 mmol·L^-1 tris、175 mmol·L^-1 H₃BO₃、1 mmol·L^-1 KCl和0.025 mmol·L^-1 CaCl₂的混合液(pH 8.0)构成,样品注入体积为150 μl,总流量为2.26 ml·min^-1,混合盘管长度为120 cm(I.D.0.5 mm);检测系统的测定范围分别为2.0～1000 mmol·L^-1 Na⁺,0.2～50 mmol·L^-1 Ca²⁺;相对标准偏差(RSD)小于 0.68%;其检测下限分别为1.12 mmol·L^-1 Na⁺,0.093 mmol·L^-1 Ca²⁺。     

柠檬酸三辛酯的合成

以硫酸作催化剂,柠檬酸和辛醇(2 乙基己醇)酯化反应生成柠檬酸三辛酯,其最佳工艺条件为:酯化温度150～155℃,催化剂加入量0 20%,过量醇含量17%,碱洗碳酸钠溶液的浓度为4%,碱洗温度为90℃,脱醇真空为20kPa,脱醇温度为145℃,活性炭加入量为0 10%,产品收率大于98%。     

柠檬酸亚锡二钠的制备

以柠檬酸三钠、Sn Cl2、Na OH为原料合成了柠檬酸亚锡二钠,对反应条件进行了优选。得出下述最佳工艺条件:柠檬酸三钠对Sn Cl2过量2%,反应温度为80℃,反应终点p H值为6。沉淀经洗涤后为中间产物柠檬酸二亚锡,柠檬酸二亚锡与柠檬酸三钠以摩尔比为1∶1.2投料可制备柠檬酸亚锡二钠,产物亚锡含量29.5%以上。     

A novel electrochemical biosensor based on polyimide-boron nitride composite membranes

Polyimide (PI) and polyimide-boron nitride (PI-BN) composites as dopamine-selective membrane were synthesized. The structures of the monomer, pure PI, and PI-BN composites were characterized by FT-IR, SEM, and thermal analysis techniques. Experiment results showed that introduction of BN particles increased porosity, selectivity and improved heat-resistance of polyimide matrix. Selectivity of PI-BN composite membranes toward dopamine and interferences was examined by DPV technique. Electrochemical measurement results illustrated that polyimide membrane containing 5%BN possessed wide linear ranges, excellent sensitivity, selectivity, reversibility, and low detection limits (4?×?10^?8?M). The polyimide membrane was very high R value (0.9904).     

合成柠檬酸酯类增塑剂催化剂及柠檬酸酯类增塑剂的应用

介绍柠檬酸酯类增塑剂的最新发展概况,重点阐述合成柠檬酸酯类增塑剂催化剂的研究进展及柠檬酸酯类增塑剂的应用。合成柠檬酸酯的催化剂有磺酸、固体超强酸、杂多酸、离子液体和无机盐,柠檬酸酯类增塑剂应用于食品包装、儿童玩具和医疗器具。展望柠檬酸酯类增塑剂的发展前景。     

Voltammetric studies of a novel bicopper complex modified glassy carbon electrode for the simultaneous determination of dopamine and ascorbic acid

A novel modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE) with a binuclear copper complex was fabricated using a cyclic voltammetric method in phosphate buffer solution. This modified electrode shows very efficient electrocatalytic activity for anodic oxidation of both dopamine (DA) and ascorbic acid (AA) via substantial decrease in anodic overpotentials for both compounds. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) using this modified electrode show two well-resolved anodic waves for the oxidation of DA and AA in mixed solution, which makes it possible for simultaneous determination of both compounds. Linear analytical curves were obtained in the ranges 2.0–120.0 μM and 5.0–160.0 μM for DA and AA concentrations by using DPV methods, respectively. The detection limits were 1.4 × 10⁻⁶ M of DA and 2.8 × 10⁻⁶ M of AA. This electrode was used for AA and DA determinations in medicine and foodstuff samples with satisfactory results.     

A novel method for the determination of acid value of vegetable oils

The voltammetric behavior of naphthoquinone in the presence of free fatty acids (FFA) at the polypyrrole (PPy)‐modified electrode was investigated in an ethanol/1,2‐dichloroethane (3 : 1) solution containing 0.1 M LiClO₄. A well‐defined new reduction peak appeared at a more positive potential and was higher than that obtained at the bare Pt electrode. Based on the fact that the new reduction peak current showed a good correlation with the concentration of fatty acids, an electroanalytical method for the acid value (AV) of vegetable oils was developed using the PPy‐modified electrode in linear potential sweep voltammetry. The experimental parameters were optimized to obtain a sensitive voltammetric response in this work. A linear calibration graph was obtained in the concentration range of 5.0×10^–6–6×10^–3 M for FFA (R = 0.993), with a sensitivity of 2.41×10^–2 A L/mol and a detection limit of 1.2×10^–6 M (S/N = 3). Each assay of vegetable oil sample took about 80 s. The developed method is applied to the AV determination of six commercial vegetable oils. The results well agreed with those obtained by the titration method. Compared to the conventional titration method, the proposed method is superior in sensitivity and accuracy and requires a small amount of vegetable oil sample, with no pretreatment.     

柠檬酸盐电解退铜液中游离柠檬酸根浓度的分析

采用络合离定法测定柠檬酸盐电解退铜液中游离柠檬酸根的浓度。阐述了该方法的原理，探讨了返滴定金属离子及滴定PH值的选择，结果表明，采用Fe^2作为返滴金属离子在PH值为5．28－5．55之间测量误差小于10％。     

离子电极法测定饲料中水溶性氯化物

本文利用离子选择性电极测定饲料中的氯化物含量。试验结果表明，该方法简便、准确、快速。     

Screen‐printed biosensor for allergens

Allergen levels in indoor environments, leading to many diseases, eg asthma, rhinitis and conjunctivitis, affect a large and increasing fraction of the population. A quite effective and inexpensive method of a rough but very rapid overall assessment of total allergen level in the environment has been developed. The method involved estimation of protein in allergen extracts by screen‐printed electrodes using two different techniques. The biosensor comprised a rhodinised carbon working electrode, a silver/silver chloride reference electrode and a carbon counter electrode. In the first method the enzyme protease reacted with allergen protein to release amino acid, which produced hydrogen peroxide in the presence of amino acid oxidase. This was detected amperometrically. The second method used potassium bromide as electrolyte and the electrode was subjected to dual potential. Bromine, released due to electrolysis at higher potential, was consumed by the allergen protein at lower potential. In the first method, a unique technique was used to microencapsulate the enzyme protease and immobilise it on the surface of the electrode by in‐situ polymerisation to avoid contact with the amino acid oxidase. A total of seven allergens were tested and the results gave a good correlation with the standard protein measurement method. Environmental specimens from indoors, schools and workplaces can be evaluated for the aeroallergens produced by dust mites, animal hairs, cockroach debris, pollens, etc as a means of determining the exposure risk. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry     

桑色素修饰电极的制作及其应用于二丁基锡的测定

采用电化学聚合方式将桑色素修饰到玻碳电极表面,研究了该修饰电极阳极溶出伏安法测定二丁基锡(DBT)的机理和实验条件。结果表明:在0.05mol/LHAcNaAc底液中,修饰电极对DBT有良好的配合性。DBT的溶出峰电流与其浓度在2～38ng/mL范围内呈良好的线性关系,定量下限可达2ng/mL,方法的相对标准偏差为1.8%。     

生物燃料电池酶电极的研究进展

综述了生物燃料电池酶电极的研究进展,尤其是近年来在氧化还原酶的种类、电子介体电极、直接电子传递电极以及固定化酶等方面的研究成果。从提高生物燃料电池的转换效率出发,分析各因素对酶电极性能的影响,包括针对不同底物燃料使用相应的氧化还原酶实现电极之间的电子传递、小分子或聚合物中介体存在下提高电流密度、导电聚合物等修饰电极对直接电子传递效率的贡献,以及物理或化学的酶固定化方法增加酶的稳定性等。因此采用新材料及新工艺构筑酶电极,最大程度上保持酶的活性,提高载酶量及电子传递效率,将成为该领域未来的发展方向。     

Application of bismuth-film electrode for cathodic electroanalytical determination of sulfadiazine

A bismuth-film electrode for use in cathodic electrochemical detection was employed in order to quantify sulfadiazine in pharmaceutical formulations. The bismuth film was deposited ex situ onto a glassy carbon substrate. Analysis of two sulfa drugs was carried out by differential-pulse voltammetry in 0.05 mol L⁻¹ Britton-Robinson pH 4.5 solution. Sulfadiazine reduction was observed at −0.74 V vs. Ag/AgCl in one well-resolved irreversible reduction peak. The analytical curve with two slopes was obtained in the concentration range of 3.2-97.0 μmol L⁻¹. The detection limit was 2.1 μmol L⁻¹ for concentrations of 3.2-20.0 μmol L⁻¹ (r = 0.9949) and 12.2 μmol L⁻¹ for concentrations between 20.0 and 97.0 μmol L⁻¹ (r = 0.9951). Recovery studies carried out with both sulfadiazine samples gave values from 93.6 to 109.3%. The accuracy of the results supplied by the bismuth-film electrode was compared to those obtained by the standard amperometric titration method. The relative error between them was lower than 2.0%.     

Electrochemical behavior of a novel palladium pentacyanonitrosylferrate modified aluminum electrode

Novel inorganic film modified electrodes have been prepared by chemical deposition of a thin palladium pentacyanonitrosylferrate (PdPCNF) film on the surface of aluminum substrate. The modification process including the electroless deposition of metallic palladium on the aluminum electrode surface from PdCl₂+25% ammonia solution and chemical derivatization of deposited palladium to the PdPCNF film in 0.1 M Na₂[Fe(CN)₅NO]+0.5 M KNO₃+HNO₃ solution (pH 1.5-2.5), are described. The aluminum-based modified electrodes exhibit, one pair of well-defined voltammetric peaks which correspond to the Fe(III)/Fe(II) transition in complex structure. The effect of pH, ammonium, alkali metal and alkaline earth metal cations of supporting electrolyte on the electrochemical characteristics of the modified electrode was studied in detail. Diffusion coefficients of hydrated ammonium and alkali metal cations in the film (D), transfer coefficient (α) and transfer rate constant for electron (k_s), were determined. The high stability of this modified electrode makes it attractive in practical application.