An assessment of creep deformation and fracture behavior of 2.25Cr-1Mo similar and dissimilar weld joints

The evaluation of the creep deformation and fracture behavior of a 2.25Cr-1Mo steel base metal, a 2.25Cr-1Mo/2.25Cr-1Mo similar weld joint, and a 2.25Cr-1Mo/Alloy 800 dissimilar weld joint at 823 K over a stress range of 90 to 250 MPa has been carried out. The specimens for creep testing were taken from single-V weld pads fabricated by a shielded metal arc-welding process using 2.25Cr-1Mo steel (for similar-joint) and INCONEL 182 (for dissimilar-joint) electrodes. The weld pads were subsequently given a postweld heat treatment (PWHT) of 973 K for 1 hour. The microstructure and microhardness of the weld joints were evaluated in the as-welded, postweld heat-treated, and creep-tested conditions. The heat-affected zone (HAZ) of similar weld joint consisted of bainite in the coarse-prior-austenitic-grain (CPAG) region near the fusion line, followed by bainite in the fine-prior-austenitic-grain (FPAG) and intercritical regions merging with the unaffected base metal. In addition to the HAZ structures in the 2.25Cr-1Mo steel, the dissimilar weld joint displayed a definite INCONEL/2.25Cr-1Mo weld interface structure present either as a sharp line or as a diffuse region. A hardness trough was observed in the intercritical region of the HAZ in both weld joints, while a maxima in hardness was seen at the weld interface of the dissimilar weld joint. Both weld joints exhibited significantly lower rupture lives compared to the 2.25Cr-1Mo base metal. The dissimilar weld joint exhibited poor rupture life compared to the similar weld joint, at applied stresses lower than 130 MPa. In both weld joints, the strain distribution across the specimen gage length during creep testing varied significantly. During creep testing, localization of deformation occurred in the intercritical HAZ. In the similar weld joint, at all stress levels investigated, and in the dissimilar weld joint, at stresses ≥150 MPa, the creep failure occurred in the intercritical HAZ. The fracture occurred by transgranular mode with a large number of dimples. At stresses below 150 MPa, the failure in the dissimilar weld joint occurred in the CPAG HAZ near to the weld interface. The failure occurred by extensive intergranular creep cavity formation.     

热处理工艺对2Cr11Mo1VNbN耐热钢组织和性能的影响

 为了解决2Cr11Mo1VNbN钢短时持久性能低的问题,采用OM、SEM、TEM等手段研究了不同淬火和回火工艺下超超临界叶片用2Cr11Mo1VNbN马氏体耐热钢的组织、室温力学性能及短时持久性能。结果表明,随着淬火温度的提升,强度和硬度增加,冲击吸收功在1 075 ℃后呈降低趋势;1 125 ℃淬火+660 ℃回火后,该钢的649 ℃+228 MPa的短时持久性能明显提升。回火温度高于660 ℃,强度和硬度降低,冲击吸收功增加,短时持久性能急速衰减。微观组织分析表明,提高淬火温度,合金中的一次粗大铌的碳化物更多地固溶到基体中,析出数量减少,固溶强化作用增加,强度和硬度增加,使合金的弱化区减少,提高了材料抵抗高温变形的能力,改善了合金的持久性能。     

Microstructural and Finite Element Analysis of Creep Failure in Dissimilar Weldment Between 9Cr and 2.25Cr Heat-Resistant Steels

Microstructural analysis and the creep failure mechanism of dissimilar weldment between ASTM A213 T92 (9Cr1.5W0.5MoVNbTi) and T22 (2.25Cr1Mo) heat-resistant steels are reported. The low-Cr part that has high carbon activity shows a depletion of C during postweld heat treatment. In particular, the soft carbon-depleted zone (CDZ) with the lowest hardness is surrounded by strong weld metal (WM) and the T22 heat-affected zone (HAZ). Load-displacement curves obtained by nanoindentation experiments are used to extract true stress–strain curves of the WM, the CDZ, and the T22 HAZ by using finite element methods (FEMs). Because of the mechanical properties of each region, the soft CDZ confined between harder regions is exposed to multiaxial stress. Therefore, creep voids actively form and coalesce in this CDZ and lead to macroscopic brittle fracture.     

Study of Dissimilar Header Welding Between 2.25Cr–1Mo Steel and 9Cr–1Mo Steel with 9018 B9 Electrode Under Various Conditions of Post Weld Heat Treatment

Headers are an integral part of the power plant equipment which serves as junction for receiving and distribution of fluid. Headers are routinely used in high temperature applications in which various combinations of steels are used to achieve weight and cost savings thus optimising the use of steels. This paper intends in studying the evolution of microhardness and microstructure in a dissimilar header fillet welding between the base materials 2.25Cr–1Mo steel and 9Cr–1Mo steel when welded using 9018 B9 electrode and a constant preheat of 220 °C. The post weld heat treatment (PWHT) is varied at temperatures from room temperature to 770 °C and the soaking duration is kept at 1 h. The changes in microstructure and microhardness are examined with the help of micrographs, electron dispersive spectrum and scanning electron microscopy analysis. As the PWHT temperatures changes, the variation in microstructure and microhardness becomes very much evident which is detailed out in this paper. Also, carbon migration phenomena and its relation with the PWHT temperatures has been studied in this paper.     

Evolution and Coarsening of Carbides in 2.25Cr-1Mo Steel Weld Metal During High Temperature Tempering

Transformation and coarsening of carbides in 2.25Cr-1Mo steel weld metal during tempering at 700 ℃ for different time intervals ranging from 1 to 150 h were examined by transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. M3C carbides were observed in the as-welded specimens and when tempered, the precipitates were mainly composed of M3C, M7C3, and M23C6 carbides. A sequence for corresponding carbide transformation during tempering with initial precipitation of M3C and the subsequent precipitation of M7C3 and M23C6 was proposed. The precipitation of M7C3 with higher chromium content was the main factor contributing to the decrease in coarsening rate of precipitates after prolonged tempering. The decrease in hardness of the tempered specimens agreed well with the prediction of the weakening of precipitation strengthening owing to the coarsening of carbides.     

1Cr9Mo钢高速气-固两相流冲蚀磨损

采用自制的激波驱动气-固两相流冲蚀磨损试验装置,选取SiO₂、Al₂O₃和SiC颗粒,对煤化工常用材料1Cr9Mo钢进行高速气-固两相流冲蚀磨损试验研究.结合试件表面冲蚀磨损形貌,分析冲击速度、冲击角度、颗粒硬度、颗粒粒径、试件温度等因素对材料的冲蚀磨损率的影响.结果表明:在20℃和400℃下,1Cr9Mo钢的最大冲蚀磨损率均出现在15°-25°的冲蚀角之间,体现出典型塑性材料的冲蚀磨损特征;低角度冲蚀时磨损机理以颗粒的切削作用为主,高角度冲蚀时颗粒垂直撞击材料表面产生凹坑并致使凹坑周围的片状物碎屑从材料表面剥离;试件冲击速度指数在2.3-3.2范围内,磨损率受颗粒硬度影响较大;在相同冲蚀条件下,硬度较高的Al₂O₃和SiC颗粒对试件的磨损率比SiO₂颗粒高一个数量级;磨损率随颗粒粒径的增大呈现先递增后下降的趋势;在400℃时SiO₂颗粒对试件的冲蚀磨损率明显提高,磨损率最大值约为20℃时的3倍.      

10Cr4Ni4Mo4V轴承钢的高温性能

１０Ｃｒ４Ｎｉ４Ｍｏ４Ｖ钢的高温接触疲劳、高温硬度和高温冲击性能的试验结果表明，该轴承钢具有良好的高温硬度和冲击韧性，因残余压应力较高，碳化物细小，分布均匀，在２００℃接触疲劳寿命高于Ｃｒ４Ｍｏ４Ｖ钢。     

热处理工艺对新型Cr8Mo2VSi和D2冷作模具钢扁钢组织和力学性能的影响

 研究了热处理工艺对高碳、高铬冷作模具钢Cr8Mo2VSi和D2钢的组织和性能的影响,结果表明：Cr8Mo2VSi比D2钢的碳化物更细小、均匀;1020～1040 ℃淬火,Cr8Mo2VSi的硬度略低于D2,经高温回火后,Cr8Mo2VSi钢表现出更好的二次硬化效应,其硬度高于D2钢1~2（HRC）,并且比D2钢具有更好的强、韧性配合。     

40Cr10Si2Mo气阀钢的调质工艺研究

研究了不同热处理工艺后40Cr10Si2Mo气阀钢力学性能、调质硬度,以及在要求技术条件下的力学性能、调质硬度、金相组织与不同热处理温度之间的关系,找到了满足技术条件要求最佳的热处理工艺制度。     

1Cr12Ni3Mo2VN耐热钢退火工艺研究

利用光学金相、透射电镜和硬度测试等分析手段,研究了不同退火工艺对1Cr12Ni3Mo2VN耐热钢的硬度影响,试验结果表明:采用两相区加热退火+再结晶退火的两段退火工艺具有较好的退火效果,在两相区加热析出粗大碳化物对缩短退火时间非常重要,且随其加热时间的延长,最终退火后的硬度也降低;推荐的退火工艺为:770℃炉冷至690℃+690℃,退火时间依产品规格尺寸而定;退火软化程度主要受M23C6碳化物的粗化过程控制。     

W9Mo3Cr4V/45钢复合轧辊的液-固结合界面

 采用重力铸造液 固结合的方法对高速钢复合轧辊结合界面进行了研究,并对切取的小试样进行了完全退火、高温焠火+3次550 ℃×1 h回火处理。利用金相显微镜、扫描电镜、能谱分析、X射线衍射仪以及显微硬度计对试样进行了金相组织观察、结合面附近合金成分线扫描、组织成分能谱分析、显微硬度测试和X射线衍射相分析。结果表明：在辊芯45号钢表面电磁感应预热到1 270~1 300 ℃,外层W9Mo3Cr4V高速钢钢液浇铸温度为1 550~1 600 ℃的情况下,两者之间以熔合扩散方式形成了牢固的冶金结合;在铸态下结合界面宽度为40~50 μm,碳及合金元素明显向45号钢侧扩散,通过退火及淬回火处理后,高速钢中的碳及合金元素向45号钢侧进一步扩散,结合界面宽度扩大了100 μm左右,45号钢侧得到细片状索氏体组织,高速钢侧为回火马氏体+残余奥氏体+碳化物组织。     

热处理工艺对20Cr1Mo1VTiB螺栓钢持久性能的影响

 为了更好地验证20Cr1Mo1VTiB螺栓钢在国家标准和俄罗斯标准热处理工艺下的持久性能,采用SEM、TEM等手段研究了两种标准的热处理工艺对20Cr1Mo1VTiB螺栓钢组织及持久性能的影响。结果表明,相对于低温淬火+低温回火(俄罗斯标准)工艺,高温淬火+高温回火(国家标准)的热处理工艺生产的20Cr1Mo1VTiB具有更高的持久性能稳定性。俄罗斯标准工艺淬火温度低,未溶的块状富钛碳化物数量多、尺寸大,并且贝氏体内分布大量方(菱)形TiC,促进了蠕变孔洞的形成,因此持久强度下降速率更快。国家标准工艺淬火温度高,富钛碳化物回溶充分,数量少、尺寸小,回火过程析出细小的颗粒状VC,热稳定性较高,具有更高的持久强度。从持久性能角度,选用国家标准工艺热处理更加合理。     

1Cr5Mo合金钢管热处理工艺研究

文章通过实验室实验,对1Cr5Mo合金钢管在不同热处理制度下性能进行了研究,选择最佳热处理制度应用于工厂规模化生产。从实验室研究结果可以得出1Cr5Mo合金钢管优化的热处理工艺为:退火温度880~920℃,保温2.0 h,按上述优化工艺获得钢管各项性能均满足标准和用户的使用要求。     

淬火温度对30Cr15Mo1N高氮轴承钢组织和性能的影响

 利用金相显微镜、扫描电镜、Thermo-Calc热力学软件、洛氏硬度仪和冲击试验机等研究了淬火温度对高氮轴承钢30Cr15Mo1N组织和力学性能的影响规律。结果表明,随着淬火温度升高,钢中析出相（M23C6和M2N）逐渐溶解,基体中元素分布趋于均匀。在淬火温度低于1 050 ℃时,原始奥氏体晶粒未明显长大,高于1 050 ℃后晶粒急剧长大。随着淬火温度的升高,硬度先升高后降低,在1 000 ℃淬火后硬度最高。经低温处理后,30Cr15Mo1N的硬度明显提高,且并未发生显著降低。在900 ℃淬火后高氮轴承钢30Cr15Mo1N的冲击韧性最佳,而1 000及1 100 ℃淬火后韧性大幅度降低。     

焊后热处理对沉淀硬化不锈钢15-7Mo焊接接头组织性能的影响

研究了4种不同的焊后热处理工艺对半奥氏体沉淀硬化不锈钢15-7Mo焊接接头组织性能的影响.结果表明:焊接接头不进行热处理或时效热处理的焊接系数低于0.7,焊接接头进行调整+时效热处理后的焊接系数可达0.9,而对焊接接头进行固溶+调整+时效热处理后焊接系数接近1.接头不进行热处理或者是仅时效热处理时,薄弱区为熔合线靠近母材的区域,组织为奥氏体和少量的铁素体.进行调整+时效热处理或固溶+调整+时效热处理时,熔合线靠近母材侧的组织为板条马氏体、少量的铁素体和沉淀析出相,焊缝的组织为板条马氏体和沉淀析出相,薄弱区消失,焊接系数大幅度提高.     

Hydrogen attack behavior of the heat affected zone of a 2.25Cr-1Mo steel weldment

The kinetics of hydrogen attack (HA) has been studied in the heat affected zone (HAZ) in a 2.25Cr-1Mo steel weld to determine the relative rates of attack and bubble nucleation in the HAZ, base metal, and weld metal. The HAZ was found to suffer hydrogen attack at nearly twice the rate of the base metal, but not as rapidly as the weld metal. Nucleation of bubbles does not occur during HA of the HAZ of a 2.25Cr-1Mo steel, on exposure to hydrogen pressure of 20.5 MPa or less, but does occur at higher pressures up to 31.5 MPa (4500 psi) at 550 °C, or up to 27.5 MPa (4000 psi) at 580 °C. Such nucleation results in enhancement of the HA rate by a factor of six. The weak dependence of nucleation effects on hydrogen pressure and the saturation of the nucleation effects in a short time suggest some thermally activated nucleation of fresh bubbles. Formerly with The Ohio State University.     

Mechanism of Embrittlement and De-Embrittlement for 2.25Cr-1Mo Steel

 The constant embrittlement curve for constant segregation concentration on grain boundary of impurity element P and relationship between equilibrium grain boundary segregation concentration and operation time for 225Cr-1Mo steel were derived based on the theory of equilibrium grain boundary segregation. The mechanism of step-cooling test and mechanism of de-embrittlement for 225Cr-1Mo steel were explained. The segregation rate will increase but equilibrium grain boundary segregation concentration of impurity element P will decrease as temperature increases in the range of temper embrittlement temperature. There is one critical temperature of embrittlement corresponding to each embrittlement degree. When the further heat treating temperature is higher than critical temperature, the heat treating will become a de-embrittlement process; otherwise, it will be an embrittlement process. The critical temperature of embrittlement will shift to the direction of low temperature as further embrittlement. As a result, some stages of step-cooling test would change into a de-embrittlement process. The grain boundary desegregation function of impurity element P was deduced based on the theory of element diffusion, and the theoretical calculation and experimental results show that the further embrittlement or de-embrittlement mechanism can be interpreted qualitatively and quantitatively by combining the theory of equilibrium grain boundary segregation with constant embrittlement curve.     

锻造工艺对2Cr11Mo1VNbN钢横纵向组织及性能的影响

 为了解决2Cr11Mo1VNbN钢横纵向性能差异大的问题，采用OM、SEM等手段研究了不同墩拔工艺下超(超)临界叶片用2Cr11Mo1VNbN马氏体耐热钢的组织、室温力学性能及短时持久性能。结果表明，增加墩拔次数，对合金纵向的强度、塑性及冲击性能影响不明显；对合金的横向性能的影响主要体现在冲击性能和断面收缩率，当二次墩粗和二次拔长以后，横向冲击性能和断面收缩率明显提升。这主要是因为在经过多道次的墩拔工艺后，大颗粒的一次NbC析出破碎，同时在多次加热过程中进一步回溶，使NbC长度方向尺寸明显降低，降低了裂纹形成和扩展速率，性能得到提升。     

The effects of composition and carbide precipitation on temper embrittlement of 2.25 Cr-1 Mo steel: Part II. Effects of Mn and Si

The effects of additions of 0.7 pct Mn and/or 0.6 pct Si on the temper embrittlement behavior of 2.25 Cr-1 Mo steel at several hardness levels were determined. As in Part I, the tendency for the P segregation was dependent upon the Mo concentration in the ferrite, which is controlled by the types of carbides formed during heat treatment or aging. Additions of either Mn or Si increase the fraction of grain boundaries which adsorb P (although they do not increase the P concentration on the embrittled boundaries significantly) thereby raising the amount of temper embrittlement as measured by the transition temperature shift. Mn and Si appear to act independently and their effects appear to be additive; this is rationalized in terms of their expected influences on the segregation free energy for P in Fe.     

加氢反应器用大厚度12Cr2Mo1VR钢板的研制开发

介绍了加氢反应器用大厚度12Cr2Mo1VR钢板的生产工艺和主要技术难点,通过两次正火+回火的热处理工艺,促进了晶粒细化和组织均匀性,成功研制开发出182 mm厚度12Cr2Mo1VR钢板。钢板的综合力学性能及晶粒度均满足技术要求。