现代轨道交通刹车材料的发展与应用

分析了轨道交通车辆用盘形制动装置中闸片/制动盘组成的摩擦副的工作条件及其对材料的要求,介绍了铸铁闸片、树脂基闸片、铁基和铜基粉末冶金闸片的性能特点及适用领域,重点分析了粉末冶金闸片各组元的功能及摩擦磨损性能调控机制.基于制动盘热斑形成机理,阐明了闸片形状与排布对制动盘热源分布的影响规律.阐述了铸铁、铸钢、锻钢、金属基复合材料和C/C复合材料制动盘的研究进展,并指出了现代轨道交通刹车材料设计与制造的研究热点及研究方向.     

提速列车制动闸片的研制

以短切炭纤维、金属纤维等混杂纤维为增强材料制备了适用于我国提速列车客车车辆用的酚醛树脂基盘型制动闸片材料。用扫描电镜检测混料效果，用聚速板制订合理的热压成型工艺参数，用列车台架试验不同制动初速度时紧急制动，常规制动和洒水制动条件下闸片的制动特性。结果表明，研制的提速列车制动闸片材料的机械性能和制动特性指标都达到了我国铁道部门的相应技术要求，其摩擦性能在整个制动过程均十分平稳。     

摩擦衬片包角对盘式制动器尖叫影响的仿真分析

摩擦衬片包角对制动尖叫具有重要影响。针对某通风盘式制动器,建立有限元复模态模型并通过尖叫台架试验进行了正确性验证。基于该模型针对5种包角水平的摩擦衬片,通过仿真计算分析其对制动尖叫倾向性的影响,并从制动块自由模态特性、盘块间接触压力分布、不稳定模态频率及模态耦合特性角度解释了不同摩擦衬片包角对制动尖叫的影响机制。分析表明：摩擦衬片包角的改变会同时引起制动块结构特性变化和接触压力分布的变化,进而引起不稳定模态数量、频率和模态耦合特性的改变。     

Performance evaluation of brake pads developed using two different manufacturing methods

The aim is to study the effect of several distinct manufacturing processes, parameters and ingredients on the physical, mechanical and frictional characteristics of brake pad developed using hand lay method (sample 1), brake pad developed using hot compression method (sample 2) and commercial brake pad (sample 3). The non asbestos brake pad samples were compared with the selected commercial brake pad sample using pin on disc test set up. Results showed that friction performances of all three samples were insensitive to water and oil absorption test. Sample 2 had better mechanical properties and greater wear resistance than other two samples which are attributed to use of hot press method of manufacturing the composite and selecting the carbon-based ingredients. Sample 1 maintained high coefficient of friction even though manufactured with the help of hand lay method. Both fabricated brake pads are stable upto the temperature 220 °C without any weight loss and degradation. Brake pad surfaces showed different shape wear debris and plateaus significantly affecting the friction characteristics. Finally, the test results indicated that both fabricated brake pad samples have potential braking characteristics to be used as a brake pad material.     

Frictional performance evaluation of newly designed brake pad materials

This work is aimed to study the tribological properties difference of potentially new designed non-commercial brake pad materials with and without asbestos under various speed and nominal contact pressure. The two fabricated non-commercial asbestos brake pad (ABP) and non-asbestos brake pad (NABP) materials were tested and compared with a selected commercial brake pad (CMBP) material using a pin-on-disc tribo-test-rig under dry contact condition. Results showed that friction coefficients for all materials were insensitive to increasing speed and pressure. NABP maintained stable frictional performance as ABP material when contact temperature elevated. Moreover, NABP proved to have greater wear resistance compared to ABP and CMBP materials. Furthermore, the SEM micrographs of brake pad surfaces showed craters which is due to disintegration of plateaus. Finally, the test results indicated that the NABP has the potential braking characteristic for a brake pad material.     

制动盘对盘形制动摩擦性能的影响

在l：l惯性力矩制动试验台上研究了蠕墨铸铁制动盘和灰铸铁制动盘与所研制的合成材料闸片配副时的摩擦磨损性能。结果表明制动盘材质对摩擦性能有很大的影响：所研制的合成材料闸片与灰铸铁盘配副的摩擦副具有较小的速度、压力敏感性，较高的摩擦系数，较低的制动盘表面温度，但闸片的磨损量较大。     

Brake lamp detection in complex and dynamic environments: Recognizing limitations of visual attention and perception

Worldwide, both brake lamps and tail lamps on motor vehicles are required to be red. Previous studies have not examined the effect of this confound in a complex, high-traffic scenario in a driving simulator or on visuomotor behavior. In the first experiment, drivers detected brake lamps on nine lead vehicles and lane changes on two rear vehicles in a 15 min simulated night time highway drive. A second experiment was used to examine the findings in the context of pre-attentive visual processing research. A third experiment analyzed visuomotor behavior and subjective workload during a vigilance task to further evaluate this hypothesis. For all studies, tail lamp color was manipulated, resulting in two conditions: the currently mandated red tail lamps and red brake lamps vs. yellow tail lamps and red brake lamps. Compared to current rear lighting, employing yellow tail lamps with red brake lamps reduced RT, error, subjective workload, improved performance in detecting lane changes and also changed visuomotor behavior. It is suggested that the mechanism allowing better performance is pre-attentive, parallel visual processing.     

混杂纤维盘式制动闸片材料的装车实验研究

采用混杂纤维作增强材料生产列车客车车辆闸片,依据TB/T3118-2005进行了"现车运用试验".实际测量了闸片的磨耗和表面状况,在线测量了制动盘厚度变化并对制动盘表面进行了观测.实验结果表明,闸片线磨损率低,表面平整无龟裂、塌边和掉渣等,制动盘面光洁,无集中产生热斑和微裂纹等异常状况.摩擦学机理分析指出,混杂纤维闸片...     

汽车盘式制动器稳定性及非线性动力学分析

针对汽车盘式制动器摩擦产生振动的问题,提出了考虑时变摩擦系数的制动盘和摩擦片耦合的两自由度简约模型。基于劳斯赫尔维茨标准,分析了制动器模型的稳定域和不稳定域,并辨识了参数取值范围和共振频率。采用具有物理意义的参数数值,阐述了模型中不同角度与极限环稳定性和幅值的关系。基于两个参数的分岔图,分析了制动器系统的非线性动力学特性,证明了该系统存在混沌现象。分析结果表明摩擦片的质量、刚度及制动盘的转速等因素对制动器系统稳定性影响较大,为合理设计制动器系统及控制其振动提供理论依据。     

NAO刹车片树脂基体的研究进展

树脂基体作为粘结剂，对NAO刹车片的各项性能有着很大的影响，酚醛树脂已经不能满足要求，必须对酚醛树脂进行物理或化学改性。通过分析酚醛树脂的分子结构特点，指出了酚醛树脂的改性途径和方向。全面介绍了近年来常用的几种化学和物理改性酚醛树脂方法，以及对刹车片摩擦材料性能的影响。     

Finite element analysis of thermoelastic contact problem in functionally graded axisymmetric brake disks

An analysis of thermoelastic contact problem of functionally graded (FG) rotating brake disk with heat source due to contact friction is presented. Finite element method (FEM) is used. The material properties of disk are assumed to be represented by power-law distributions in the radial direction. The inner and outer surfaces considered are metal and ceramic, respectively. Pure material is considered for the brake pad. Coulomb contact friction is assumed as the heat source. It is divided into two equal parts between pad and brake disk which leads to thermal stresses. Mechanical response of FG disks are compared and verified with the known results from the literatures. The results show that the maximum value of radial displacement in mounted FG brake disk is not at outer surface. It is found that the all areas between pad and brake disk is in full-contact status when the ratio of pad thickness to brake disk thickness is 0.66. It is observed that the total strain due to thermomechanical load is negative for some parts of the disks, whereas, the thermal strains are always positive. It can be concluded that gradation index of the metal-ceramic has significant effect in the thermomechanical response of FG disks.     

A parametric study of golf car and personal transport vehicle braking stability and their deficiencies

This paper describes research and parametric analyses of braking effectiveness and directional stability for golf cars, personal transport vehicles (PTVs) and low speed vehicles (LSVs). It is shown that current designs, which employ brakes on only the rear wheels, can lead to rollovers if the brakes are applied while traveling downhill. After summarizing the current state of existing safety standards and brake system designs, both of which appear deficient from a safety perspective, a previously developed dynamic simulation model is used to identify which parameters have the greatest influence on the vehicles’ yaw stability. The simulation results are then used to parametrically quantify which combination of these factors can lead to yaw induced rollover during hard braking. Vehicle velocity, steering input, path slope and tire friction are all identified as important parameters in determining braking stability, the effects of which on rollover propensity are presented graphically. The results further show that when vehicles are equipped with front brakes or four-wheel brakes, the probability of a yaw induced rollover is almost entirely eliminated. Furthermore, the parametric charts provided may be used as an aid in developing guidelines for golf car and PTV path design if rear brake vehicles are used.     

SiC颗粒增强铝基复合材料制动盘的研究

采用半固态搅拌熔炼-液态模锻工艺制备了与Santana轿车前制动器相匹配的SiC颗粒增强铝基复合材料制动盘,对该制动盘进行了材料拉伸性能和微观结构分析,并在SCHENCK制动试验台上进行了制动性能和制动磨损试验。结果表明,复合材料的拉伸性能优于传统制动盘材料HT250铸铁;在各种制动工况条件下,复合材料制动盘对制动衬片的摩擦系数均在大众公司企业标准规定的范围之内,且较稳定;此外,复合材料制动盘质轻、耐磨,制动噪音小、温升低,运转平稳;因此,可望以其替代传统的铸铁制动盘,提高制动器的安全可靠性和服役寿命,减轻轿车悬挂系统的重量,降低油耗。      

Transient and thermal contact analysis for the elastic behavior of functionally graded brake disks due to mechanical and thermal loads

In this paper, the transient and contact analysis of functionally graded (FG) brake disk is presented. The analysis was carried out using ANSYS parametric design language (APDL). The FG brake disk is made of metal–ceramic material. The material properties vary in radial direction with the values from full-metal at the inner radius to that of full-ceramic at the outer radius. In the analysis, FG brake disk is in contact with one pure pad disk and coulomb contact friction is considered as heat source. The non-dimensional results are obtained for specific value of grading index (n = 1) by considering different material property divisions of 25, 50, 100 and 200. The results presented are for the pressure distribution, total stress, pad penetration, friction stress, heat flux and temperature during contact, for different values of contact stiffness factor, F_kn, which depends on the property gradation of FG brake disk with 200 material property divisions. The results show that the contact pressure and contact total stress increase with increasing values of F_kn, and hence it can be concluded that gradation of the metal–ceramic has significant effect in the thermomechanical response of FG brake disks.     

铁道机车车辆制动颤振现象分析

对机车车辆在低速制动工况下转向架及制动系统发生的颤振现象进行了系统分析。通过对制动中轮对与闸瓦摩擦副特性曲线、制动系统动态特性的分析研究可知,摩擦副负特性曲线是引起制动系统颤振的根本原因,可通过加强制动器与转向架构架连接刚度的方法来抑制和消除制动系统颤振。     

基于有限元的汽车制动器振动分析研究

汽车制动器振动形式的噪声,成为目前汽车研究的一个难题.首先在理论上,对制动器的振动特性进行了研究,然后利用ANSYS/LS-DYNA软件,对某汽车盘式制动器进行了瞬态动力学分析,得出了其振动曲线.模型研究得出,制动盘和摩擦片之间的摩擦力,是引起制动器振动的一个诱导因数,减小摩擦系数可降低振动.     

Influence of pad span on fretting fatigue behaviour of AISI 304 stainless steel

The present work deals with the influence of pad span on fretting fatigue behaviour of AISI 304 stainless steel. Relative slip is one of the three primary variables influencing fretting fatigue behaviour. The relative slip can be modified by changing the pad span and/or cyclic stress. In the present study, the effect of relative slip was studied at different cyclic stress levels and by using fretting pads with three different pad span values (15, 20 and 30 mm). The relative slip increased with an increase in pad span and cyclic stress. Samples tested with fretting pads having longer pad span (30 mm) exhibited longer lives. Though the specimens tested with pads having longer pad span experienced higher frictional stress and tangential force coefficient compared with those tested with pads having smaller pad span (15 or 20 mm), the relative slip values were larger in the former. Due to larger relative slip values it was assumed that small cracks initiated by fretting fatigue would have been worn away due to wear damage. Due to this the specimens tested with pads having longer pad span exhibited enhanced fretting fatigue lives. More deformation-induced martensite formed in the samples tested with pads having longer pad span owing to longer lives.     

多纤维增强重型汽车制动器摩擦材料的摩擦磨损性能研究

采用芳纶浆粕、玻璃纤维、硅灰石纤维和钛酸钾晶须多纤维混杂增强制备重型汽车制动器摩擦材料.利用XD-MSM型定速摩擦试验机,考察了摩擦材料的摩擦系数和磨损率随温度变化的情况,并且通过扫描电镜观察了摩擦材料在不同温度下磨损后的表面形貌,分析其摩擦磨损机理.研究结果表明,所研制的摩擦材料具有足够的机械性能和优异的摩擦磨损性能,热衰退小、恢复性能好、耐磨损,可满足重型汽车制动性能的要求.材料在中高温下主要是磨粒磨损和热疲劳磨损,同时伴随着粘着磨损.     

盘式制动片的特征参数对制动噪声的影响

构建了一个质量集中参数模型来研究耦合摩擦力对产生制动啸叫的影响，从理论模型复域特征值的研究可以揭示出产生啸叫噪声的本质原因。利用构建的质量集中参数模型对盘式制动片的各项特征参数进行了研究，由此推导出获得稳定频域响应的概念设计思路，对制动系统的有限元优化设计提供了很好的途径。     

Applying visual attention theory to transportation safety research and design: Evaluation of alternative automobile rear lighting systems

This field experiment takes a novel approach in applying methodologies and theories of visual search to the subject of conspicuity in automobile rear lighting. Traditional rear lighting research has not used the visual search paradigm in experimental design. It is our claim that the visual search design uniquely uncovers visual attention processes operating when drivers search the visual field that current designs fail to capture. This experiment is a validation and extension of previous simulator research on this same topic and demonstrates that detection of red automobile brake lamps will be improved if tail lamps are another color (in this test, amber) rather than the currently mandated red. Results indicate that when drivers miss brake lamp onset in low ambient light, RT and error are reduced in detecting the presence and absence of red brake lamps with multiple lead vehicles when tail lamps are not red compared to current rear lighting which mandates red tail lamps. This performance improvement is attributed to efficient visual processing that automatically segregates tail (amber) and brake (red) lamp colors into distractors and targets respectively.