The corrosion behavior of amorphous nickel base alloys in a hot concentrated phosphoric acid

The corrosion behavior of more than 50 melt-spun alloys was examined in an 87 wt% H₃PO₄ solution at 433 K. Ni-(30–50)Ta alloys possess the highest corrosion resistance due to the formation of a hydrated tantalum(V) oxyhydroxide film containing a small amount of phosphate. Corrosion rates of Ni-(1–10)Ta-P, Ni-(15–20)Cr-P and Ni-(10–20)Mo-P alloys are comparable to that of crystalline tantalum metal. The corrosion resistance of the former two alloy families is based on the formation of tantalum(V) phosphate and chromium(III) phosphate, respectively. The surface film on the Ni-Mo-P alloys consists of molybdenum(VI) and Ni(II) oxyhydroxides and phosphates, and nickel oxyhydroxide seems more protective than molybdenum oxyhydroxide.     

Impedance of NiSi electrode in sulfuric-acid solution in the region of passive and transpassive states

The behavior of an NiSi electrode in 0.5 M H₂SO₄ in the region of passive and transpassive state (from 0.50 to 2.1 V (versus SHE)) is studied. The conclusion is made about formation of oxide film close to SiO₂ by composition on the electrode surface in the passivation process. Equivalent electric circuit modeling passive and transpassive state of nickel silicide is proposed. Thickness of oxide film and its specific resistance depending on electrode potential are calculated basing on the impedance data.     

Study of passive film on stainless steels and high grade nickel base alloy using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

Abstract

In the present study an assessment has been made of the air formed passive film and the passive film existing after a short exposure to a synthetic sea water environment on austenitic (UNS S31603), superaustenitic (UNS S31254 and UNS S32654) and superduplex (UNS S32760) stainless steels and a Ni base alloy (UNS N06625) using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Assessment of their corrosion behaviour has been made through use of electrochemical accelerated tests supported by post-test microscopy. The passive film on the Ni base (low Fe) UNS N06625 alloy is remarkably similar to those formed on the high Cr and Mo stainless steels. It has been demonstrated that the Fe/Cr ratio in the passive film is dependent on alloy composition and on the conditions to which the material has been exposed, and a general correlation between passive film constitution and corrosion resistance is evident.     

Prevention of transpassive dissolution of austenitic stainless steel counter electrodes in nickel based electrolytic coloring solutions for anodized aluminum

In low nickel ion containing, weak acidic, electrolytic coloring solutions for anodized aluminium, austenitic stainless steel counter electrodes dissolve transpassively. The role of nickel and cobalt ions in preventing the transpassive dissolution of AISI Type 304 and 316 austenitic stainless steel counter electrodes was investigated. Potantiodynamic polarization method was used. The test solutions were a buffer (29.66 g/lt boric acid), a buffered supporting electrolyte (32.6 g/lt boric acid + 26.18 g/lt magnesium sulphate heptahydrate + 14,95 g/lt ammonium sulfate) and the coloring solutions (supporting electrolyte with different nickel (27.6–101 g/lt as heptahydrated sulfate) and cobalt (33–166 ppm) content). The oxidation of bivalent nickel ions starts 200 mV lower than the transpassive dissolution of stainless steel. However, even a small amount of cobaltous ions (165 ppm) in the solution produces a much steeper oxidation peak on the top of the nickel oxidation current. In order to transpassively dissolve a stainless steel electrode in cobalt containing nickel solutions, anodic current must be greater than the combined oxidation peak of nickel and cobalt ions, otherwise the working potential of the stainless steel electrode is always kept at the passive region hence the transpassive dissolution is prevented.     

Ellipsometry of passive oxide films on nickel in acidic sulfate solution

Nickel passive film has been studied in acidic sulfate solutions at pH 2.3 and 3.3 by ellipsometry. During anodic passivation followed by cathodic reduction, the roughness increases with dissolution of nickel, being indicated by gradual decrease of reflectance. However, the ellipsometric parameters, Ψ (arctan of relative amplitude ratio) and Δ (relative retardation of phase), are relatively insensitive to the roughness increase. From the change of Ψ and Δ, δΨ and δΔ, during the anodic passivation and reduction, thickness of the passive oxide film was estimated with assumption of refractive index of n_f = 2.3 of the film. The thickness estimated is a range between 1.4 and 1.7 nm in the passive potential region from 0.8 to 1.4 V vs. RHE, having a tendency of thickening with increase of potential. Cathodic reduction at constant potential induces a change of the oxide film to an oxide film with lower refractive index of n_f = 1.7, accompanied by thickening of the film about 30% more in the initial stage of reduction for 30 s. The gradual decrease of thickness takes place for the oxide with the lower refractive index in the latter stage. The potential change from the passive region to cathodic hydrogen evolution region may initially cause hydration of the passive oxide of NiO, i.e., NiO + H₂O = Ni(OH)₂, and during the latter stage of reduction, the hydrated nickel oxide gradually dissolves.     

Dendritic grain growth simulation in weld pool of nickel base alloy

Dendritic grain growth at the edge of the weld pool is simulated using a stochastic numerical model of cellular automaton algorithm. The grain growth model is established based upon the balance of solute in the solid/liquid interface of the dendrite tip. Considering the complicated nucleation condition and competitive growth, the dendrite morphologies of different nucleation condition are simulated. The simulated results reproduced the dendrite grain evolution process at the edge of the weld pool. It is indicated that the nucleation condition is an important factor influencing the grain morphologies especially the morphologies of secondary and tertiary arms.     

Corrosion resistance of HVOF sprayed HastelloyC nickel base alloy in seawater

The nickel base alloy, HastelloyC, deposited by HVOF thermal spraying, was investigated to ascertain the characteristics as a protective coating for the structural steels under the marine environment. Its corrosion resistance was evaluated in addition to its physical and its chemical properties. The HastelloyC deposit with higher impermeability had a comparatively higher corrosion resistance in artificial seawater. It possessed a nature of general corrosion because of its contamination by oxidation of flying particles during the spray process. In the case of the porous deposit, a reaction similar to the crevice corrosion took place on pores between its sprayed particles.     

镍基合金薄板贴衬焊接技术及应用

介绍了在湿法烟气脱硫技术装置中烟道与吸收塔相接处腐蚀最严重区域采用焊接镍基合金C-276薄板贴衬进行防腐的方法,并对镍基合金薄板贴衬材料的焊接性、焊接接头形式的设计、焊接工艺制订以及现场施工质量的控制要点进行了阐述和探讨.     

The transpassive dissolution mechanism of highly alloyed stainless steels: II. Effect of pH and solution anion on the kinetics

The transpassive dissolution of austenitic stainless steels (AISI 316L, AISI 904L, 254SMO and 654SMO) in a 0.5 M sulphate solution with pH 2 was studied by conventional and rotating ring–disc voltammetry, as well as electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The main process in the transpassive potential region was found to be the release of soluble Cr(VI), while small amounts of lower-valency Cr or Mo species are released as well. Secondary passivation readily occurs for AISI 316L, whereas the remaining highly alloyed steels dissolve at high current densities in the whole potential range studied. The dissolution rate was found to increase in the order AISI 904L<254SMO<654SMO. Thus it can be correlated to the increase in the Cr and especially Mo content of the steel substrate. The impedance spectra contain contributions from the transpassive dissolution of Cr and secondary passivation, probably due to enrichment of Fe in the outermost layer of the surface film. A kinetic model of the process is proposed, including a two-step transpassive dissolution of Cr via a Cr(VI) intermediate and the dissolution of Fe(III) through the anodic film. The model was found to be in quantitative agreement with steady state current vs. potential curves and electrochemical impedance spectra. The kinetic parameters of transpassive dissolution were determined and the relevance of their values is discussed.     

Technical note: Transpassive anodic dissolution of nickel in sulphuric acid

Abstract

Anodic dissolution behaviour of nickel in 3 and 10M H₂SO₄ solutions in the transpassive region has been investigated. Nickel dissolution current efficiency has been determined by splitting potentiostatic polarisation curves into oxygen evolution and nickel dissolution curves by carrying out solution analysis. Nickel dissolution current efficiency is minimum at 1800 mV(SCE) in 3M H₂SO₄ and primary passivation is not observed in 10M H₂SO₄, To study the stability fo the passive film formed on the surface of nickel in 3 and 10M H₂SO₄ solutions, potential decay curves have been recorded from various anodic potentials.     

Effect of Schiff base as corrosion inhibitor on AZ31 magnesium alloy in hydrochloric acid solution

Schiff base derived from the condensation reaction of analar grade 1-amino-2-naphthol 4-sulphonic acid with cinnamaldehyde was prepared under microwave condition. The Schiff base was analysed by infrared spectroscopy. This Schiff base as a corrosion inhibitor of AZ31 magnesium alloy in 0.05 mol/L HCl solution was studied. The inhibition effect of the Schiff base compound (4Z)-4-(3-phenyl allylidene amino)-3-hydroxy naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid (AC) on AZ31 magnesium alloy corrosion was studied using mass loss, potentiodynamic polarization technique, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy methods. The potentiodynamic polarization curve shows that Schiff base AC inhibits both anodic and cathodic reactions at all concentration, which indicates it is a mixed type inhibitor. EIS results indicate that as the additive concentration is increased, the polarization resistance increases whereas double-layer capacitance decreases. The adsorption of AC on the AZ31 magnesium alloy surface in 0.05 mol/L HCl obeys the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

镍基合金焊缝凝固组织演变过程模拟和仿真

建立了一个元胞自动机与有限差分的耦合模型,并将其应用于镍基合金TIG焊熔池凝固过程的模拟.首先对焊接熔池内的各种凝固组织的生长进行了模拟,成功地模拟了平面晶、胞状晶、树枝晶、等轴晶的形态,并与试验结果进行了比照.进一步模拟熔池凝固时的凝固组织不同形态的演变过程,再现了胞状晶到树枝晶、树枝晶到等轴晶的转变过程.同时,采用溶质扩散模型模拟了扩散对溶质场分布的影响.结果表明,模拟结果与试验结果吻合良好.     

Dilution and microsegregation in dissimilar metal welds between super austenitic stainless steel and nickel base alloys

Abstract

Super austenitic stainless steels are often welded using high Mo, Ni base filler metals to maintain the corrosion resistance of the weld. An important aspect of this processing is the weld metal dilution level, which will control the composition and resultant corrosion resistance of the weld. In addition, the distribution of alloying elements within the weld will also significantly affect the corrosion resistance. Dissimilar metal welds between a super austenitic stainless steel (AL-6XN) and two Ni base alloys (IN625 and IN622) were characterised with respect to their dilution levels and microsegregation patterns. Single pass welds were produced over the entire dilution range using the gas tungsten arc welding process. Microstructural characterisation of the welds was conducted using light optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and quantitative image analysis. Bulk and local chemical compositions were obtained through electron probe microanalysis. The quantitative chemical information was used to determine the partition coefficients k of the elements in each dissimilar weld. The dilution level was found to decrease as the ratio of volumetric filler metal feedrate to net arc power increased. Reasons for this behaviour are discussed in terms of the distribution of power required to melt the filler metal and base metal. In addition, the segregation potential of Mo and Nb was observed to increase (i.e. their k values decreased) as the Fe content of the weld increased. This effect is attributed to the decreased solubility of Mo and Nb in austenite with increasing Fe additions. Since the Fe content of the weld is controlled by dilution, which in turn is controlled by the welding parameters, the welding parameters have an indirect influence on the segregation potential of Mo and Nb. The results of the present work provide practical insight for corrosion control of welds in super austenitic stainless steels.     

PCBN刀具切削镍基合金时的氧化与扩散磨损分析

通过切削试验研究PCBN刀具切削镍基合金的磨损机理,结合物质吉布斯自由能函数法分析了刀具前、后刀面氧化磨损的反应发生机理的差异性,得出发生氧化磨损的主要氧化反应方程式;并运用热力学溶解理论模型计算氮化硼在镍基合金不同元素中的溶解度,得出前、后刀面扩散磨损过程发生机理的差异性。结果表明:刀具的前、后刀面都发生严重的氧化磨损和扩散磨损,元素的扩散溶解加剧了扩散磨损的发生。      

Incoloy 825镍基高温合金电子束焊工艺及接头组织与力学性能分析

采用电子束焊,对空冷器管箱Incoloy 825镍基高温合金进行对接焊试验. 通过对焊接接头的组织观察,并结合拉伸力学性能以及接头的冲击韧性等试验,分析镍基高温合金电子束焊接头的组织和力学性能. 结果表明, 采用电子束焊焊接镍基高温合金可以得到良好的焊接接头,焊缝区组织由大片等轴晶和少量柱状晶组成;焊缝区没有出现明显的元素烧损现象;焊缝、热影响区硬度达到母材硬度值;焊缝接头抗拉强度达到600 MPa,接近母材抗拉强度,接头断裂形式为韧性断裂;焊缝和热影响区的冲击吸收能量高于母材区,其中焊缝区的冲击吸收能量达到了262 J,冲击断口形貌为韧窝状.     

Impedance investigation of the anodic iron dissolution in perchloric acid solution

The anodic iron dissolution in 0.5 mol dm⁻³ perchloric acid (HClO₄) was investigated by the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, the potentiodynamic sweep and the scanning electron microscopy measurements. The anodic polarization behavior of iron in HClO₄ solution showed that the strong current oscillations occurred in a narrow potential region, particularly the pitting corrosion was observed in the active dissolution region. These characteristics were quite different from those of iron in the sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄). At the potentials 82 and 132 mV more positive than the corrosion potential (−482 mV vs. SCE), the impedance spectra for the iron in HClO₄ displayed two inductive arcs; however, by gradually increasing potential the lower frequency inductive arc disappeared at −300 mV at first, and then the higher frequency inductive arc changed into a capacitive arc at −250 mV. Based on the impedance display of iron at various potentials, a reaction model involving two adsorbed intermediate species was proposed, in terms of which the impedance behavior at different potentials were described. Occurrence of the pitting corrosion in active dissolution region was explained.     

Preparation and mechanical properties of two nickel base alloy coatings achieved by electrospark deposition

Ni398 and Ni818 base alloy coatings were deposited on 1045 steel by electrospark deposition technique (ESD). Forming properties, thickness, microhardness and wear resistance of the coatings were investigated. The chemical composition and crosssection morphology were analyzed through energy dispersive spectrum (EDS) and metalloscope. The results show that the technological parameter window of Ni398 is larger than that of Ni818 electrode. However, other properties of the Ni818 coating, such as thickness and m...     

Effect of products of nitric acid reduction on active dissolution and passivation of nickel

For nickel in HNO₃ solutions, the passivation process is impeded and the range of its active dissolution is broadened, as opposed to in solutions of nonoxidative acids, which is stipulated by the interaction processes between metal surface and the products of cathode reduction of the solution. It has been shown that the products of cathode reaction promote the occurrence of a new electronegative reaction of nickel dissolution in the form of a complex with ammonia, the ligand formed on the cathode. Moreover, the intermediate products of NO reduction to NO₂ by interacting with nickel surface displace passivating oxygen and, therefore, retard the process of electrode passivation. The kinetic control of the cathode reaction of HNO₃ reduction within the potential range of active dissolution of nickel is connected with the complicated NO desorption from nickel surface, which virtually eliminates the possibility of the development of homogeneous autocatalysis within a certain potential range.     

Inhibition and promotion of anodic dissolution of eutectic bismuth-tin alloy in sulfate solution by organic additives

The effect of additives, such as benzotriazole, benzimidazole, and potassium oleate, on the anodic dissolution and passivation of the eutectic bismuth-tin alloy is studied as dependent on the sodium sulfate concentration. The results of measurements on the alloy, bismuth, and tin are compared.