Thermal,mechanical, and diffusional properties of nylon 6/ABS polymer blends: Compatibilizer effect

The thermal, mechanical, and water absorption properties of blends of nylon 6 (PA6) and acrylonitrile‐butadiene‐styrene copolymer (ABS) with and without the compatibilizer maleic anhydride (MAH) were studied. Polymers were melt‐blended using a twin screw extruder, and injection molded into sheets. Tensile and impact properties, hardness, heat deflection resistance, and dimensional stability were enhanced by the incorporation of MAH. Synergistic effects were observed for tensile elongation and flexural properties. The melting temperature and the thermal stability were not significantly affected by the incorporation of MAH. The mechanical property enhancement by the introduction of compatibilizer was explained by the formation of a micro‐domain structure in the blends. The equilibrium water uptake increased with increasing concentration of PA6, and the diffusion coefficient was determined from the water transport kinetics at different temperatures. Activation energy was extracted from the temperature dependence of the diffusion coefficient. No compatibilizer effect was observed in the swelling behavior.     

Phase morphology,thermomechanical, and crystallization behavior of uncompatibilized and PP‐g‐MAH compatibilized polypropylene/polystyrene blends

In this article, we discuss the phase morphology, thermal, mechanical, and crystallization properties of uncompatibilized and compatibilized polypropylene/polystyrene (PP/PS) blends. It is observed that the Young's modulus increases, but other mechanical properties such as tensile strength, flexural strength, elongation at break, and impact strength decrease by blending PS to PP. The tensile strength and Young's modulus of PP/PS blends were compared with various theoretical models. The thermal stability, melting, and crystallization temperatures and percentage crystallinity of semicrystalline PP in the blends were marginally decreased by the addition of amorphous PS. The presence of maleic anhydride‐grafted polypropylene (compatibilizer) increases the phase stability of 90/10 and 80/20 blends by preventing the coalescence. Hence, finer and more uniform droplets of PS dispersed phases are observed. The compatibilizer induced some improvement in impact strength for the blends with PP matrix phase, however fluctuations in modulus, strength and ductility were observed with respect to the uncompatibilized blend. The thermal stability was not much affected by the addition of the compatibilizer for the PP rich blends but shows some decrease in the thermal stability of the blends, where PS forms the matrix. On the other hand, the % crystallinity was increased by the addition of compatibilizer, irrespective of the blend concentration. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015 , 132, 42100.     

Effects of Compatibilizers on Morphology and Properties of Polyoxymethylene/Polypropylene Blends

The effects of polypropylene-graft-maleic anhydride compatibilizer on the mechanical thermal and morphological properties of polyoxymethylene/polypropylene blends were investigated. Polyoxymethylene/polypropylene blends with and without polypropylene-graft-maleic anhydride compatibilizer were prepared by an internal mixer. The morphology of polyoxymethylene/polypropylene blends clearly demonstrated a two-phase separation of dispersed phase and the matrix phase and the addition of polypropylene-graft-maleic anhydride changed the morphological characteristics of blends. Polyoxymethylene/polypropylene blends showed the decrease of mechanical properties with increasing of polypropylene content. The addition of polypropylene-graft-maleic anhydride improved Young’s modulus and storage modulus of polyoxymethylene/polypropylene blends. The incorporation of polypropylene improved the degradation temperature of polyoxymethylene.     

Synthesis and properties of polyamide/LLDPE composites with compatibilizer used as hot melt adhesive

In this work, a new polyamide (PA155) was synthesized from higher purity dimer acid, sebacic acid, ethylenediamine, and piperazine, and the ternary blends were prepared by blending PA155 with LLDPE in the presence of the compatibilizer, maleic anhydride grafted linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE-g-MAH). The weight ratio of PA155 to LLDPE of the samples was kept constant at 80/20 and the amount of LLDPE-g-MAH was varied at 0, 3, 6, 9, and 12 wt% over the total weight of the blend respectively. The scanning electron microscope and mechanical properties tests showed that the compatibility and the mechanical properties were improved with the increase in LLDPE-g-MAH content, and the blend containing 9.0 wt% LLDPE-g-MAH exhibits an optimal miscibility behavior and mechanical properties. The hot melt adhesives which were prepared from the ternary blends were assessed by 180°peel tests of Al/adhesive/polypropylene stack. The peeling strength for the sample containing 9.0 wt% compatibilizer (82.5 N/2.5 cm) is much more than that of the samples without compatibilizer (<20 N/2.5 cm).     

Thermoplastic vulcanizates based on epoxidized natural rubber/polypropylene blends: Effect of compatibilizers and reactive blending

Epoxidized natural rubber (ENR) was prepared using the performic epoxidation method. TPVs based on ENR/PP blends were later prepared by melt‐mixing processes via dynamic vulcanization. The effects of blend ratios of ENR/PP, types of compatibilizers, and reactive blending were investigated. Phenolic modified polypropylene (Ph‐PP) and graft copolymer of maleic anhydride on polypropylene molecules (PP‐g‐MA) were prepared and used as blend compatibilizers and reactive blending components of ENR/Ph‐PP and ENR/PP‐g‐MA blends. It was found that the mixing torque, apparent shear stress and apparent shear viscosity increased with increasing levels of ENR. This is attributed to the higher viscosity of the pure ENR than that of the pure PP. Furthermore, there was a higher compatibilizing effect because of the chemical interaction between the polar groups in ENR and PP‐g‐MA or Ph‐PP. Mixing torque, shear flow properties (i.e., shear stress and shear viscosity) and mechanical properties (i.e., tensile strength, elongation at break, and hardness) of the TPVs prepared by reactive blending of ENR/Ph‐PP and ENR/PP‐g‐MA were lower than that of the samples without a compatibilizer. However, the TPVs prepared using Ph‐PP and PP‐g‐MA as compatibilizers exhibited higher values. We observed that the TPVs prepared from ENR/PP with Ph‐PP as a compatibilizer gave the highest rheological and mechanical properties, while the reactive blending of ENR/PP exhibited the lowest values. Trend of the properties corresponds to the morphology of the TPVs. That is, the TPV with Ph‐PP as a blend compatibilizer showed the smallest rubber particles dispersed in the PP matrix, while the reactive blending of ENR/PP‐g‐MA showed the largest particles. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 4729–4740, 2006     

增容剂对PP/回收PET共混物性能的影响

采用熔融共混的方法,制备了聚丙烯(PP)/回收聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯(r-PET)共混物,研究了增容剂甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯接枝聚丙烯(PP-g-GMA)对共混物力学性能、热稳定性的影响。结果表明:增容剂的加入能提高共混物的拉伸强度和拉伸模量;加入增容剂能显著提高共混物的热分解温度,增容剂使r-PET的熔点降低;增容剂对PP的结晶性能影响与熔融温度有关。     

Oxygen barrier properties of polypropylene/polyamide 6 blends

Effects of composition, compatibilization, and blending procedure on oxygen barrier properties of injection-molded polypropylene/polyamide 6 blends were investigated. The main attention was paid to the relationships between oxygen permeability, mechanical properties, and blend morphology. The effect of the polypropylene/polyamide 6 ratio was evident in blends with a homogeneous dispersion type of morphology. After the phase inversion, when polyamide became the continuous phase, the barrier properties of the blends were significantly improved and approached those of polyamide 6. Increasing the amount of the compatibilizer, maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene, was found to increase the permeability of the blend. The blending procedure had a significant effect on the permeability of the blends. The injection-molded blend exhibited a laminar type of morphology when polyamide 6 and the compatibilizer were preblended in a twin-screw extruder, and polypropylene was added later as a dry-blend before injection molding. The dispersed polyamide phase formed thin elongated platelets in the polypropylene matrix. This laminar morphology resulted in significant improvement of oxygen barrier properties approaching the level of the theoretical values calculated for corresponding coextruded structures. Moreover, both the tensile and impact properties of this particular blend were exceptionally good. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Mechanical and morphological properties of elastomer-modified polypropylene/polyamide-6 blends

Polypropylene/polyamide-6 (70:30) blends, containing dispersed discrete polyamide-6 microphases as matrix reinforcement, represent attractive materials for engineering applications. In order to enhance impact resistance, ethene/propene (EPM) was incorporated as a second separately dispersed microphase using reactive blending technology. Blend morphologies were controlled by adding maleic-anhydride-grafted-polypropylene (PP-g-MA) as compatibilizer during melt processing, thus enhancing dispersion and interfacial adhesion of the polyamide-6 phase. With PP-g-MA volume fractions increasing from 2.5 to 10 vol %, much finer dispersions of discrete polyamide-6 with average domain sizes decreasing from 8 to 0.8 μm were obtained. When polyamide-6 and ethene/propene (EPM)-rubber are dispersed simultaneously in the polypropylene matrix, impact resistance was improved. The influence of PP-g-MA volume fraction and blend morphologies on mechanical properties such as Young's modulus, yield stress, notched Charpy impact resistance was investigated. The ternary polypropylene/polyamide-6/EPM blend properties were compared with those of binary polypropylene blends containing the equivalent volume fraction of EPM. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Effects of processing conditions on the mechanical performance of maleic anhydride compatibilized in-situ composites of polypropylene with liquid crystalline polymer

Maleic anhydride compatibilized blends of isotactic polypropylene (PP) and thermotropic liquid crystaline polymer (LCP) were prepared either by the direct injection molding (one-step process), or by twin-screw extrusion blending, after which specimens were injection molded (two-step process). The morphology and mechanical properties of these injection molded in situ LCP composites were studied by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Izod impact testing, static tensile, and dynamic mechanical measurements. SEM observations showed that fine and elongated LCP fibrils are formed in the maleic anhydride compatibilized in situ composites fabricated by means of the one-step process. The tensile strength and modulus of these composites were considerably close to those predicted from the rule of mixtures. Furthermore, the impact behavior of LCP fibril reinforced composites was similar to that of the glass fiber reinforced polymer composites. On the other hand, the maleic anhydride compatibilized blends prepared from the two-step process showed lower mechanical performance, which was attributed to the poorer processing behavior leading to the degradation of PP. The effects of the processing steps, temperatures, and compatibilizer addition on the mechanical properties of the PP/LCP blends are discussed.     

新型天然橡胶吸油材料的制备及性能

以天然橡胶(NR)接枝马来酸酐(NR-g-MAH)和NR接枝甲基丙烯酸甲酯(NR-g-MMA)为NR/甲基丙烯酸十八酯-丙烯酸丁酯-苯乙烯共聚物(SMA-BA-St)吸油材料的增容剂,研究了各组分配比、增容剂的种类及用量对吸油材料吸油能力和力学性能的影响,并采用热重分析及扫描电子显微镜对吸油材料进行了表征。结果表明,以NR-g-MAH为增容剂时,吸油材料的力学性能和吸油率优于以NR-g-MMA为增容剂时的吸油材料;当NR/SMA-BA-St/NR-g-MAH(质量比)为100/10/5时,材料具有较好的力学性能、吸油性能和老化性能;随着增容剂接枝率的增大,吸油材料的力学性能和吸油性能呈上升趋势;吸油材料在CCl4、甲苯、苯、柴油和机油中的饱和吸油率分别为37.48,32.45,29.26,23.06,16.79g/g,保油率可超过85%;对CCl4的二次吸油率可达30g/g;以NR-g-MAH和NR-g-MMA增容吸油材料的热稳定性比SMA-BA-St优异,且在常温下使用很稳定;NR-g-MAH的增容效果优于NR-g-MMA,有效改善了NR与SMA-BA-St的相容性。     

尼龙6/聚丙烯共混改性研究

用固相力化学方法制备的聚丙烯接枝马来酸酐作增容剂 ,制备了尼龙 6/聚丙烯共混合金 ,研究了尼龙 6/聚丙烯的比例和增容剂用量对共混合金力学性能的影响 ,通过Molau实验和FT IR分析对增容机理作了初步探讨。     

Study on the effect of dispersion phase morphology on porous structure of poly (lactic acid)/poly (ethylene terephthalate glycol-modified) blending foams

A methodology for blending foam of poly (lactic acid) (PLA)/poly (ethylene terephthalate glycol-modified) (PETG) was proposed. PLA/PETG blends were prepared through a melt blending method, using multiple functionality epoxide as reactive compatibilizer. The effects of blending ratio and compatibilizer content on the dispersion morphology, molecular structure, mechanical properties, and rheological behavior of PLA/PETG blends were studied. Then PLA/PETG blends were foamed using supercritical CO₂ as physical blowing agent, and their porous structure, pore size, as well as pore density were investigated. The results showed that the mechanical properties and rheological parameters such as melt strength and melt elasticity, as well as the porous structure of the foams dispersion morphology of PLA/PETG blends were affected strongly. The melt elasticity of PLA/PETG blends increased with increasing compatibilizer content. Dispersion phase morphology of PLA/PETG blends also had a significant effect on the pore density of all the samples. The results indicated that homogeneous and finer porous morphology of PLA/PETG foams with high expansion ratio could be achieved with a proper content of compatibilizer in the blends.     

磷–氮系膨胀型阻燃剂改性玻纤增强聚丙烯

采用双螺杆挤出机共混的方法制备了磷–氮系膨胀型阻燃剂与玻璃纤维改性聚丙烯(PP)的共混物,通过垂直燃烧、扫描电子显微镜表征、力学性能测试、氧化诱导期和热重分析等研究了改性体系的阻燃性能、力学性能和热稳定性等。结果表明,磷–氮系膨胀型阻燃剂SS–111提高了玻纤增强PP的阻燃性能,当阻燃剂添加量超过30%后,垂直燃烧等级达到UL94 V–0级;由于玻纤的增强作用,复合体系随阻燃剂SS–111添加量的增大,除弯曲弹性模量较未添加时有600~700 MPa的提高外,其他力学性能变化不大;阻燃剂还使复合体系的氧化诱导期延长,高温氮气条件下,阻燃剂提前分解形成阻隔层减缓了PP的热分解,体系热稳定性提高。     

防水用吸水膨胀橡胶的研制

采用物理共混法制取天然橡胶 /交联聚丙烯酸钠共混物吸水膨胀性橡胶 (WSR)。考察了该共混体系的硫化特性及增容剂、吸水树脂用量、硫磺用量等对WSR吸水性能的影响。结果表明该体系的硫化速度比普通橡胶快 ,加入增容剂可大大提高WSR的吸水速率及最大吸水率 ,且能显著改善试样的外观质量。当天然橡胶 /聚丙烯酸钠质量比为10 0 /10 0时 ,增容体系吸水率最高达到 1832 % (即原质量的 18倍左右 ) ,明显高于未增容体系 ,后者最高吸水率为14 31%     

Mechanical properties of polypropylene/polyamide 6 blends: Effect of manufacturing processes and compatibilization

The properties of polypropylene (PP)/polyamide 6 (PA) blends, obtained by the following two different blending methods, were investigated. Blends of PP/PA and PP/PA/maleic anhydride have been prepared using a twin screw extruder and a fiber cutting, flying and mixing apparatus that directly commingles PP fiber and PA fiber. The properties measured include rheological properties by means of a capillary rheometer, morphologies by scanning electron microscopy, and mechanical properties by a universal testing machine and a high rate impact tester. In the presence of compatibilizer, a marked dispersibility of the polymer blends of PP and PA was observed, and mechanical properties were found to increase as a result of improvement of the interfacial adhesion and the dispersibility. The properties of PP/PA blends manufactured by two different pieces of equipment were shown to be similar in the case of melting both resins. But in particular, superior impact properties were obtained in blends not melting PA fibers as a dispersed phase rather than blends using maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene (PP-g-MA) as a compatibilizer.     

多单体接枝聚丙烯对PP/PA6共混物形态及力学性能的影响

用同向双螺杆挤出机制备了马来酸酐(MAH)、苯乙烯(St)多单体熔融接枝聚丙烯[PP-g-(St-MAH)],将其作为增容剂在Haake转矩流变仪上与PP/PA6共混得到PP/PA6/PP-g-(St-MAH)共混物,并对共混物的性能及结构进行了表征。结果表明,该增容剂明显改善了共混物的力学性能,当增容剂含量为15~20份时,共混物的冲击强度和拉伸屈服强度达最大值。采用扫描电子显微镜观察共混物试样断面的形态,发现分散相的粒径明显减小,且分散均匀。     

Relationship between morphology and mechanical properties of binary and compatibilized ternary blends of polypropylene and nylon 6

The effect of compatibilization on the morphology, mechanical properties, and dynamic mechanical properties of isotactic polypropylene (IPP)/nylon-6 (Ny-6) binary blends was investigated. Maleic anhydride (MAH) functionalized IPP was used as a compatibilizer in binary blends. The morphological, mechanical, and dynamic mechanical properties of binary and ternary blends were compared. The blends containing IPP-g-MAH showed more regular and finer dispersion of phases, different dynamic properties, and improved mechanical properties due to better adhesion between the two phases. The blends were also characterized for their flow properties and extent of water absorption. The melting peak temperature and percent crystallinity of IPP and Ny-6 phases were decreased in compatibilized blends. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

POE-g-MAH对PP/PET共混合金性能的影响

选用乙烯-辛烯共聚物接枝马来酸酐(POE-g-MAH)作为反应性增容剂,通过熔融共混技术制备了聚丙烯/聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯(PP/PET)共混合金。扫描电镜(SEM)观察、力学性能及流变性能分析结果表明:POE-g-MAH的添加提高了共混合金的相容性,增强了两相界面的相互作用,促进了分散相粒子的细化。适量的POE-g-MAH可以提高共混合金的力学性能和加工性能。     

原位增容PA6/PE-HD共混物的性能研究

在双螺杆挤出机上通过原位增容反应挤出制备了聚酰胺6(PA6)/高密度聚乙烯(PE-HD)共混物。通过力学性能测试、扫描电子显微镜观察和Molau实验,研究了PE-HD含量对PA6/PE-HD共混物的力学性能和体系增容作用的影响。结果表明,PE-HD与马来酸酐(MAH)在挤出共混过程中原位生成了PE-HD-g-MAH,其对PA6/PE-HD共混物有较好的增容作用;PA6/PE-HD共混物的力学性能与界面形态均有较大改善,吸水率有所降低。     

Properties of Bloodmeal/Linear Low‐density Polyethylene Blends Compatibilized with Maleic Anhydride Grafted Polyethylene

Novatein thermoplastics from bloodmeal (NTP) were blended with linear low‐density polyethylene (LLDPE) using maleic anhydride grafted polyethylene (PE‐g‐MAH) as compatibilizer. The compatibilizing effect on mechanical, morphology, thermal properties, and water absorption were studied and compared with blends without compatibilizer. The amount of polyethylene added was varied between 20 and 70% in NTP with addition of 10% compatibilizer. An improvement in compatibility between NTP and LLDPE was observed across the entire composition range and the difference were more pronounced at higher NTP contents where the tensile strength of blends was maintained and never dropped below that of pure NTP. Theoretical models were compared to the results to describe mechanical properties. A finely dispersed small particles of NTP in compatibilized blends were observed using SEM. Improved compatibility has restricted chain movement resulting in slightly elevated T_g revealed by DMA. On the other hand, water absorption of the hydrophilic NTP has been decreased when blending with hydrophobic LLDPE. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 130: 1890–1897, 2013