压水堆冷管段 2% 小破口失水事故实验研究

在高压综合实验装置（ＨＰＩＴＦ）上进行了压水堆冷管段２％小破口失水事故实验（ＮＳＢ－６），破口方向为冷管段底部，破口面积为２％。实验再现了核电厂发生小破口失水事故时的热工水力学现象，实验结果与ＲＥＬＡＰ５／ＭＯＤ２系统分析程序的计算结果作了比较，验证了该程序对小破口失水事故的分析能力。     

小破口失水事故研究综述

对小破口失水事故（ＳＢＬＯＣＡ）及其研究状况进行了综述。描述了典型的压水堆和沸水堆小破口失水事故过程和破口位置、破口尺寸及反应堆冷却泵对失水过程的影响，对现有文献按实验和数值模拟两大类进行了归纳，给出了目前世界上用于小破口失水事故研究的主要设备，对小破口失水事故的研究进行了总结。     

BINELOCA 程序与广东岭澳核电站大破口失水事故分析

ＢＩＮＥＬＯＣＡ程序是在吸收国外先进大破口失水事故分析计算机程序的基础上，针对我国现有大破口失水事故分析程序的不足和工程应用方面的问题，采用了一些成熟的、新型的和当今国际公认的瞬态热工水力数学物理模型以及水和蒸汽性质参数计算公式改编而成的大破口失水事故分析程序。通过对广东岭澳核电站大破口失水事故的计算表明，ＢＩＮＥＬＯＣＡ程序计算的结果与法国计算的结果是一致的。     

4×4燃料组件考验装置小破口失水事故分析

采用ＲＥＬＡＰ５／ＭＯＤ３热工水力瞬态分析程序，对４×４燃料组件考验装置（以下简称考验装置）小破口失水事故进行了分析计算，预计小破口失水事故下堆芯的热工水力行为（选取当量直径为φ４ｍｍ小破口）。分析结果表明：在发生当量直径为φ４ｍｍ的小破口失水事故下，考验装置专设安注系统能确保考验堆芯安全，且不会危及高通量反应堆。     

ACME台架PRHR管线破口位置敏感性试验研究

为研究先进非能动（AP）型核电厂在非能动系统失效条件下的安全性能,利用我国先进堆芯冷却机理整体试验台架（ACME）开展了非能动余热排出（PRHR）管线破口失水试验研究,分析了主要的试验进程和破口位置对事故过程各阶段关键参数的影响。结果表明,ACME PRHR管线破口试验进程与冷管段小破口失水事故（SBLOCA）进程基本一致,再现了非能动核电厂自然循环阶段、自动卸压系统（ADS）喷放阶段和安全壳内置换料水箱（IRWST）安注阶段的安全特性;在不同破口位置的试验中,非能动堆芯冷却系统（PXS）均可保证堆芯得到补水,堆芯活性区始终处于混合液位以下;破口位置对ACME LOCA事故进程、反应堆冷却剂系统（RCS）初期降压速率、PRHR热交换器（HX）流量、喷放流量、堆芯液位、IRWST安注流量等参数具有显著影响,对堆芯补水箱（CMT）和蓄压安注箱（ACC）安注流量的影响较小。      

秦山300MW核电机组全范围模拟机LOCA实验

本文介绍了在秦山３００ＭＷ核电机组全范围模拟机上所进行的大破口失水事故实验及其结果。实验除验证了秦山核电厂ＬＯＣＡ分析计算的正确性外，还为运行人员迅速选择处理ＬＯＣＡ的较佳响应提供了有益的信息。     

AC600全压堆芯补水箱补水实验研究

全压堆芯冰箱（ＣＭＴ）是ＡＣ６００压水堆非能动高压安注系统的主要设备。全压堆芯补水箱补水实验主要研究中,小破口失水事故时ＣＭＴ的重力排放特性,为验证安全分析计算机程序试验数据,中国核动力研究院建造了ＣＭＴ补水实验装置,并在该装置上模拟反应堆主管道中,小破口失水事故动态工况,完成了ＣＭＴ补水实验,本文给出了小破口失水事故工况堆芯水箱补水试验结果与分析。,     

核电站冷却剂丧失事故的处置研究

介绍了用核电站全范围模拟机对核电站冷却剂丧失事故（ＬＯＣＡ）所进行的处置方法研究，其中包括了用于事故处置的ＬＯＣＡ大小的分类方法建议。本文重点讨论的是中破口事故的处置方法，因为中破口事故发生频率和由它引起的堆芯熔化频率都大于大破口ＬＯＣＡ事故，要求操纵员的干预操作也多。通过对秦山核电站操纵员初培训和再培训的实践证明，本文所论述的处理方法是行之有效的。     

低温堆上空腔失水事故模拟实验研究

叙述了位于低温堆上空腔位置的中小尺寸管道破裂引起的小破口失水事故研究。在核供热堆热工水力学实验系统ＨＲＴＬ－５上，对停堆后堆内有剩余功率的上空腔小破口失水事故进行了模拟实验，分析了小破口失水事故发生后，系统运行重要参数的变化，给出了上空腔小破口失水事故对低温安全性的影响。     

DVI管小破口失水事故实验研究

在模块化小型反应堆非能动安全系统综合模拟实验装置上进行了压力容器直接注入（DVI）管小破口失水事故实验,研究了DVI管小破口失水事故过程中的热工水力现象和非能动安全系统运行特性。研究结果表明：模块化小型反应堆DVI管小破口失水事故中,非能动安全系统可对堆芯进行注水,有效导出堆芯衰变热量,保护堆芯安全。     

RELAP5/MOD3.3程序对非能动核电厂小破口失水事故的适用性研究

AP1000核电厂采用非能动堆芯冷却系统来缓解小破口失水事故(SBLOCA),缓解事故的理念是流动冷却。RELAP5/MOD3.3程序适用于传统核电厂SBLOCA研究,对于非能动电厂SBLOCA研究的适用性需重新研究与评估。本工作基于非能动电厂小破口失水事故的分析,结合RELAP5/MOD3.3的结构与模型,对其进行评估和改进。为验证改进后的RELAP5/MOD3.3的适用性,以AP1000小破口失水事故的验证试验台架APEX-1000为模拟对象,分析模拟DBA-02、NRC-05事故工况。分析结果表明,改进后的RELAP5/MOD3.3的计算结果与试验数据符合较好。     

Iris small break loca phenomena identification and ranking table (PIRT)

The international reactor innovative and secure (IRIS) is a modular pressurized water reactor with an integral configuration (all primary system components – reactor core, internals, pumps, steam generators, pressurizer, and control rod drive mechanisms – are inside the reactor vessel). The IRIS plant conceptual design was completed in 2001 and the preliminary design is currently underway. The pre-application licensing process with the United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission (USNRC) started in October 2002.The first line of defense in IRIS is to eliminate event initiators that could potentially lead to core damage. If it is not possible to eliminate certain accidents altogether, then the design inherently reduces their consequences and/or decreases their probability of occurring. One of the most obvious advantages of the IRIS Safety-by-Design™ approach is the elimination of large break loss-of-coolant accidents (LBLOCAs), since no large primary penetrations of the reactor vessel or large loop piping exist.While the IRIS Safety-by-Design™ approach is a logical step in the effort to produce advanced reactors, the desired advances in safety must still be demonstrated in the licensing arena. With the elimination of LBLOCA, an important next consideration is to show the IRIS design fulfills the promise of increased safety also for small break LOCAs (SBLOCAs). Accordingly, the SBLOCA phenomena identification and ranking table (PIRT) project was established. The primary objective of the IRIS SBLOCA PIRT project was to identify the relative importance of phenomena in the IRIS response to SBLOCAs. This relative importance, coupled with the current relative state of knowledge for the phenomena, provides a framework for the planning of the continued experimental and analytical efforts.To satisfy the SBLOCA PIRT project objectives, Westinghouse organized an expert panel whose members were carefully selected to insure that the PIRT results reflect internationally recognized experience in reactor safety analysis, and were not biased by program preconceptions internal to the IRIS program.The SBLOCA PIRT Panel concluded that continued experimental data and analytical tool development in the following areas, in decreasing level of significance, are perceived as important with respect to satisfying the safety analysis and licensing objectives of the IRIS program: (1) steam generator; (2) pressure suppression system, containment dry well and their interactions; (3) emergency heat removal system; (4) core, long-term gravity makeup system, automatic depressurization system, and pressurizer; (5) direct vessel injection system and reactor vessel cavity.     

Analysis of an RPV upper head SBLOCA at the ROSA facility using TRACE

Inspections of existing nuclear power plants have pointed out the possibility that small break loss-of-coolant accidents (SBLOCAs) could be initiated by a small break located in the upper head (UH) of the reactor pressure vessel (RPV). Such type of breaks has been the subject of investigation in some of the tests carried out in the framework of the OECD/NEA ROSA test program for safety research and safety assessment of light water reactors. The ROSA/LSTF test facility simulates a Westinghouse design PWR with a four-loop configuration and 3423 MWth. Areas, volumes and power are scaled down by a factor of 1:48 while the elevations are kept at full height. Only two loops, sized to conserve the volume scaling (2:48), are simulated. The present paper is focused on test 6-1 that simulated a RPV upper head SBLOCA with a break size equivalent to 1.9% cold leg break. The experiment assumes a total failure of the high pressure injection system (HPIS) and a loss of off-site power concurrent with the scram. The main purpose of the present study is the assessment of the capabilities of the best estimate system code, TRACE, to reproduce and understand the physical phenomena involved in this type of SBLOCA scenarios. Special attention was dedicated to the modelling of the leakage flows, necessary to correctly simulate the distribution of the water inventory in the primary side. In addition, the particular location of the break in test 6-1 allows the verification of the chocked flow model in the same way as for a separate-effect test.     

小破口失水事故非能动系统瞬态特性研究

为了解先进压水堆小破口失水事故下非能动安全壳冷却系统、非能动堆芯冷却系统、非能动余热排出系统的瞬态响应特性,需开展小破口失水事故下反应堆冷却剂系统和安全壳的耦合响应特性研究。分析结果表明,小破口失水事故下,耦合分析中非能动余热排出系统、非能动堆芯冷却系统、自动卸压系统和非能动安全壳冷却系统的特性与独立计算有较大差异,小破口失水事故下耦合分析得到的安全壳压力峰值小于独立计算。      

一体化多用途的非能动小型压水反应堆发生假定事故的初步分析

采用RELAP5/MOD3.2系统程序建立一体化小型反应堆的事故分析模型,包括反应堆冷却剂系统(RCS)、简化的二回路系统和专设安全设施。一体化多用途的非能动小型压水反应堆(SIMPLE)热功率为660 MWt(电功率大于200 MWe)。针对SIMPLE的直接安注管线(DVI)双端断裂事故和DVI2英寸(50.8mm)小破口失水事故(SBLOCA)进行分析。计算结果表明:对于直接安注管线双端断裂事故,破口和自动降压系统(ADS)能有效地使反应堆冷却系统降压,安注箱(ACC)和安全壳内置换料水箱(IRWST)能实现堆芯补水,确保堆芯冷却;对于DVI的SBLOCA,非能动专设安全设施能有效对RCS进行冷却和降压,防止堆芯过热。     

The results of 5% small-break LOCA tests and natural circulation tests at the ROSA-IV LSTF

Five 5% small-break loss-of-coolant accident (SBLOCA) experiments and two natural circulation experiments were conducted at the ROSA-IV Large Scale Test Facility (LSTF). The liquid holdup in the upflow side of steam generator (SG) U-tubes temporarily depressed the core collapsed liquid level below the bottom of core during the loop seal clearing in the cold-leg break SBLOCA tests. This phenomena was affected by the core power and core bypass but was affected little by the actuation of the high pressure injection system. Overall thermal-hydraulic phenomena in a loop seal line break test was similar to that of cold-leg break tests, however, the liquid holdup phenomena played a little role. In a hot-leg break test a temporary but rapid depression of the core liquid level was observed immediately after the initiation of accumulator injection which caused condensation and depressurization in the cold leg. The change of natural circulation flow rate with the decrease of primary system mass inventory was qualitatively the same as observed in Semiscale, LOBI and PKL. The SG effective overall heat transfer coefficient below the secondary-side collapsed liquid level was weakly dependent on the secondary side liquid level and the core power. The measured minimum heat transfer coefficient was 1.7 kW/m²K for the full secondary side mass inventory.     

Analysis of Effect of SBLOCA before and behind Isolation Valve of PRHRS on Passive Reactor Core Cooling System

For the test process of small break loss of coolant accident (SBLOCA) of AP type nuclear power plant, there is a more consistent understanding at home and abroad. However, the influence of the same size of the break on the test process and passive core cooling system in different locations still needs further study. In this paper, a large passive core cooling integrated test facility ACME was used to study the break accident test conditions of passive residual heat removal system (PRHRS) before and behind the isolation valve, and the bottom break test of the cold pipe of core makeup tank (CMT) was used as the contrast condition. The test results show that the accident process of PRHRS before and behind the isolation valve is in accordance with the process of SBLOCA, the core is always in a good cooling statement and the safety of passive core cooling system is effectively verified. There is a certain impact on the accident process for the same break size and different break locations, and the location of the break has a key impact on the CMT level and safety injection flow. In contrast, the heat transfer of PRHRS equipment is also quite different. The heat transfer of cold pipe break and break behind the isolation valve is greater than break before the isolation valve, however, the flow and heat transfer mechanism of PRHRS heat exchange tube needs further study.