SiC_w/莫来石和SiC_w/Y-TZP/莫来石复合材料的力学性能与显微结构

以莫来石为基体,SiC晶须(SiC_w)和Y-TZP(Y_2O_3稳定的四方ZrO_2多晶)为两种补强剂,采用热压烧结工艺,制备SIC_w/莫来石和SIC_w/Y-TZP/英来石复合材料。研究了复合材料的力学性能与显微结构,并对强化增韧机制进行了分析。结果表明,SiC晶须补强莫来石,可以改善其强度和断裂韧性。若SiC晶须和Y-TZP共同补强英来石,则可以进一步提高其强度和断裂韧性。晶须引起裂纹偏转,晶须拔出以及由ZrO_2相变引起的微裂纹增韧是该复合材料的主要增韧机制。SiC晶须和Y-TZP两种补强剂的共同作用,对莫来石强度和断裂韧性的提高具有叠加或协同效应。     

SiC晶须／Y—TZP（含Al2O3）复合材料力学性能的研究

通过SiC晶须对Y-TZP陶瓷材料的补强,发现:在SiC晶须分散均匀的情况下,尽管SiC晶须的体积含量高达30％,复合材料中单斜相氧化锆的含量并不高,氧化锆的应力诱导相变仍是复合材料的主要增韧机理,复合材料的力学性能并不随着SiC晶须含量的增加而降低。在复合材料中加入氧化铝后,发现少量的氧化铝加入有利于复合材料力学性能的提高。在氧化铝重量含量为6%,SiC晶须体积含量为20%时,复合材料的强度和断裂韧性分别为:1329±13MPa和14.8±0.7MPa·m~(1/2)。但是,过多的氧化铝加入又会使复合材料的力学性能出现下降趋势。SiC晶须加入后,复合材料的高温强度和抗热震性都有明显改善。     

SiC晶须增强陶瓷基复合材料的研究

用不同的Al_2O_3粉料,采用SiC晶须补强以及加入第三相SiC粒子弥散增韧的方式,研究了SiC晶须Al_2O_3基复合材料的力学性能,得到强度σ_f=780MPa,K_(Ic)=7.6MPa·m~(1/2)的结果。通过不同的分敌途径,对晶须分散效果进行了实验观察和探讨;并讨论了晶须的分散均匀性对力学性能的影响。同时,就晶须团聚体在增韧过程中所起的作用提出了一种新的、可能的增韧机制,合理地解释了实验结果。最后,就三元复合系统中晶须补强和弥散增韧两种途径的迭加效果进行了讨论。     

晶须增韧陶瓷基复合材料匹配原则及影响因素

晶须增韧陶瓷基复合材料的迅速发展,开辟了一条改善陶瓷材料脆性非常有效的途径。明显的韧化效果以及这类复合材料具有的良好高温力学性能,使其成为高技术陶瓷研究开发的一个前沿领域。笔者综述了晶须增韧陶瓷基复合材料的制备方法和强韧化机制,分析了晶须增韧陶瓷基复合材料匹配原则及影响因素,最后指出晶须增韧陶瓷基复合材料这一研究领域发展趋势。     

TiN晶须对Y—TZP材料力学性能的影响

本文研究了TiN晶须加入到Y-TZP陶瓷中对其性能的影响,用SEM观察并分析了晶须在Y-TZP陶瓷中的分布状况及增韧机制。结果表明在陶瓷中加入适量的晶须可以起到增加室温和高温韧性、提高硬度的作用。     

陶瓷基复合材料的纤维增韧

系统地介绍了纤维（晶须）增韧陶瓷基复合材料的类型、制备工艺、性能特点和增韧机制,指出了这类材料的研究课题和发展方向;结果表明：纤维（晶须）增韧陶瓷基复合材料与其他结构陶瓷材料相比,是近年来发展起来的高性能工程结构材料,也是最有希望得到实际应用的材料。     

陶瓷基复合材料的纤维增韧

系统地介绍了纤维（晶须）增韧陶瓷基复合材料的类型,制备工艺,性能特点和增韧机制,指出了这类材料的研究课题和发展方向;结果表明：纤维（晶须）增韧陶瓷基复合材料与其他结构陶瓷材料相比,是近年来发展起来的高性能工程结构材料,也是最有希望得到实际应用的材料。     

陶瓷基质—SiC晶须复合材料

陶瓷基质—晶须复合材料借助负荷传递、基质的预应力化以及裂纹弯曲、晶须拔出和尾部架桥效应等机理实现材料的补强与增韧,是改善高温结构陶瓷脆性的有效途径。本文评述了陶瓷基质与晶须材料的选择准则以及复合材料研究、加工中的困难所在,介绍了几种典型的复合材料研究现状,提出了一些研究课题。     

二硼化锆超高温陶瓷的强韧化

以ZrB_2为基体材料,分别采用添加SiC颗粒(SiC_p)、SiC晶须(SiC_w)和SiC晶片(SiC_(pl))作为增韧相,采用热压烧结技术制备了SiC/ZrB_2陶瓷基复合材料,分析了不同增韧相的种类和添加量对ZrB_2陶瓷强韧化效果的影响,并通过层状结构设计,采用放电等离子体烧结工艺制备出ZrB_2基层状复合陶瓷材料,研究了层状结构对ZrB_2陶瓷强韧化效果的影响。结果表明:添加SiC颗粒、晶须或晶片,采用热压烧结可以制备出接近完全致密的SiC/ZrB_2陶瓷基复合材料;与单独添加SiC颗粒或晶须相比,同时添加SiC颗粒和晶须的增韧效果更加明显,而SiC晶片也可以起到较好的强韧化效果;通过层状结构设计,能够较大幅度地提高ZrB_2陶瓷的断裂韧性,显示了很好的增韧效果。     

二硼化锆超高温陶瓷的强韧化EI北大核心CSCD

以ZrB2为基体材料,分别采用添加SiC颗粒(SiCp)、SiC晶须(SiCw)和SiC晶片(SiCpl)作为增韧相,采用热压烧结技术制备了SiC/ZrB2陶瓷基复合材料,分析了不同增韧相的种类和添加量对ZrB2陶瓷强韧化效果的影响,并通过层状结构设计,采用放电等离子体烧结工艺制备出ZrB2基层状复合陶瓷材料,研究了层状结构对ZrB2陶瓷强韧化效果的影响。结果表明:添加SiC颗粒、晶须或晶片,采用热压烧结可以制备出接近完全致密的SiC/ZrB2陶瓷基复合材料;与单独添加SiC颗粒或晶须相比,同时添加SiC颗粒和晶须的增韧效果更加明显,而SiC晶片也可以起到较好的强韧化效果;通过层状结构设计,能够较大幅度地提高ZrB2陶瓷的断裂韧性,显示了很好的增韧效果。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。