The perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) contamination of fruits and vegetables

Fruit and vegetables play a major role in human nutrition due to richness of nutrients, dietary fibre, and phytochemicals. As dietary intake is identified as one of the dominant exposure pathways to perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), a cross-sectional study involving determination of their levels in food of plant origin has been conducted. Locally-grown and imported fruit and vegetable samples, collected in 2016 were inspected for 10 perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) using QuEChERS as sample pre-treatment procedure followed by micro-HPLC-MS/MS. Three of 10 target analytes, perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) were quantitatively determined. The detection frequency for PFASs across the 55 samples analysed was less than 10%. The major contributor of the total PFASs concentration in the investigated group was PFBA for which the concentration, reported only for banana, apple and orange samples, was 50.740 ng g^?1 ww. The most often detected compound was PFOA. The origin and growing region are possible factors with the potential to influence PFASs distribution profile and their levels in food.     

Dietary intake estimate for perfluorooctanesulphonic acid (PFOS) and other perfluorocompounds (PFCs) in UK retail foods following determination using standard addition LC–MS/MS

The analysis of 252 food samples (UK-produced and imported) purchased from a variety of retail outlets in the UK was undertaken for the presence of perfluorooctanesulphonic acid (PFOS), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and nine other perfluorocompounds (PFCs). A limit of quantification (LOQ) of 1 µg/kg was achieved for all target analytes, in all samples. Standard addition was used for quantification of PFC levels. All 11 of the targeted PFCs were detected in 75 individual food items. In 70% of the samples, including all meat other than offal, none of the analytes were present above the LOD. The highest levels found were 59 µg/kg perfluorooctanesulphonic acid (PFOS) and 63 µg/kg total PFCs (ΣPFCs) in an eel sample, and 40 µg/kg PFOS (62 µg/kg ΣPFCs) in a whitebait sample. The highest level in an offal sample was 10 µg/kg, in a wild roe deer liver. There were six samples with ΣPFCs >15 µg/kg (fish, shellfish, crustaceans), a further seven samples with ΣPFCs ranging 11–15 µg/kg (including a liver), nine with ΣPFCs ranging 6–10 µg/kg (fish and livers), 31 with ΣPFCs in the range 2–5 µg/kg (including kidneys, popcorn and processed peas) and a further 22 with ΣPFCs close to the LOD of 1 µg/kg (including eggs and potatoes). These concentrations indicate that UK consumers are being exposed to a low level of PFC contamination from food. The estimated upper bound dietary intake of 10 ng/kg bodyweight (bw)/day of PFOS for average adult consumers is well below the 0.15 µg (150 ng)/kg bw tolerable daily intake (TDI) set by the European Food Safety Authority. The lower bound adult dietary intake estimate of 1 ng/kg bw/day is similar to estimates undertaken and reported in countries such as Canada, Germany and Spain.     

Investigation into perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in a cranberry bog: method development and sampling results

ABSTRACT

The contamination of groundwater and surface water from previous uses of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), particularly products containing the contaminants perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA), has become a concern for drinking water and as a potential exposure route to the food supply. In 2016, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) was asked to investigate a bog in Massachusetts where the surface water was believed to be contaminated with PFASs. As a result, a method was developed for the analysis of PFASs in cranberries, and water and fruit from the affected bog were evaluated. A QuEChERS method was developed and validated for PFOA, PFOS, and six additional shorter-chain PFASs. Method recoveries ranged from 60% to 115% for validation spikes performed at 10, 20 and 40 ng g^?1 and method detection limits ranged from 0.2 to 5.6 ng g^?1. Bog water samples were analysed using Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) method 537 for PFOA, PFOS and four additional short-chain PFASs. Surface water concentrations for PFOS ranged from 16 to 122 ng L^?1 and input water concentrations were 132 ng L^?1 and 206 ng L^?1. Of the eight water samples, seven had water concentrations that exceeded the EPA health advisory level for PFOS of 70 ng L^?1. Of the 42 cranberry samples analysed, none had detects of PFOA or PFOS above their method detection limits (0.4 and 0.5 ng g^?1, respectively), nor any of the other short-chain PFASs.     

Exposure to toxic metals and persistent organic pollutants in Inuit children attending childcare centers in Nunavik, Canada

Arctic populations are exposed to substantial levels of environmental contaminants that can negatively affect children's health and development. Moreover, emerging contaminants have never been assessed in Inuit children. In this study, we document the biological exposure to toxic metals and legacy and emerging persistent organic pollutants (POPs) of 155 Inuit children (mean age 25.2 months) attending childcare centers in Nunavik. Blood samples were analyzed to determine concentrations of mercury, lead, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), pesticides, brominated flame retardants [e.g., polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs)] and perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances [PFASs; e.g. perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctane (PFOA)]. Lead [geometric mean (GM) 0.08 μmol/L], PCB-153 (GM 22.2 ng/g of lipid), BDE-47 (GM 184 ng/g of lipid), PFOS (GM 3369 ng/L), and PFOA (GM 1617 ng/L) were detected in all samples. Mercury (GM 9.8 nmol/L) was detected in nearly all blood samples (97%). Levels of metals and legacy POPs are consistent with the decreasing trend observed in Nunavik and in the Arctic. PBDE levels were higher than those observed in many children and adolescents around the world but lower than those reported in some U.S. cities. PFOS were present in lower concentrations than in Nunavimmiut adults. There is a clear need for continued biomonitoring of blood contaminant levels in this population, particularly for PBDEs and PFASs.     

Determination of perfluoroalkylated substances (PFASs) in drinking water from the Netherlands and Greece

In the present study 11 perfluoroalkylated substances (PFASs) were analysed in drinking tap water samples from the Netherlands (n = 37) and from Greece (n = 43) by applying LC-MS/MS and isotope dilution. PFASs concentrations above the limit of quantification, LOQ (0.6 ng/l) were detected in 20.9% of the samples from Greece. Total PFAS concentrations ranged between <LOQ and 5.9 ng/l, with the highest concentrations noted for the three Aegean islands Mykonos, Kalymnos and Syros and for the town Tripoli in the Peloponnese. In the Dutch situation, total PFASs concentrations above the LOQ were detected in 48.6% of the samples, varying from <LOQ to 54 ng/l. The highest concentrations were detected around Amsterdam (including Schiphol airport) and more generally, PFASs were detected in the drinking water from the western part of the Netherlands. This seems attributable to the source, which is purified surface water in this area. Short-chain PFASs and especially perfluoropentanoic acid (PFPeA), perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA), perfluoroheptanoic acid (PFHpA), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorobutane sulfonate (PFBS), and perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS) were detected most frequently, whereas long-chain PFASs (C > 8) were only rarely detected. In the drinking water samples from the eastern part of the Netherlands, where drinking water is sourced from groundwater reservoirs, no PFASs were detected. This demonstrates that exposure to PFASs through drinking water in the Netherlands is dependent on the source. Additionally, five samples of bottled water from each country were analysed in the current study, with all of them originating from ground wells. In these samples, all PFASs were below the LOQ.     

Occurrence of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in various food items of animal origin collected in four European countries

This study summarises the results of the levels of 21 perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in 50 selected pooled samples representing 15 food commodities with the special focus on those of animal origin, as meat, seafood, fish, milk, dairy products and hen eggs, which are commonly consumed in various European markets, e.g. Czech, Italian, Belgian and Norwegian. A new, rapid sample preparation approach based on the QuEChERS extraction procedure was applied. Ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) employing electrospray ionisation (ESI) in negative mode was used for the quantification of target analytes. Method quantification limits (MQLs) were in the range of 1–10 ng kg^?1 (ng l^?1) for fish, meat, hen eggs, cheese and milk, and in the range of 2.5–125 ng kg^?1 for butter. Only 16 of the group of 21 PFASs were found in at least one analysed sample. From 16 PFASs, perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) was the most frequently detected analyte present in approximately 50% of samples (in the range of 0.98–2600 ng kg^?1). PFCAs with C8–C14 carbon chain were presented in approximately 20% of samples. The concentration ranges of individual compounds in the respective groups of PFASs were: 2.33–76.3 ng kg^?1 for PFSAs (without PFOS), 4.99–961 ng kg^?1 for PFCAs, 10.6–95.4 ng kg^?1 for PFPAs, and 1.61–519 ng kg^?1 for FOSA. The contamination level in the analysed food commodities decreased in the following order: seafood > pig/bovine liver >> freshwater/marine fish > hen egg > meat >> butter. When comparing the total contamination and profiles of PFASs in food commodities that originated from various sampling countries, differences were identified, and the contents decreased as follows: Belgium >> Norway, Italy > Czech Republic.     

湖北某典型地区动物源食品中全氟及多氟烷基化合物的污染现状和膳食暴露评估

为了解湖北某典型地区动物源食品（水产类食品、蛋类食品、肉类食品、乳制品）中全氟及多氟烷基化合物（per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances,PFASs）污染水平和组成特征,评估当地标准人通过动物源食品摄入PFASs的暴露风险;以湖北某典型地区居民日常消费的动物源食品（水产类食品、蛋类食品、肉类食品、乳制品）为研究对象,建立了碱消解加固相萃取小柱净化的预处理方法,结合高效液相色谱-串联质谱（high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry,UPLC-MS/MS）测定动物源食品中14种PFASs浓度;结合我国第五次中国总膳食调查中湖北省居民各类食物的消费量和人的标准体重,参考欧洲食品安全局的剂量值,对当地一个标准人通过动物源食品摄入PFASs的暴露风险进行评估。结果表明:各类食品中,14种PFASs的加标回收率范围为81%~120%,相对标准偏差为2.71%~12.28%。在0.1~20 ng/g浓度范围的决定系数（R2）大于0.994。检测限为0.003 ng/g,定量限为0.01 ng/g。湖北某地动物源食品中PFASs污染普遍存在,其中水产类食品中有5种PFASs的检出率达到了100%,水产中总PFASs浓度为0.381～75.114 ng/g,平均值为8.655 ng/kg;蛋类食品中有6种PFASs的检出率达到了100%,蛋类食品中总PFASs含量为1.090～7.581 ng/g,平均值为4.163 ng/g;肉类样品中有1种PFAS检出率达到100%,当地肉类食品中总PFASs含量为0.306～2.512 ng/g,平均值为0.742 ng/g。此外不同种类的动物源食品中PFASs的浓度水平和残留特征存在差异,不同水产品中∑PFASs的中位数呈现鲢鱼（11.680 ng/g）>乌鳢（2.156 ng/g）>鲫鱼（1.766 ng/g）>鳊鱼（1.216 ng/g）>草鱼（0.754 ng/g）的趋势,不同蛋类食品中∑PFASs的中位数呈现鸡蛋（6.049 ng/g）>鸭蛋（2.514 ng/g）的趋势,不同肉类食品中∑PFASs的中位数呈现牛肉（0.765 ng/g）>鸭肉（0.665 ng/g）>鸡肉（0.547 ng/g）>猪肉（0.535 ng/g）的趋势,乳制品中,酸奶中∑PFASs的中位数为0.138 ng/g。经估算,当地一个标准人摄入上述水产类食品和蛋类食品中全氟辛烷磺酸（Perfluorooctane sulfonate,PFOS）危害指数均大于1,会对当地居民产生潜在危害。     

Health risks in infants associated with exposure to perfluorinated compounds in human breast milk from Zhoushan, China

Recent studies have reported the ubiquitous distribution of perfluorinated compounds (PFCs), especially perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), in wildlife and human whole blood or serum. In 2003 a solid phase extraction method was developed, which allowed the measurement of PFCs in human breast milk. In the present study, PFCs in samples of human breast milk from 19 individuals from Zhoushan, China, were analyzed by modifying a previously established method, based on weak-anion exchange extraction. PFOS and PFOA were the two dominant chemicals detected in all the milk samples. Concentrations of PFOS and PFOA ranged from 45 to 360 ng/L and 47 to 210 ng/L, respectively. The maximum concentrations of other PFCs were 100 ng/L for perfluorohexanesulfonate (PFHxS), 62 ng/L for perfluorononanoate (PFNA), 15 ng/L for perfluorodecanoate (PFDA) and 56 ng/L for perfluoroundecanoate (PFUnDA). Statistically significant correlations between various PFCs suggested a common exposure source to humans. No statistically significant correlation was found between concentrations of either PFOS or PFOA and maternal age, weight, or infant weight. Rate of consumption of fish was found to be positively correlated with PFNA, PFDA, and PFUnDA concentrations. Daily intake of PFOS for the child via breast milk with greater PFOS concentrations exceeded the predicted conservative reference dose in 1 of 19 samples, indicating that there may be a small potential risk of PFOS for the infants in Zhoushan via the consumption of breast milk.     

一次性纸杯中全氟辛酸 及全氟辛烷磺酸的膳食暴露研究

为了评估不同人群通过一次性纸杯摄入全氟辛酸(PFOA)及全氟辛烷磺酸(PFOS)的风险,采用超高效液相色谱串联质谱法测定一次性纸杯中PFOA及PFOS向不同食品中的迁移量,结合调查所得一次性纸杯的消费数据,利用点评估方法计算PFOA及PFOS通过一次性纸杯向不同人群的急性及慢性暴露量,并评估其急慢性暴露风险。结果表明,20种一次性纸杯中,PFOA及PFOS向食品中的迁移量分别为ND~23.70×10-3 ng/cm2、ND~4.10×10-3 ng/cm2;PFOA及PFOS的急性人群暴露量分别为45.67×10-3~168.36×10-3 ng/(kg·d)和7.91×10-3~29.14×10-3 ng/(kg·d),慢性人群暴露量分别为0.16×10-3~4.05×10-3 ng/(kg·d)和0.02×10-3~0.51×10-3 ng/(kg·d),均远低于欧盟推荐的每日摄入耐受量。人群通过一次性纸杯摄入PFOA及PFOS的风险处于可接受的水平。     

Exposure of an adult population to perfluorinated substances using duplicate diet portions and biomonitoring data

Because dietary intake is supposed to be an important route of human exposure we quantified the dietary intake of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), perfluorooctanoate (PFOA), perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS), perfluorohexanoate (PFHxA), and perfluorooctane sulfonamide (PFOSA) using 214 duplicate diet samples. The study was carried out with a study population of 15 female and 16 male healthy subjects aged 16-45 years. The participants collected daily duplicate diet samples over seven consecutive days in 2005. Duplicate samples were homogenized and their ultrasonic extracts were cleaned up by SPE and subjected to HPLC-ESI-MS/MS. In addition, individual intakes were estimated based on blood levels of PFOS and PFOA using a pharmacokinetic model. Blood samples were collected once during the sampling period. The median (90th percentile) daily dietary intake of PFOS and PFOA was 1.4 ng/kg b.w. (3.8 ng/kg b.w.) and 2.9 ng/kg b.w. (8.4 ng/kg b.w.), respectively. PFHxS and PFHxA could be detected only in some samples above detection limit with median (maximum) daily intakes of 2.0 ng/kg b.w. (4.0 ng/kg b.w.) and 4.3 ng/kg b.w. (9.2 ng/kg b.w.), respectively. Because PFOSA could not be detected above the limit of detection of 0.2 ng/g f.w. this indirect route of exposure seems to be of less significance. Overall, the results of this study demonstrate that the German population is exposed to PFOS and PFOA, but the median dietary intake did not reach the recommended tolerable daily intake by far. Biomonitoring data predict an exposure in a comparable range. We suppose that, normally, food intake is the main source of exposure of the general population to PFOS and PFOA.     

Levels and distribution of PBDEs and PFASs in pork from different European countries

ABSTRACT

Meat and meat products are included in a great number of human diets. However, the great consumption of meat needs to be controlled for the presence of traces of contaminants. The European Commission has not stated maximum limits for some environmental pollutants such as the perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) and polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE); the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) Scientific Panel has recommended that more occurrence data for PFASs in food should be collected to improve the accuracy of future exposure calculations. Therefore, the distribution of PFASs and PBDEs trace contaminants from eight EU Member States were investigated through liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). No PFASs were detected, except perfluorooctanoic acid, in only one Austrian sample at the concentration of 0.531 ng g^?1. PBDEs were detected in 3 out of 77 samples: one from Germany showed the presence of all congeners analysed in the concentration range 0.53–0.77 ng g^?1, the others, from Netherland and Italy, respectively contained PBDE 153 (0.53 ng g^?1) and PBDE 100 (0.62 ng g^?1). The results show that the analysed samples do not pose a risk for human beings in regard to PFASs and PBDEs. Further studies are needed to keep monitoring their presence in foodstuff, as it has been suggested by European Commission.     

Perfluorinated compounds in the Cape Fear Drainage Basin in North Carolina

Concern over perfluorinated organic compounds (PFCs), e.g., perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), is due to a number of recent studies which show that the PFCs are persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic in animals. Despite sustained interest in this topic, little information is available concerning the environmental distributions of the compounds. In this study, a new method was developed for the analysis of 10 target PFCs and its performance was examined in a systematic evaluation of surface water in the Cape Fear River Basin in North Carolina. One hundred samples from 80 different locations were collected during the spring of 2006. Detectable levels of the target PFCs were found in all samples, and were comparable to values reported previously, with maximum PFOS at 132 ng/L, PFOA at 287 ng/L, perfluorononanoic acid (C9) at 194 ng/L, and perfluoroheptanoic acid (C7) at 329 ng/L. In general, the lowest concentrations of the PFCs were found in the smallest tributaries while the highest levels were found in middle reaches of the Drainage Basin. Variability of PFC concentrations suggests a series of source inputs throughout the Basin. Seventeen sample sites (22%) had PFOS concentrations greater than 43 ng/L, a conservative safe water concentration estimated to be protective of avian life. In addition, a total of 26 sites (32%) had PFOA concentrations above 40 ng/L.     

Perfluorinated compounds in house dust from Ohio and North Carolina, USA

The perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs), including perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), have come under increasing scrutiny due to their persistence, global distribution, and toxicity. Given that their human exposure routes remain poorly characterized, the potential role of house dust needs to be more completely evaluated. In this study, new methods for the analysis of 10 PFAAs and three fluorinated telomer alcohols (FTOHs) were developed for dust samples collected from homes (n = 102) and day care centers (n = 10) in Ohio and North Carolina in 2000-2001. FTOHs were measured by GC/ MS and PFAAs were analyzed by LC-MS/MS. PFOS and PFOA were the most prominent compounds detected, occurring in over 95% of the samples at median concentrations of 201 and 142 ng/g of dust, respectively. Maximal concentrations of PFOS were 12 100 ng/g (95th percentile, 2240 ng/g), PFOA 1960 ng/g (95th percentile, 1200 ng/g), and perfluorohexanesulfonate (PFHS) 35 700 ng/g (95th percentile, 2300 ng/g). The 8:2 FTOH, which is volatile and can degrade to PFOA, had a maximum concentration of 1660 ng/g dust (95th percentile, 669 ng/g). These results indicate that perfluorinated compounds are present in house dust at levels that may represent an important pathway for human exposure.     

Human dietary exposure to perfluoroalkyl substances in Catalonia, Spain. Temporal trend

In this study, we assessed the levels of 18 perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in the most widely consumed foodstuffs in Catalonia, Spain, as well as the total dietary intake of these compounds. Forty food items were analysed. Only perfluoropentanoic acid (PFPeA), perfluorohexadecanoic acid (PFHxDA) and perfluorooctanoicdecanoic acid (PFOcDA) were not detected in any sample. Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) was the compound found in the highest number of samples (33 out of 80), followed by perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluoroheptanoic acid (PFHpA), perfluorohexane sulfonic acid (PFHxS), perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA) and perfluorodecane sulfonic acid (PFDS). Fish and shellfish was the food group in which more PFASs were detected and where the highest PFAS concentrations were found. The highest dietary intakes corresponded to children, followed by male seniors, with values of 1787 and 1466ng/day, respectively. For any of the age/gender groups of the population, the Tolerable Daily Intakes (TDIs) recommended by the EFSA were not exceeded. In general terms, PFAS levels found in the current study are lower than the concentrations recently reported in other countries.     

Analysis of Trace Metals and Perfluorinated Compounds in 43 Representative Tea Products from South China

Six trace metals (Cd, Pb, Cr, Cu, Zn, and Mn) and 2 perfluorinated compounds (PFCs), perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), were analyzed in 43 representative tea products (including 18 green, 12 Oolong, and 13 black teas) from 7 main tea production provinces in China, using the atomic absorption spectrophotometer for trace metals analysis and HPLC‐MS/MS for PFOS and PFOA analysis. The average contents of the 3 essential metals Mn, Cu, and Zn ions in the tea samples were 629.74, 17.75, and 37.38 mg/kg, whereas 3 toxic metals Cd, Cr, and Pb were 0.65, 1.02, and 1.92 mg/kg, respectively. The contents of heavy metals in the 3 types of tea were in the order of black tea > Oolong tea > green tea. Both PFOS and PFOA contents were low and PFOA content was higher than PFOS in the tea samples. The highest concentration of PFOA was 0.25 ng/g dry weight found in a Hunan green tea. The Principal component analysis was performed with the trace metals and PFCs to analyze the relationships of these indices. The results showed that black teas had higher trace metals and PFCs than green and Oolong teas, and the teas from Hunan and Zhejiang provinces had higher Pb and Cr than others.     

Aflatoxin B1 and sterigmatocystin survey in beer sold in China

ABSTRACT

A total of 101 samples of beer from the Chinese market were analysed for the presence of aflatoxin B₁ (AFB₁) and sterigmatocystin (STC), using methods based on liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. The limit of quantification and the limit of detection in beer were 0.1 and 0.03 µg/kg, respectively. Recoveries of AFB₁ and STC from spiked beer samples were 97.8–103.6% and 92.7–102.1%, respectively. None of the beer purchased samples were contaminated with AFB₁ or STC.     

Occurrence of selected perfluorinated alkyl acids in lunch meals served at school canteens in Italy and their relevance for children’s intake

Ready-to-eat servings may be more contaminated with perfluorinated alkyl acids (PFAAs) than the corresponding unprocessed foods due to the presence of PFAAs in and transfer from food contact materials (FCM) and cookware. Therefore, the presence of selected PFAAs in meals served weekly at lunch time in six Italian school canteens was assessed. Five towns were selected representing different areas with local water and food supply. Daily lunch menus were sampled and pooled to form a composite. Analyses were carried out on the weekly composite from each canteen. UPLC-MS/MS quantification limits were in the 6.0–12 pg g^–1 range for the selected PFAAs (PFHxA, PFOA, PFNA, PFDA, PFUnDA, PFHxS, branched and non-branched PFOS). Non-branched PFOS was quantified in four out of six composites, with levels ranging from 14 to 25 pg g^–1, while PFOA and PFDA were determined in two out of six in the range 6.5–8.2 pg g^–1. Theoretical estimates and analytical results in the same order of magnitude indicate a negligible contribution from food processing and serving to meal contamination. When composite analytical data are transposed into dietary estimates, it is shown that Italian school-age children have intakes in the range of 0.3–1.1 and 0.5–1.4 ng kg^–1 bw day^–1 for PFOA and PFOS respectively, well below the corresponding tolerable daily intakes (TDIs).     

江西省畜禽产品中全氟辛酸和全氟辛烷磺酸污染情况调查与分析

为了探索江西省畜禽产品中全氟辛酸（perfluorooctanoic acid,PFOA）和全氟辛烷磺酸（perfluorooctanesulfonate,PFOS）的污染现状,采用超高效液相色谱-三重四极杆串联质谱对江西省5 个畜禽主产市市售猪、鸡、鸭各组织（n=260）样品中PFOS和PFOA的污染水平进行了分析。结果表明：以湿质量计算可知,鸡血中PFOA的污染水平最高,为0.52 ng/g,其次为猪肝（0.24 ng/g）,然后依次为鸡肝（0.14 ng/g）、鸭血（0.12 ng/g）、鸭肝（0.029 ng/g）,猪肉、鸡肉、鸭肉和猪血中均未检出PFOA的污染;PFOS仅在猪肝中检出,其均值为0.20 ng/g。对人体健康风险评价结果显示,江西省猪、鸡和鸭各组织中PFOA和PFOS不会对人体健康造成即时危害。     

Distribution of perfluorooctane sulfonate and other perfluorochemicals in the ambient environment around a manufacturing facility in China

Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) can be released to the surrounding environment during manufacturing and usage of PFC containing products, which are considered as main direct sources of PFCs in the environment. This study evaluates the release of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and other PFCs to the ambient environment around a manufacturing plant. Among the nine PFCs analyzed, only PFOS, perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), and perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS) were found in dust, water, soil, and chicken eggs. Very high concentrations of PFOS and PFOA were found in dust from the production storage, raw material stock room, and sulfonation workshop in the manufacturing facility, with the highest value at 4962 μg/g (dry weight) for PFOS and 160 μg/g for PFOA. A decreasing trend of the three PFCs concentrations in soils, water, and chicken eggs with increasing distance from the plant was found, indicating the production site to be the primary source of PFCs in this region. Risk quotients (RQs) assessment for surface water >500 m away from the plant were less than unity. Risk assessment of PFOS using predicted no-effect concentration (PNEC, 3.23 ng/g on a logarithmic scale) indicated no immediate ecological risk of a reduction in offspring survival. PFOS concentrations in most egg samples did not exceed the benchmark concentration derived in setting a reference dose for noncancer health effects (0.025 μg/(kgxd)).     

北京地区啤酒中赭曲霉毒素A污染调查及暴露评估

目的了解北京地区出售的啤酒中赭曲霉毒素A(ochratoxinA,OTA)的污染水平,评估本地居民对啤酒中OTA的暴露水平。方法采用免疫亲和柱-高效液相色谱-荧光检测器检测法(IAC-HPLC-FD)对啤酒样品中OTA污染水平进行测定,并参照欧盟膳食暴露评估方法进行评估。结果在检测的87份啤酒样品中,阳性样品39份,阳性率是44.83%。OTA的污染水平范围0.010～0.093ng/ml,平均污染水平为0.015ng/ml,阳性样品的平均污染水平为0.026ng/ml。居民每周从啤酒中摄入的OTA范围为0.01～0.50ng/kgBW。结论与其他国家啤酒中OTA污染水平相比,北京地区的污染水平较低。居民啤酒OTA暴露量远低于JECFA提出的100ng/kgBW的PTWI和欧盟提出的5ng/kgBW的TDI。