近壁面空化冲击颗粒破碎效果的影响因素研究

为提升近壁面空化冲击的颗粒破碎效率,对颗粒破碎效果的影响因素开展了研究。首先确定了液相中空化冲击破碎颗粒的基本方式:近壁面空泡溃灭时产生的高速微射流会驱动空泡内部的颗粒撞击壁面,造成颗粒破碎。由颗粒破碎的基本方式确定了影响颗粒破碎效果的主要因素;理论分析了微细颗粒穿过流体空化泡壁的动态过程,计算了不同粒径的运动颗粒能够穿过空化泡壁的初始速度及初始距离条件;分析了颗粒粒径大小对于近壁面空化泡溃灭微射流的削弱作用,计算了近壁面空化冲击破碎颗粒的无量纲距离条件。基于理论分析结果,开展了基于颗粒体积分数、入口压力、颗粒大小及转速率等多因素的石英砂颗粒球磨空化冲击破碎实验。结果表明,实验后各实验点的中位粒径D₅₀和特征粒径D₁₀均明显减小,粒径小于10μm的颗粒占比由实验前的6.2%提升至59.3%,验证了上述因素对颗粒破碎效果的影响作用。     

超声空化对喇曼散射的影响

1　引言超声空化的过程是集中声场能量并迅即释放的过程。空化泡崩溃时 ,极短时间在空化泡周围的极小空间内 ,产生 50 0 0 K以上的高温和大约 5× 10 7Pa的高压 ,温度变化率高达 10 9K/ s,并伴生强烈的冲击波和时速达 4 0 0 km的射流 [1]。在这样特殊的物理环境下 ,物质的物理性质和一些物理现象是否发生变化或受环境的影响呢 ?作者曾经设计了一种特殊形状的喇曼光谱样品池 ,它既能让激光束透过样品 ,又能在样品中引入超声空化场 ,从而可研究超声空化对喇曼散射光谱的影响 [2 ]。作为该研究工作的继续 ,本文选择了四氯化碳和乙二醇两种样…     

空化噪声谱特性研究

空化发生时,气泡经历成长、溃灭、反弹、再溃灭等复杂过程,辐射出尖的声压脉冲,对空泡辐射的噪声特性起主导作用。空泡一次溃灭辐射的脉冲可以用单指数函数或双指数函数来描述,空泡多次溃灭辐射的脉冲可以用振幅衰减的指数函数序列来描述,本文对这些指数模型进行了详细的分析,得到不同模型对应的噪声谱。指出了这些模型的适用范围。并对经典单空泡噪声谱的特征进行了解释和说明。本文还利用多次脉冲对应的噪声谱解释了实验得到的噪声谱在中间的频率范围内的起伏现象     

超声作用下刚性壁面附近的双气泡脉动

在实际应用时,空化泡可能位于刚性壁附近。对刚性壁附近的空化泡脉动进行研究有利于更好地利用声空化。文章研究了刚性壁附近双气泡的动力学规律。研究结果表明,当两气泡与刚性壁距离相同时,气泡与壁之间的距离越大,刚性壁对辐射声波的反射越小,气泡脉动时能够达到的最大半径与最小半径的比值(即压缩比)也越大。若改变单个气泡与刚性壁的距离,则当两个气泡距离接近时,位置固定的气泡压缩比会减小。增大单个气泡的平衡半径,会使得两气泡脉动时的压缩比变小。此外,文章还对两气泡间距固定情况下,气泡压缩比与两气泡中心连线和壁面所成夹角之间的关系进行了讨论。     

舰船螺旋桨空化低频辐射噪声时频域仿真

依据空泡动力学经典理论的分析结果,仿真出单个空泡体积变化时间波形及相应的声脉冲。将旋转桨叶充分空化情况下,一周期内引起的空泡群破灭过程的平均行为用单空泡仿真,并将不均匀尾流场空泡群噪声辐射近似描述为以叶片频倒数为周期间隔出现、幅度随机变化的单脉冲所构成的脉冲序列组成,并在声压脉冲波形上叠加适当的高斯白噪声。推导了宽带洛埃镜模型信道响应函数,分析其相应的谱特性,对深海近表面目标螺旋桨空化近场低频辐射噪声场进行了仿真,仿真结果与实测数据吻合较好。     

柱形料腔中超声空化效应的空间分布特性研究

研究了20 kHz的圆柱形料腔中超声空化效应的形成及其空间分布特性。应用柱贝塞尔函数,推导获取了柱形声场内超声传播的声能密度的分布,并采用有限元方法进行仿真分析。针对频率为20 kHz的功率超声实验,结合声学测量方法和鲁米诺声致化学发光方法,对理论分析结果进行了验证对照。结果表明:料腔半径R=50 mm,20 kHz谐振液位高度H=90 mm时,若功放电流<40 mA,超声空化效应出现在变幅杆端部区域;若40 mA≤功放电流≤80 mA,空化效应显著增强,空化效应的空间分布与场内声压分布一致,空化效应受声模态影响,形成远场空化效应的分布特性;若功放电流>80 mA,受非线性因素影响,谐振液位时,空化效应在声流作用下呈柱形拖尾状分布,并在底部壁面边界形成平铺状分布;非谐振液位高度等于75 mm时,超声空化效应随功率增加仅在变幅杆端部区域出现,且呈现局域空化分布特性。     

非均匀入流中螺旋桨噪声数值预报

将黏性多相流理论的数值方法和球形空泡辐射噪声理论相结合,进行了非均匀入流条件下螺旋桨片空化的周期形态模拟以及螺旋桨空化单极子声源辐射噪声数值预报。采用流场数值模拟方法和声场边界元数值声学方法耦合的方法,在频域上预报非均匀入流下空化和非空化条件下螺旋桨负载噪声;通过数值预报负载噪声得到非空化条件下螺旋桨噪声,将片空化单极子声源辐射噪声和空化的负载噪声在频域上进行相加得到空化条件下的螺旋桨噪声。采用某民船桨模验证了非均匀入流下螺旋桨片空化周期形态以及空化单极子声源辐射噪声预报的准确性,然后分析了民船桨在空化和非空化条件下螺旋桨噪声的叶频和二倍叶频特征。结果表明,上述方法能有效地预报螺旋桨空化和非空化噪声的叶频特征。     

非均相流模型在绕回转体通气空化流动计算中的应用

结合水洞实验,研究了非均相流模型在通气空化流场计算中的应用。分别采用均相和非均相流模型对绕带空化器回转体的通气空化流场进行了数值计算,并与实验结果进行了对比,结果表明:非均相流模型由于充分考虑到相间界面及其相互作用,较应用均相流模型,能够更准确地模拟绕带空化器回转体的通气空化流动的空泡形态和通气空化流场的非定常特性和空泡区域的速度分布,更好地捕捉到空化区域内反向射流运动的非定常过程。     

仿体中超声空化效应的B超图像处理

0引言使用高强度聚焦超声(HIFU)照射组织,将产生声空化现象。在声空化过程中,声场能量于空化气泡内高度集中,当能量积累到一定阈值后,空化气泡瞬间崩溃。在气泡崩溃的瞬间能量会释放出来,形成局部的高温、高压、强冲击波等极端物理现象[1]。这将使周围的组织细胞遭到损伤。因此,对HIFU空化的监控显得尤其重要[2]。本文主要研究不同脉冲宽度的高强度聚焦超声(HIFU)在体外仿体中引起的空化气泡群面积随时间的变化。从而实现对HIFU空化的实时监控。     

非淹没双空化射流流场及冲击特性数值模拟

空化射流具有比同等条件下普通水射流更强的冲击力，被广泛应用于各种领域。为进一步提高空化射流的工作效率，提出了新型的非淹没双空化射流。基于多相流Mixture模型和RNG k-ε输运方程，研究了双空化喷嘴中内外喷嘴径向间距D₀与出口轴向间距L,以及外喷嘴来流压力P₁对射流轴线速度、压力、含气率与比能的影响，并分析了最优D₀,L,P₁组合下射流冲击平板的壁面压力分布特征。研究结果表明，当D₀=1.5 mm,且L=2 mm时射流的流场特性最优，在此结构下的最优靶距为20～25 mm。对该非淹没双空化射流冲击特性分析发现，相比于传统中心体空化喷嘴，其可产生体积更大的空化云和更好的冲击效果。研究结果可为空化射流的高效应用提供理论基础。     

声流条件下超声空化气泡分布研究

研究了频率为20 kHz的超声作用在圆柱形料腔中出现声流现象时超声空化效应的空间分布特性。结合大振幅声源条件下的声辐射力,对声场内的声流现象进行了仿真分析,获取了不同超声功率和液位高度下的声流速度场分布,初步探究了声流条件下空化气泡的运动分布规律。采用超声空化效应的声致化学发光实验,对比研究了有、无声流条件时超声空化效应的空间分布特性。结果表明：功放电流高于80 mA(电功率为17.6 W)时,超声场可形成稳定的声致流动现象且可有效提高其声能辐射效率,大大增加了空化效应的作用区域,进而提高了声化学反应效率;声流条件下料腔内超声空化效应的分布区域与超声功率(振幅)、料腔液位高度相关,功放电流从40 mA(电功率为8.8 W)增加至120 mA(电功率为26.4 W)时,空化面积占比提高了100.86%,液位高度为60 mm时的空化面积占比较50 mm和70 mm时分别提高了13.11%和73.91%,提高超声功率及选择合理的料腔液位高度,可有效提高空化气泡扩散距离,增大空化分布面积;对于固定形状及尺寸料腔中的声场,声流速度达到一定阈值时,会出现空化效应增强,空化效应增强区域位于大于声流速...     

影响声化学产额的几个因素

声空化是声化学反应的主动力，对声化学产额的研究将能更好地利用声化学技术。从大量的实验研究报道结果来看．在既定的物理和化学条件下，声化学产额的高低主要取决于声化学反应器的类型和各类操作参量。文中对影响声化学产额的媒质参量和声学参量作了定性的讨论，这些参量包括媒质的粘滞性、可压缩性、反应器的几何形状、声压和频率等，同时从空化泡群的角度分析了这些参量之间的相互联系，结合目前声化学的研究现状，探讨了今后该领域急需解决的一些问题及发展方向。     

Tensile strength and visible ultrasonic cavitation of superfluid4He

Motion picture photographs of cavitation in He II revealed new characteristics pertinent to the liquid's tensile strength and bubble dynamics. A cylindrical acoustic standing wave with a frequency of 50.58 kHz induced the cavitation in He II at a temperature of 2.09 K. Analysis of light diffracted by the sound gave measurements of the acoustic pressure amplitude which were used both for selecting the best drive frequency and for obtaining the tensile strength. Bubbles appeared to originate on pressure antinodes, expanded to a diameter of 0.5–1.0 mm in about 0.3 msec, and eventually fragmented into smaller bubbles. They originated where the negative pressure extremum was as small as –0.6 bar (+0, –50%), a tensile strength much smaller than the predictions of theories developed for the homogeneous nucleation of bubbles in classical liquids. The bubble fragments were frequently nonspherical and had widths of 0.1–0.2 mm. Small bubbles also displayed an unexpected preference to originate on the surface of a stainless steel tube inserted in the sound field. Subsequent to nucleation, bubbles were frequently attracted to acoustic pressure nodes in agreement with a theory of vibrations and forces originally developed for bubbles in normal liquids. Attempts to detect first and second sound radiated by cavitation are described.Work supported by the National Science Foundation Grant DMR75-15628.NSF Predoctoral Fellow.     

The sonically induced cavitation of liquid helium

The onset of sonically induced cavitation in liquid helium at frequencies between 30 and 40 kHz has been studied. In helium II, two types of cavitation activity were identified: acoustic cavitation whose characteristic noise can be detected, and visible cavitation in which vaporous cavities grow to visible size. The onset of acoustic cavitation is statistical in nature with increasing event rates as the sound pressure amplitude is increased and whose threshold depends on the waiting time at that particular amplitude. The acoustic threshold sound pressure amplitude in helium II between 1.8° K andT was found to lie within 0.15 mb of 0.3 mb, the variation of ±0.15 mb occurring from one determination to another, whereas the sound pressure amplitude corresponding to the visible threshold was about a hundred times larger. These two distinct types of sonically induced cavitation appear to be unique to liquid helium. However, aboveT the two thresholds were found to coincide at a sound pressure amplitude within 0.4 mb of 0.8 mb. The characteristics of the onset of acoustic cavitation were found to be independent of applied static pressure of up to 1.5 atm above and belowT and in helium II they were unaffected by filtering, heat flushing, or rotating the liquid. The results suggest that liquid helium is nucleated by random events initiated by the ambient cosmic radiation or by vortices generated in the liquid, and they imply that at ultrasonic frequencies this liquid cannot withstand a tensile stress and behaves in this respect like water saturated with gas and containing dust motes. Attempts to determine the onset of acoustic cavitation by scattering light off the bubbles or by detecting sonoluminescence were not successful: The upper limit to the size of these bubbles was shown to be about 30 µm and the intensity of any sonoluminescence must have been less than 10^–4 of that from cavitating water. The possibilities of exploiting the two types of cavitation activity in liquid helium in the construction of a posttriggerable ultrasonic bubble chamber for visualizing the tracks of ionizing particles are discussed, as are the theoretical background and future development of the work presented in this paper.     

Single bubble sonoluminescence and stable cavitation

A single bubble trapped at an antinode of an acoustic standing wave field in water can emit 50ps-140ps light pulses, called "single bubble sonoluminescence" (SBSL). It arouses much interest in physical acoustics because of its highly non-linear characteristics, high concentration of energy, and stable cavitation behavior. In this paper, bubble stability, the dynamic behavior of bubbles, non-invasive measurement of driving acoustic pressure and Mie scattering method are introduced.     

超声造影剂微泡非线性声学特性的数值仿真

以空气泡为例,采用描述气泡半径运动的Rayleigh-Plesset方程,对其在高频声压辐照下的非线性振荡,散射声场和散射截面进行理论和数值研究,为获取更清晰的图像提供理论依据。结果表明:激励声压的频率在微泡的固有谐振频率附近时,可以产生强的二次谐波散射声压。同时,提高入射声强可以增大二次谐波散射截面,但不能改变基波散射截面。     

Pressure impulses during microsecond laser ablation

The collapse of laser-induced cavitation bubbles creates acoustic transients within the surrounding medium and also pressure impulses to the ablation target and light-delivery fiber during microsecond laser ablation. The impulses are investigated here with time-resolved flash photography, and they are found to occur whether or not the light-delivery fiber is in contact with the target. We demonstrate that the impulses depend primarily on the energy stored in the cavitation bubble. They are not directly dependent on the mode of light delivery (contact versus noncontact), and they are also not directly correlated to the other acoustic transients. The pressure impulses do seem to be associated with the bubble-driven jet formation caused by the bubble collapse.     

Bubble-induced cavitation effect upon solid surfaces

The dynamic damage during cavitation erosion is of a spall nature and results from the interference of rarefaction waves. Spherical shock waves, which arise due to the collapse of cavitation bubbles, generate shock waves in the target. The rarefaction waves appear when the velocity of the contact boundary decreases below the sound velocity in the target material and the shock waves emerge at the free surface. The coordinate of the rarefaction wave formation site determines the zone of potential damage. The interference of rarefaction waves creates the spall channel crack, near which the coaxial cylindrical cracks are formed-as a rule, in the dynamic fatigue regime-in the course of subsequent loading.