A systematic optimization approach for the calibration of parallel kinematics machine tools by a laser tracker

Parallel kinematics machine has attracted attention as machine tools because of the outstanding features of high dynamics and high stiffness. Although various calibration methods for parallel kinematics machine have been studied, the influence of inaccurate motion of joints is rarely considered in these studies. This paper presents a high-accuracy and high-effective approach for calibration of parallel kinematics machine. In the approach, a differential error model, an optimized model and a statistical method are combined, and the errors of parallel kinematics machine due to inaccurate motion of joints can be reduced by this approach. Specifically, the workspace is symmetrically divided into four subspaces, and a measurement method is suggested by a laser tracker to require the actual pose of the platform in these subspaces. An optimized model is proposed to solve the kinematic parameters in symmetrical subspaces, and then arithmetical mean method is proposed to calculate the final kinematic parameter. In order to achieve the global optimum quickly and precisely, the initial value of the optimal parameter is directly solved based on the differential error model. The proposed approach has been realized on the developed 5-DOF hexapod machine tool, and the experiment result proves that the presented method is very effective and accurate for the calibration of the hexapod machine tool.     

A new approach for the geometrical calibration of parallel kinematics machines tools based on the machining of a dedicated part

A main limitation of parallel kinematics machine tools (PKM) in high-speed machining tasks is their low level of accuracy compared with serial kinematics machine tools, which is largely due to geometrical transformation errors. These errors can be reduced by identifying the geometrical parameters of the inverse kinematics model integrated in the controller by exteroceptive calibration. The aim of this paper is to propose a new external measurement method in order to perform the geometrical calibration of PKM, taking into account machining requirements. This method is implemented in three steps: machining of a dedicated part, measurement, and identification of the geometrical parameter values. In this paper, the method is described with a particular emphasis on the machined surface profiles of the dedicated part and on the numerical calibration approach. Measurement errors on the machined surface enable the identification of the PKM geometrical parameters. Thus, calibration is performed with respect to machined surface defects without taking into account the entire tool pose defect, as is the case in usual calibration methods. The study is illustrated using the Verne PKM, which is located at IRCCyN (Nantes, France).     

一种新型五自由度混联机床的运动及仿真分析

提出用两个二自由度并联机构相串联而成的混联机构作为主进给机构,外加一维运动的工作平台使之能实现五坐标数控加工的一种新型混联机床.其具有结构简单、易于控制的特点.对其机构进行了描述,应用螺旋理论分析了球形五杆机构的运动螺旋及其反螺旋,在此基础上求得其自由度;分析了该混联机床封闭的运动学正反解,用数值方法对其正确性进行了验证;并在此基础上以Visual C 为平台,利用OpenGL对其运动进行了仿真,对设计思想及设计细节进行了验证,为样机制造提供了可靠保证.     

五轴并联机床的标定仿真

建立标定模型,用逆向运动学标定方式模拟了一新型五轴并联机床的标定过程,结果表明这种标定方法的算法收敛快、鲁棒性好.由于将并联机床的固定参考系的姿态参数也考虑进标定模型中,使得这一模型可以消除测量的系统误差对并联机器人标定精度的影响,进一步提高并联机器人的标定精度.这些分析结果为并联机床的标定试验提供理论分析基础.     

一种混联机床运动学建模及研究

为了研究少自由度结构的混联机构并联机床运动学问题,提高机床在加工过程中的运动控制精度,本文以一种五自由度新型重型混联机床-XNZH2430为例,分析了其几何结构,对该类型机构进行了深入的研究,推导并建立了其运动学正、逆解模型.     

三平动冗余驱动并联机床误差分析及标定方法的研究

以三平动非对称冗余驱动(3-2SPS)并联机床为研究对象,对该机构进行运行学分析,在此基础上以矢量微分法建立包括球铰铰链点、伸缩杆杆长、冗余线性模组的位置和方向向量在内的48个结构参数的误差雅可比矩阵,并在MATLAB中计算得到各误差源对机床动平台末端位姿的影响。建立基于运动学逆解的标定模型,并用Gauss-Newton非线性最小二乘法求解出机构48个结构参数的实际值,通过MATLAB仿真验证了标定算法的有效性。研究结果为3-2SPS非对称冗余驱动并联机构的实际应用提供了理论依据。     

Development of a multi-step measuring method for motion accuracy of NC machine tools based on cross grid encoder

Machining accuracy is directly influenced by the quasi-static errors of a machine tool. Since machine errors have a direct effect on both the surface finish and geometric shape of the finished work piece, it is imperative to measure the machine errors and to compensate for them. A revised geometric synthetic error modeling, measurement and identification method of 3-axis machine tool by using a cross grid encoder is proposed in this paper. Firstly a revised synthetic error model of 21 geometric error components of the 3-axis NC machine tools is developed. Also the mapping relationship between the error component and radial motion error of round work piece manufactured on the NC machine tools are deduced. Aiming to overcome the solution singularity shortcoming of traditional error component identification method, a new multi-step identification method of error component by using the cross grid encoder measurement technology is proposed based on the kinematic error model of NC machine tool. Finally the experimental validation of the above modeling and identification method is carried out in the 3-axis CNC vertical machining center Cincinnati 750 Arrow. The entire 21 error components have been successfully measured by the above method. The whole measuring time of 21 error components is cut down to 1–2 h because of easy installation, adjustment, operation and the characteristics of non-contact measurement. It usually takes days of machine down time and needs an experienced operator when using other measuring methods. Result shows that the modeling and the multi-step identification methods are very suitable for ‘on machine’ measurement.     

一种三平移并联激光加工机床的运动学研究及仿真

结合并联机构与激光技术的特点,提出一种三自由度平移并联激光加工机床.介绍了并联激光加工机床的组成部分,并应用机器人机构拓扑理论计算其自由度,进行了并联机构的运动学逆解分析.通过运动学仿真,模拟了机床的运动轨迹,验证了并联激光加工机床运动学性能与设计的合理性.     

基于内置传感器的数控机床动态加工误差测量方法

以HJ044双转台型五轴联动数控机床为例,以机床内置传感器信息和多体系统理论为基础,建立了刀具相对工件的运动学模型,提出了一种基于内置传感器信息的动态加工误差测量方法。该方法利用机床编码器或光栅尺等机床内置传感器信息获取机床各轴运动位移,并结合机床运动学模型,测量由机床的动态特性引起的加工误差。并通过实验表明该方法是一种简单有效的数控机床动态加工误差测量方法。     

Total differential methods based universal post processing algorithm considering geometric error for multi-axis NC machine tool

Multi-axis numerical control machining for free-form surfaces needs CAD/CAM system for the cutter location and orientation data. Since these data are defined with respect to the coordinate of workpiece, they need converting for machine control commands in machine coordinate system, through a processing procedure called post processing. In this work, a new universal post processing algorithm considering geometric error for multi-axis machine tool with arbitrary configuration. Firstly, ideal kinematic model and real kinematic model of the multi-axis NC machine tool are built respectively. Difference between the two kinematic models is only whether to consider the machine tool's geometric error or not. Secondly, a universal generalized post processing algorithm containing forward and inverse kinematics solution is designed to solve kinematic models of multi-axis machine tool. Specially, the inverse kinematics solution is used for the ideal kinematic model, while the forward kinematics solution is used for the real kinematic model. Then, a total differential algorithm is applied to improve the calculation speed and reduce the difficulty of inverse kinematics solution. Realization principle of the total differential algorithm is to transform the inverse kinematics solution problem into that one of solving linear equations based on spatial relationship of adjacent cutter locations. Thirdly, to reduce the complexity of geometric error calibration experiment, effect weight of geometric error components is determined by the sensitivity analysis based on orthogonal method, and then the real kinematic model considering geometric error is established. Finally, the universal post processing algorithm based on total differential methods is implemented and demonstrated experimentally in a five-axis machine tool. The results show that the maximum error value can be decreased to one-fifth using the proposed method in this paper.     

立式加工中心空间误差验证及补偿

为提高某立式加工中心整机加工精度,借助旋量理论建立完备立式加工中心空间误差模型,在此基础上实现机床空间误差有效补偿.以旋量理论为基础推导并建立机床刀具运动链与工件运动链运动学正解,分析机床21项几何误差原理,在考虑21项几何误差的基础上建立该立式加工中心完备空间误差模型;利用九线法完成各项几何误差辨识;基于旋量运动学正解求解机床运动学逆解后得出运动轴实际运动路径,并通过体对角线实验对比补偿前后的效果.结果表明:所提补偿方法补偿效果显著,验证了机床空间误差模型的准确性,实现了提高机床加工精度的目的.     

基于Sobol’法的机床关键几何误差元素辨识方法研究

针对机床几何误差元素多、误差测量与辨识过程繁琐等问题,利用Sobol’全局灵敏度分析方法对空间误差模型中的几何误差元素进行灵敏度分析,筛选出影响较大的几何误差元素,从而降低误差测量与辨识过程的复杂度,简化空间误差模型。以螺旋理论为建模基础,建立机床空间误差模型;对所有几何误差元素进行Sobol序列抽样并通过蒙特卡洛估计法求解灵敏度,计算各误差元素的一阶灵敏度值及全局灵敏度值,从21个误差项中筛选出对机床空间误差影响较大的12项;将简化模型与完备模型进行对比,空间误差元素简化率为48%,其预测精度大于80%,说明了误差元素筛选的有效性,为机床空间误差建模、误差元素辨识以及空间误差补偿工作的简化提供参考。     

基于双目视觉和距离误差模型的工业机器人运动学参数标定方法

基于距离误差模型的标定技术,建立机器人末端距离误差与机器人运动学参数误差间的模型关系,避免了标定过程中坐标系的转换误差,能显著提高标定精度。视觉测量技术具有测量精度高、非接触性、实时性强等特点,与传统的机器人末端测量手段相比,具有成本低、操作简单等优势。研究一种将距离误差模型与视觉测量技术相结合的机器人标定方法,用于提高工业机器人特定工作空间的精度。采用双目视觉系统,将相机外置于机器人进行测量。基于距离误差模型进行机器人参数标定,利用标定结果进行运动学参数补偿。结果表明:特定标定工作空间内的距离误差都有所改善;在标定轨迹上,绝对距离误差的平均值从0.279 9 mm减少为0.104 4 mm,非标定轨迹的误差降幅高达50%以上,验证了该方法的可行性。     

3-UPS并联机床动态特性仿真研究

以3-UPS并联机床为研究对象，应用虚拟样机技术建立了机构参数化仿真模型，给出了并联机床虚拟样机联合仿真设计方案。通过对样机模型动力学分析，确定了影响整机动态性能的关键部件，采用通用有限元软件ANSYS完成这些部件的弹性体建模。通过动态仿真分析给出了弹性并联机构的动态响应、固有频率等动态特性参数，为并联机床整机的优化设计奠定了基础。     

基于单温度传感器的数控机床主轴热误差建模方法研究

为了提高热误差模型的预测精度和减少布置在机床内部的温度传感器数量,提出一种基于单个温度传感器数据的主轴轴向热误差辨识模型。该模型的输入由单个温度传感器采集的数据处理生成,内部参数少,利用智能优化算法的全局寻优能力辨识模型参数,减少人工干预,使得模型泛化性更强。以某型号三轴机床为实验对象,通过机床切削工件,验证模型辨识效果。通过与神经网络主轴热误差预测模型对比分析及实验验证,结果表明：提出的热误差模型预测主轴轴向热误差的残差较小,预测精度较高,且具有内部参数少和泛化能力强等优点,可支持数控机床的集成应用。     

基于三坐标测量仪的Stewart平台标定技术

针对空间对接半物理仿真系统中Stewart平台的运动精度问题,提出一种基于三坐标测量仪的低成本标定方法.利用通用的三坐标测量仪获取运动平台的位姿信息,构造一个统一度量的残差方程,辨识出运动平台的几何参数并进行误差补偿.此方法的特点是能够保证所有几何参数的可辨识性,不再需要设计和加工专门用于标定的各种辅助机构和冗余传感器,具有较强的通用性和可操作性.本文阐述了该标定方法的标定过程,对残差方程的构造方式进行了讨论,仿真表明标定后平台的运动精度能够达到测量噪声的量级.最后将此方法用于某实际运动平台的标定,经过误差补偿后其精度提高了5倍以上.     

三自由度混联机床的机构误差分析与仿真

文章提出了一种新的三自由度混联机床构型,基于Solidworks建立其三维实体模型.利用误差独立作用原理,建立了误差分析数学模型.通过矩阵分析方法结合运动学徽分方程,分析了并联机床静态误差,得到固定平台校链点位里误差、驱动杆长度误差与运动平台位里误差的映射关系,并对机构误差在工作空间内的分布规律进行了仿真,为混联机床的误差补偿提供了理论基础.     

并联运动机床现状与关键技术研究综述

随着社会的发展,并联运动机床技术迅速成为数控领域中的一个研究热点,具有广泛的应用和广阔的发展前景。简要介绍了国内外并联运动机床的研究背景及其发展现状,对并联运动机床的关键技术即数控系统实时控制模型、位置正反解和运动学分析分别进行了介绍,并对目前存在的主要问题和解决方法进行了探讨。     

6-UPS型Stewart并联机构空间对接装置的运动学分析

空间交会对接过程中追踪航天器位姿调整的精确度是实现空间对接的重要保障。为提高追踪航天器的位姿调整精确度,对其追踪航天器进行对接工作的Stewart并联机构进行了运动学分析。建立了Stewart并联机构逆运动学求解的数学模型,并利用其数学模型求解出作动器伸长量随时间变化的曲线;再搭建其虚拟样机,将搭建完成的虚拟样机模型导入ADSMS中进行逆运动学仿真,其结果与数学解析求得的结果相比较,误差保持在10-4量级内,验证了模型的准确性。利用其虚拟样机进行运动学的仿真分析,为提高机构位姿调整精确度以及后续工作中的动力学分析和实现控制提供了相关理论依据。