304不锈钢晶间腐蚀敏感性的EPR法和H2SO4-CuSO4-Cu法对比测定

目前,将电化学动电位再活化(EPR)法和传统H2SO4-CuSO4-Cu法结合研究不锈钢晶间腐蚀敏感性的报道较少。用EPR法和H2SO4-CuSO4-Cu法分别测试了不同敏化温度、时间下304不锈钢的晶间腐蚀敏感性。结果表明:EPR法和H2SO4-CuSO4-Cu法都能准确评价304不锈钢的晶间腐蚀倾向,二者结果一致;增加敏化时间和敏化温度都会加大304不锈钢的晶间腐蚀倾向;当敏化度高于19.4%时,304不锈钢易发生晶间腐蚀。     

使用电化学动电位再活化法研究热处理工艺对304不锈钢晶间腐蚀敏感性的影响

采用电化学动电位再活化(EPR)法研究了不同加热温度、保温时间和冷却方式热处理后的304不锈钢的晶间腐蚀敏感性。结果表明:EPR法可定量评价304不锈钢的晶间腐蚀敏感性;304不锈钢在500~800℃热处理会发生敏化,在650℃左右敏化度最高;304不锈钢在650℃以上热处理时,快速冷却能够有效地降低其晶间腐蚀敏化度,若采用炉冷则会提高其晶间腐蚀敏化度。     

热加工对430铁素体不锈钢“金粉”现象的影响

研究了430铁素体不锈钢晶间腐蚀和表面"金粉"缺陷的关系。通过Gleeble 3800热模拟机模拟了不同工艺条件下的热轧实验,以及热轧后模拟卷取对430铁素体不锈钢晶间腐蚀敏感性产生的影响;采用双环-电化学动电位再活化(DL-EPR)法检测430铁素体不锈钢的晶间腐蚀。结果表明:430铁素体不锈钢在热轧时产生敏化,在酸洗过程中造成的晶间腐蚀,最终会导致冷轧后表面"金粉"缺陷的产生。Gleeble实验表明,最终变形温度为900～950℃,冷速为水冷条件下有利于避免晶间腐蚀的产生。模拟卷取实验表明,经过650～800℃的处理能够进一步避免和消除430铁素体不锈钢的晶间腐蚀敏感性。     

循环伏安电沉积制备Pt-Fe合金催化剂及其性能

为提高质子交换膜燃料电池(PEMFC)电催化剂的催化活性,并降低其成本,利用循环伏安法电沉积制备Pt-Fe合金催化剂,并以其作为PEMFC阴极。通过X射线衍射仪(XRD)、循环伏安法(CV)、能谱仪(EDS)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)测试技术对催化剂样品进行性能表征。通过循环伏安线性扫描法确定Pt-Fe合金的沉积电位,并探究了电沉积过程中电解液温度、电位和扫描速率对催化剂样品形貌以及电催化性能的影响。结果表明:电解液温度主要对催化剂沉积量及分散性起作用,对形貌影响不大,扫描速率主要对晶体生长产生影响;电位扫描范围为-0.4~0.6 V、扫描速率为100 m V/s,电解液温度为50℃时,电沉积得到的Pt-Fe合金催化剂的颗粒在碳布表面呈空心球状且分散均匀,与其他沉积电位制得的样品相比较,合金中Pt/Fe原子比相对较高,其具有最大的电化学活性表面积,为64.30 m2/g,电催化活性最佳。     

2507双相不锈钢在NaClO溶液中的腐蚀性能EI北大核心CSCD

采用电化学动电位再活化法(EPR)、动电位极化和交流阻抗测试方法(EIS)研究2507双相不锈钢(SAF2507)在5g/L NaClO溶液中的晶间腐蚀和点腐蚀行为,并采用X射线光电子能谱(XPS)研究SAF2507腐蚀后表面形成的钝化膜组成。结果表明:SAF2507的再活化率Ra为0.68%,具有良好的耐晶间腐蚀性能;动电位极化和EIS的测试结果表明:SAF2507极化后能够发生自钝化现象,钝化区间为-0.5~0.6V;电荷传递电阻为1.389×10~4Ω·cm^2,说明其具有较强的耐点腐蚀性能。XPS研究表明SAF2507在5g/L NaClO溶液中钝化膜主要成分为Cr,Fe等氧化物和氢氧型化合物。同时进一步探讨了SAF2507的腐蚀机理。     

含钪Al-Cu-Li-Zr合金的抗晶间腐蚀和剥落腐蚀性能

通过晶间腐蚀、剥落腐蚀和极化曲线试验,结合扫描电镜和透射电镜等分析手段,研究了含钪Al-Cu-Li-Zr合金在不同时效状态下的晶间腐蚀和剥落腐蚀行为.结果表明,合金在自然时效状态下具有较好的抗晶间腐蚀和剥落腐蚀能力,但随着时效时间的延长,其晶间腐蚀与剥落腐蚀倾向逐渐增加;在4.0 mol/L NaCl 0.1 mol/L HNO3 0.4 mol/L KNO3(EXCO)溶液中进行的极化曲线测试也表现出相同的趋势.透射电镜观察表明,自然时效态合金未析出Г1相,欠时效态合金中有少量细小短棒状Г1相析出,随着时效时间的延长,Г1相逐渐粗化,过时效时合金中出现较宽的无沉淀带(PFZ).由于合金中Г1相和PFZ的开路电位都比铝基体低,在腐蚀过程中作为阳极相优先溶解,从而引起合金晶间腐蚀和剥落腐蚀.     

Ce_(68)Al_(10)Cu_(20)Nb_2大块非晶表面钝化膜的研究

采用铜模冷铸法制备了Ce_(68)Al_(10)Cu_(20)Nb_2大块非晶合金,利用动电位极化曲线和电化学阻抗谱技术(EIS)研究了合金在1mol/L NaOH溶液中的腐蚀行为,并用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对电化学钝化前后试样的表面形貌进行了表征,最后利用X射线光电子能谱(XPS)分析了电化学钝化处理获得的钝化膜的成分。结果表明:Ce_(68)Al_(10)Cu_(20)Nb_2大块非晶合金在1mol/L NaOH溶液中具有明显的自钝化现象,钝化区为-0.25~0.50V,维钝电流密度为10-5~10-6 A/cm~2;通过电化学钝化后获得的钝化膜可分为外部疏松层和内部致密层;外层主要是Ce的氧化物/氢氧化物和Nb的氧化物,内层则由Ce,Cu和Al的氧化物/氢氧化物和Nb的氧化物构成,钝化膜从外到内,随深度增加,氢氧化物含量逐渐减少,氧化物含量逐渐增加。     

正火处理对304和304L不锈钢在硝酸中耐蚀性的影响

开展热处理对304和304L不锈钢在硝酸中耐蚀性的影响研究,可为不锈钢现场使用过程中的焊接和热处理提供指导.利用正火处理模拟不锈钢在焊接或者热加工过程的受热过程,考察304和304L不锈钢在硝酸中的耐蚀性随受热温度和时间的变化规律.利用电化学动电位再活化法(DL-EPR)与交流阻抗谱法(EIS)研究了不同正火处理条件对304和304L不锈钢在硝酸中耐蚀性的影响.结果表明:2种材料经650℃正火处理后敏化度均为最大值.经900℃正火处理后,304不锈钢的晶粒略有减小,敏化度与未经正火处理的试样相比略有增大,304L不锈钢的晶粒略有增大,敏化度与未经正火处理的试样相比略有减小.304和304L不锈钢经650℃正火处理后,在硝酸介质中其钝化膜的保护能力变差.随保温时间的延长,其在硝酸中的耐蚀性也逐渐降下降.     

聚苯胺/银复合薄膜的制备及其耐蚀性能

为了研究聚苯胺(PANI)/银复合薄膜对不锈钢的防腐蚀性能,采用循环伏安法在不锈钢表面沉积一层Ag后,再通过对苯胺的电化学聚合制备了PANI膜。利用阳极极化法和交流阻抗法研究了PANI/Ag复合膜的耐蚀性及其影响因素。结果表明:在0.1 mol/L NaC l溶液中,不锈钢覆盖复合膜后的自腐蚀电位比无膜时有所提高,其耐蚀性能得到增强;电化学聚合溶液浓度、扫描速率及扫描上限等因素对复合膜耐蚀性的影响情况为:电解液中苯胺和硫酸浓度过高或过低都会影响膜的致密度,从而影响复合膜的耐蚀性;电化学参数的变化会影响复合膜的聚合速率,使复合膜的抗腐蚀能力不同;当苯胺单体浓度为0.2 mol/L、硫酸浓度为1 mol/L、扫描电位上限为1 V、扫描次数为50次、扫描速率为50 mV/s时,采用循环伏安法聚合苯胺,可形成沉积致密度高、耐蚀性好的复合膜。     

温度对X80管线钢在0.5mol/L Na_2CO_3+1.0mol/L NaHCO_3溶液中电化学腐蚀性能的影响

目前,有关温度对CO_3~(2-)-HCO_3~-环境下X80管线钢腐蚀行为的影响规律尚无统一的认识。为了探究高强度钢在不同温度的0.5 mol/L Na_2CO_3+1.0 mol/L NaHCO_3溶液中的腐蚀行为,采用动电位极化、电化学阻抗技术,并结合金相显微镜观察研究了温度对X80管线钢在0.5 mol/L Na_2CO_3+1.0 mol/L NaHCO_3溶液中电化学腐蚀行为的影响规律,并通过Mott-Schottky曲线对不同温度下钝化膜的半导体性质进行探讨。结果表明:温度从30℃上升至75℃时,X80钢的点蚀电位和电荷转移电阻均逐渐减小,腐蚀现象越明显;当温度达到90℃时,点蚀电位和电荷转移电阻反而增大,腐蚀程度有所减缓;在0.3~0.7 V内,钝化膜呈现出典型的n型半导体特征;随着温度的升高,钝化膜内的施主电流密度和平带电位呈现先降低后增加的趋势,钝化膜稳定性先减弱后增强;在75~90℃之间存在一个临界温度,此温度下钝化膜的缺陷密度最大,保护性最差。     

Estimation of Parameters of Universal Distribution of Moments of Failure of Products

A method is proposed for estimating the parameters of a mixture of exponential and Weibull distributions for which the accuracy of preliminary estimates obtained by graphical analysis is refined in accordance with the criterion of maximum likelihood. The efficiency of the proposed method is supported by the results of statistical modeling.     

Evaluation of optical properties of highly scattering media by moments of distributions of times of flight of photons

A novel method for the determination of the optical properties of tissue from time-domain measurements is presented. The data analysis is based on the evaluation of the first moment and the second centralized moment, i.e., the mean time of flight and the variance of the measured distribution of times of flight (DTOF) of photons injected by short (picosecond) laser pulses. Analytical expressions are derived for calculation of absorption and of reduced scattering coefficients from these moments by application of diffusion theory for infinite and semi-infinite homogeneous media. The proposed method was tested on experimental data obtained with phantoms, and results for absorption and reduced scattering coefficients obtained by the proposed method are compared with those obtained by fitting of the same data with analytical solutions of the diffusion equation. Furthermore, the accuracy of the moment analysis was investigated for a range of integration limits of the DTOF. The moment analysis may serve as a comparatively fast method for evaluating optical properties with sufficient accuracy and can be used, e.g., for on-line monitoring of optical properties of biological tissue.     

Estimation of potentialities of methods of summation of direct measurement errors

Conventional methods for summation of direct measurement errors are considered. Conditions under which these methods provide consistent results are stated. It is proposed to utilize for characteristic of the total error, its interval estimator or the half-sum of the value obtained by adding up its arithmetic and geometric random errors.Translated from Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, No. 4, pp. 10–12, April, 1995.     

Analysis of the rate of propagation of the wave of change of boiling modes

An approximate analytical expression is derived for the velocity of the front of the wave of change of boiling modes on a rod and on a plate. The impact of the Thomson effect and of the heater orientation in the gravity field is included. Adequate agreement is demonstrated between the derived relations and experimental data.     

空压机轴承箱蜗壳温度探头油封改造

由于空压机进气侧轴承箱蜗壳温度探头密封效果不好,使空压机及其后续管道受到油污染。后将温度探头的O形圈密封改为骨架油封,杜绝了轴承箱漏油问题。文章简介空压机的结构和技术参数,详细介绍了骨架油封的制作和优点。     

Characteristics of mechanical properties of materials in studies of conditions of attainment of marginal states

It is shown that conditions of attainment of marginal states in the material of structural components are formulated on the basis of analysis of force and deformation criteria of formation and development of destruction. The parameters of these criteria are data on types of structural materials, standard and special characteristics of their mechanical properties, structural forms of considered elements of the equipment, and their operating stress loading. In this case, the construction of a system of state equations for describing interrelation of current damage, external actions, and responses to them is based on the concept of calculating variations in properties of materials at all stages of the design life cycle.     

Determination of parameters of microstructural inhomogeneity of deformation of metals by the method of modeling

The article suggests a method of evaluating the microstructural inhomogeneity of deformation of metals by modeling. The method includes the measurement of deformations of metal according to meshes of a dividing grid with small base and the calculation of the distribution parameters of microdeformations in model representation. It is shown that the modeling method makes it possible objectively to evaluate the microinhomogeneity of deformation of metals independently of the chosen mesh size of the dividing grid. New structural characteristics are introduced: the base and wave of variation expressing the degree of crumbling or amalgamation of metal grains by inhomogeneity of deformation.Translated from Problemy Prochnosti, No. 7, pp. 40–44, July, 1991.     

水三相点复现的不确定度评定

水三相点是开尔文热力学温度的唯一基准点，也是ITS-90国际温标重要的定义固定点。因此，水三相点不确定度分析对整个温标的建立、温度量值传递起着至关重要的作用。近3年来，中国计量科学研究院研制出一系列高质量的水三相点容器，加强了水三相点的研究，为不确定度的分析提供了更为可靠的实验依据。同时，不确定度的分析也是客观评价新研制容器性能的一个重要指标。因此，根据实验结果对新研制容器所复现的水三相点进行了不确定度评定。评定结果表明，其扩展不确定度为0．16mK(k=2．69，P=0．99)。