非酶纳米电化学传感器用于有机磷农药残留物 检测综述

近年来,非酶纳米电化学传感器检测有机磷农药的研究受到广泛关注。非酶纳米电化学传感器具有检测成本低、操作方便、灵敏度高、响应快速等优点。碳纳米材料、纳米金属颗粒、纳米金属氧化物和纳米导电聚合物及其复合材料的出现,大大提高了有机磷农药电化学传感器的性能。随着纳米技术的出现,在合成纳米材料用于分析物特异性检测方面取得了进展,这些材料可用于构建高特异性、强选择性和经济有效的电化学传感器,以取代其他分析技术。鉴于各类纳米材料新结构的重要性,对非酶纳米电化学传感器领域的最新研究进展进行综述,并重点介绍纳米复合材料在有机磷农药检测中的应用。     

纳米金在电化学生物传感器中的应用研究进展

近年来,纳米技术的发展为生物传感器的研究注入了新的活力。纳米金由于其独特的光、电学性质、良好的生物相容性、较好的稳定性等特点,可用于分子标记、检测信号放大等方面,从而可以大大改善生物传感器的检测速度、灵敏度、及稳定性。介绍了生物传感器的原理、分类及发展历程、着重阐述了纳米金在电化学生物传感器领域的应用,并对其应用前景做了展望。     

石墨烯基电化学生物传感器检测环境中过氧化氢的研究进展

石墨烯由于其优良的化学、电子、结构和生物兼容等特性,近年来在传感领域得到广泛应用。过氧化氢是活性氧类物质的一种,在大气环境、水环境中广泛存在,由于其具有强氧化性,被广泛用于工业、环境和医疗等领域,且影响人体健康。主要介绍了基于石墨烯复合材料构建的电化学生物传感器对环境中过氧化氢的检测。     

复合材料应用于无酶电化学生物传感器的研究进展

综述了近年来各种新型复合材料在无酶电化学生物传感器应用方面的研究与进展。重点介绍和归纳了离子液体、纳米材料(金属及其金属氧化物纳米材料、碳纳米材料、钙钛矿纳米材料)的研究现状及其在无酶电化学生物传感器上的应用,并对复合材料实际应用于无酶电化学生物传感器方面的未来发展及所存在的问题做了展望。     

一维纳米阵列制备及其在电化学生物传感器中的应用

电化学生物传感器是一种高效、准确检测物质浓度的一种手段,在过氧化氢、尿酸、葡萄糖、胆固醇、硝酸盐以及DNA等物质的检测中取得了丰硕的科研成果。采用一维纳米阵列为基体构筑电化学生物传感器可以改善其综合性能,获得良好的可重复性、较高的灵敏度、较低的检测极限等。本文综述了在过去五年时间内一维纳米阵列的主要合成方法,回顾和总结了近年来基于一维纳米阵列的各种电化学生物传感器的研究进展。     

纳米铂颗粒在酶生物传感器中的应用研究

采用硼氢化钠作为还原剂制备纳米铂颗粒,并分别用羧甲基纤维素(CMC)、羟丙基纤维素(HPC)、聚丙烯酸(PAA)为保护剂,提高纳米铂溶胶的稳定性。将制备的纳米铂颗粒与聚乙烯醇缩丁醛构成复合固酶膜基质,用溶胶-凝胶法固定葡萄糖氧化酶,构建葡萄糖生物传感器。实验表明,纳米铂颗粒可以大幅度提高固定化酶的催化活性。在葡萄糖浓度为10mmol／L的溶液中,响应电流从318nA／cm^2提高到13657nA／cm^2。探讨纳米颗粒效应在固定化酶中所起的作用,并分析不同条件对酶电极响应灵敏度的影响。     

二硫化钼纳米片的制备及在电化学生物传感器中的研究进展

二硫化钼(MoS2)纳米片是典型的类石墨烯二维纳米材料,具有出色的电学、光学、热学和力学性能,是当前研究的热点。综述了MoS2纳米片的制备方法,包括以微机械剥离法、锂离子插层法和液相超声法为代表的"自上而下"的剥离法和以化学气相沉积、水热合成等为主的"自下而上"的合成法。同时,介绍了MoS2纳米片在电化学生物传感器方面的研究现状和发展趋势。     

生物物理所基于纳米酶仿生设计人工过氧化物酶体

近日,中国科学院生物物理研究所/中科院纳米酶工程实验室研究员高利增、范克龙和中科院院士阎锡蕴团队通过整合纳米酶的结构和功能特点,仿照天然酶的活性中心和辅因子的协同作用,设计了一种能够模拟过氧化物酶体内多种天然酶活性的纳米酶,并基于此纳米酶构建了一种可在生理条件下工作的人工过氧化物酶体,并将其用于改善高尿酸血症和缺血性中风的治疗。     

基于负载过氧化氢酶的介孔二氧化硅粒子的酶场效应晶体管生物传感器

制备了基于负载辣根过氧化氢酶(HRP)的介孔二氧化硅(MS)粒子的酶场效应晶体管(ENFET)用来检测过氧化氢浓度的生物传感器。不同孔径的MS粒子被用作固定酶的载体构造ENFET,显著改善了酶的固定量。用负载HRP的MS粒子修饰于离子敏场效应管的栅极制成的过氧化氢敏ENFET灵敏度较传统的直接固定HRP的ENFET有显著的提高。对不同孔径的MS粒子研究发现,扩孔的MS粒子的性能更好,同时还讨论了缓冲液浓度和pH值的影响。另外,由于在MS粒子表面组装了5个复层的聚电解质,生物传感器的稳定性良好。     

基于碳纳米管复合物的电化学生物传感器研究进展

新型碳纳米管复合物的开发及其在电化学生物传感器中的应用是近年来材料学和分析领域的研究热点.介绍了碳纳米管复合物在电化学生物传感领域的研究发展,重点对碳纳米管与纳米颗粒、聚合物及离子液体复合材料在电化学生物传感中的应用进行了论述.     

功能纳米材料应用于电化学新冠病毒生物传感器的研究进展

新冠疫情暴发对全球公共卫生构成了巨大威胁,病毒的快速、准确诊断对新冠疫情防控具有至关重要的作用。近年来,以纳米材料为基础的电化学传感技术在快速、高灵敏度/高特异性分子诊断方面显示出巨大的潜力。本文简要介绍了新型冠状病毒（SARS-CoV-2）的结构特征及常规检测方法,总结了电化学生物检测相关传感特点和机制。在此基础上,详细评述了金纳米材料、氧化物纳米材料、碳基纳米材料等为基础的电化学传感器用于快速、准确检测新冠病毒的研究进展。最后,展望了基于电化学传感技术在未来生物分子诊断中的应用。     

A Biomimetic Nanogenerator of Reactive Nitrogen Species Based on Battlefield Transfer Strategy for Enhanced Immunotherapy

Currently, cell membrane is always utilized for the construction of biomimetic nanoparticles. By contrast, mimicking the intracellular activity seems more meaningful. Inspired by the specific killing mechanism of deoxy‐hemoglobin (Hb) dependent drug (RRx‐001) in hypoxic red blood cells (RBC), this work aims to develop an inner and outer RBC‐biomimetic antitumor nanoplatform that replicates both membrane surface properties and intracellularly certain therapeutic mechanisms of RRx‐001 in hypoxic RBC. Herein, RRx‐001 and Hb are introduced into RBC membrane camouflaged TiO₂ nanoparticles. Upon arrival at hypoxic tumor microenvironment (TME), the biomimetic nanoplatform (R@HTR) is activated and triggers a series of reactions to generate reactive nitrogen species (RNS). More importantly, the potent antitumor immunity and immunomodulatory function of RNS in TME are demonstrated. Such an idea would transfer the battlefield of RRx‐001 from hypoxic RBC to hypoxic TME, enhancing its combat capability. As a proof of concept, this biomimetic nanoreactor of RNS exhibits efficient tumor regression and metastasis prevention. The battlefield transfer strategy would not only present meaningful insights for immunotherapy, but also realize substantial breakthroughs in biomimetic nanotechnology.     

Spatiotemporally Synchronous Oxygen Self-Supply and Reactive Oxygen Species Production on Z-Scheme Heterostructures for Hypoxic Tumor Therapy

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) efficacy has been severely limited by oxygen (O₂) deficiency in tumors and the electron–hole separation inefficiency in photosensitizers, especially the long-range diffusion of O₂ toward photosensitizers during the PDT process. Herein, novel bismuth sulfide (Bi₂S₃)@bismuth (Bi) Z-scheme heterostructured nanorods (NRs) are designed to realize the spatiotemporally synchronous O₂ self-supply and production of reactive oxygen species for hypoxic tumor therapy. Both narrow-bandgap Bi₂S₃ and Bi components can be excited by a near-infrared laser to generate abundant electrons and holes. The Z-scheme heterostructure endows Bi₂S₃@Bi NRs with an efficient electron–hole separation ability and potent redox potentials, where the hole on the valence band of Bi₂S₃ can react with water to supply O₂ for the electron on the conduction band of Bi to produce reactive oxygen species. The Bi₂S₃@Bi NRs overcome the major obstacles of conventional photosensitizers during the PDT process and exhibit a promising phototherapeutic effect, supplying a new strategy for hypoxic tumor elimination.     

Quantification of Reactive Oxygen Species Generation by Photoexcitation of PEGylated Quantum Dots

Photocatalytic generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) from quantum dots (QDs) has been widely reported yet quantitative studies of ROS formation and their quantum yields are lacking. This study investigates the generation of ROS by water soluble PEGylated CdSe/ZnS QDs with red emission. PEGylation of QDs is commonly used to confer water solubility and minimise uptake by organs of the reticuloendothelial system; therefore studies of ROS formation are of biomedical relevance. Using non‐photolytic visible wavelength excitation, the superoxide anion radical is shown to be the primary ROS species generated with a quantum efficiency of 0.35%. The yield can be significantly enhanced in the presence of the electron donor, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH), as demonstrated by oxygen consumption measurements and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy with in situ illumination. Direct production of singlet oxygen is not detectable from the QDs alone. A comparison is made with ROS generation by the same QDs complexed with a sulfonated phthalocyanine which can generate singlet oxygen via Förster resonance energy transfer between the QDs and the phthalocyanine.     

Palladium‐Based Nanomaterials: A Platform to Produce Reactive Oxygen Species for Catalyzing Oxidation Reactions

Oxidation reactions by molecular oxygen (O₂) over palladium (Pd)‐based nanomaterials are a series of processes crucial to the synthesis of fine chemicals. In the past decades, investigations of related catalytic materials have mainly been focused on the synthesis of Pd‐based nanomaterials from the angle of tailoring their surface structures, compositions and supporting materials, in efforts to improve their activities in organic reactions. From the perspective of rational materials design, it is imperative to address the fundamental issues associated with catalyst performance, one of which should be oxygen activation by Pd‐based nanomaterials. Here, the fundamentals that account for the transformation from O₂ to reactive oxygen species over Pd, with a focus on singlet O₂ and its analogue, are introduced. Methods for detecting and differentiating species are also presented to facilitate future fundamental research. Key factors for tuning the oxygen activation efficiencies of catalytic materials are then outlined, and recent developments in Pd‐catalyzed oxygen‐related organic reactions are summarized in alignment with each key factor. To close, we discuss the challenges and opportunities for photocatalysis research at this unique intersection as well as the potential impact on other research fields.     

Activatable Semiconducting Theranostics: Simultaneous Generation and Ratiometric Photoacoustic Imaging of Reactive Oxygen Species In Vivo

Enhancing the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is an effective anticancer strategy. However, it is a great challenge to control the production and to image ROS in vivo, both of which are vital for improving the efficacy and accuracy of cancer therapy. Herein, an activatable semiconducting theranostic nanoparticle (NP) platform is developed that can simultaneously enhance ROS generation while self‐monitoring its levels through ratiometric photoacoustic (PA) imaging. The NP platform can further guide in vivo therapeutic effect in tumors. The theranostic NP platform is composed of: (i) cisplatin prodrug and ferric ion catalyst for ROS generation, a part of combination cancer therapy; and (ii) a ratiometric PA imaging nanoprobe consisting of inert semiconducting perylene‐diimide (PDI) and ROS activatable near‐infrared dye (IR790s), used in ratiometric PA imaging of ROS during cancer treatment. Ratiometric PA signals are measured at two near‐infrared excitation wavelengths: 680 and 790 nm for PDI and IR790s, respectively. The measurements show highly accurate visualization of ^?OH generation in vivo. This novel ROS responsive organic theranostic NP allows not only synergistic cancer chemotherapy but also real‐time monitoring of the therapeutic effect through ratiometric PA imaging.