含界面相的单向纤维增强复合材料三维应力场的二重双尺度方法

提出了计算含界面相的单向纤维增强复合材料三维应力的二重双尺度方法。在性能预报方面,首先对界面相和纤维进行均匀化得到均匀化夹杂,然后对均匀化夹杂和基体进行均匀化得到宏观均匀材料;在应力场描述方面,从宏观均匀场出发,利用双尺度渐近展开技术经过两次应力场传递,依次得到单胞和应力集中区域的应力场。与有限元方法相结合,计算了宏观轴向均匀拉伸载荷条件下含界面相的单向纤维增强复合材料的三维应力场分布。数值结果表明在此载荷条件下最大应力发生在每根纤维的中截面内,靠近纤维与界面相的交界处。讨论了界面相性能对应力场分布的影响,结果显示纤维、界面相与基体力学性能的等差过渡有利于缓解纤维在界面附近的应力集中。      

单向碳/碳复合材料拉-拉疲劳寿命及剩余强度预测模型

基于预测单向复合材料纵向拉伸强度的随机核模型,引入纤维单丝剩余强度二参数Weibull模型及纤维单丝与基体界面剩余强度模型,研究建立了单向复合材料纵向拉-拉疲劳寿命及剩余强度的预测模型。对经过一定次数拉-拉疲劳载荷循环后的纤维束抽取其纤维单丝进行剩余强度拉伸试验,建立了纤维单丝剩余强度的二参数Weibull模型,测试单向碳/碳（C/C）复合材料的纤维与基体界面强度。通过单向C/C复合材料算例分析表明,92.5%、90.6%和87.5%应力水平下对数预测寿命与对数试验寿命比值分别为0.79、1.00和1.11,表明所建立的寿命预测模型用于预测单向C/C复合材料疲劳寿命是可行的;纵向拉伸剩余强度预测值与试验值误差在10%以内,吻合较好,表明所提出的剩余强度预测模型具有较高的精度。     

碳/碳复合材料疲劳损伤失效试验研究

对单向碳/碳复合材料纵向拉-拉疲劳特性及面内剪切拉-拉疲劳特性进行了试验研究; 对三维四向编织碳/碳复合材料的纵向拉-拉疲劳特性及纤维束-基体界面剩余强度进行了试验研究。使用最小二乘法拟合得到了单向碳/碳复合材料纵向及面内剪切拉-拉疲劳加载下的剩余刚度退化模型及剩余强度退化模型, 建立了纤维束-基体界面剩余强度模型。结果显示: 单向碳/碳复合材料在87.5%应力水平的疲劳载荷下刚度退化最大只有8.8%左右, 在70.0%应力水平的疲劳载荷下, 面内剪切刚度退化最大可达30%左右; 三维四向编织碳/碳复合材料疲劳加载后强度及刚度均得到了提高; 随着疲劳循环加载数的增加, 三维四向编织碳/碳复合材料中纤维束-基体界面强度逐渐减弱。      

短切纤维增强复合材料拉伸强度的预测

在分析单向连续纤维增强复合材料纵向拉伸时细观受力与变形的基础上,对连续纤维的长度和方向进行尺寸和方向性修正,给出了短切纤维增强复合材料的拉伸强度预测公式.使用这个预测公式计算短切碳纤维增强PTFE复合材料的拉伸强度,预测值与实验值吻合得较好.     

一个单向纤维增强复合材料强度的概率模型

本文应用强度统计分析中的最弱环理论,根据纤维束的强度分布,提出了预测单向增强复合材料强度分布的概率模型,并用单向层板在拉伸载荷作用下的实验结果进行了验证.      

橡胶改性对硼纤维/环氧单向复合材料力学性能的影响

对环氧树脂进行液体丁腈橡胶改性, 并采用缠绕无纬布层压成型工艺制备了硼纤维/环氧单向复合材料。测试了环氧树脂液体丁腈橡胶改性前后硼纤维/环氧单向复合材料的力学性能, 研究了硼纤维/环氧单向复合材料的纵向拉伸破坏模式。结果表明, 基体中的10%液体丁腈橡胶使硼纤维/环氧单向复合材料的拉伸强度、 弯曲强度、 层间剪切强度和断裂延伸率分别提高了18.42%、 13.39%、 28.45%和43.40%, 但其拉伸和弯曲模量稍有下降。基体中含10%液体丁腈橡胶的硼纤维/环氧单向复合材料的纵向拉伸破坏模式为界面层的内聚破坏和脱黏破坏共存的混合破坏。      

单向复合材料弹塑性变形行为的研究

本文利用微观力学方法研究了单向连续纤维增强的金属基复合材料的弹塑性变形行为。纤维是线弹性材料,基体是弹性一粘塑性各向同性材料。在复合材料的纵向拉伸、横向拉伸和纵向剪切变形状态下,预测了复合材料的弹性模量和初始屈服应力值,并考虑了应变率对弹塑性变形行为的影响。以硼/铝复合材料为例,进行了数值分析,预测结果与实验值符合较好。      

基于宏微观分析的碳纤维增强高分子复合材料强度性能表征

微观力学强度理论(MMF)是一种新型的基于物理失效模式的复合材料强度理论。通过对碳纤维/树脂(UTS50/E51)复合材料单向层合板进行纵向、横向静载拉伸、压缩和弯曲试验, 得到层合板的基本力学性能和宏观强度指标。建立了碳纤维增强树脂基复合材料微观力学模型, 获取树脂基体和纤维不同位置的机械载荷应力放大系数和热载荷应力放大系数。结合获取的应力放大系数及试验测得的单向层合板宏观强度, 计算出层合板组分的MMF强度特征值。绘制了基于MMF强度理论的层合板破坏包络线, 并与Tsai-Wu失效准则预测结果进行对比。实现了对UTS50/E51层合板MMF强度特征值的表征。     

单向纤维增强复合材料强度的统计分析

在本文中,我们提出了一个用于研究单向纤维增强复合材料中纤维载荷集中的剪滞分析模型。用此模型推导出了包含r根断纤维的裂纹的尖端纤维的载荷集中因子的解析表达式,并由此计算了裂纹尖端纤维的最大载荷集中因子,其计算结果与Hedgepeth[2]的结果非常一致。其次,我们提出了平均载荷集中因子的概念,并通过载荷集中因子的大小定义了裂纹尖端纤维的影响长度。它的物理意义明确,而且,在裂纹的扩展过程中是逐渐增大的,这与实际情况相符。在前面分析的基础上,应用裂纹临界核模型[2,3],我们对单向纤维增强复合材料的强度问题进行了统计分析,其计算结果与实验值是一致的,其中使用平均载荷集中因子计算所得到的强度值与实验值更接近。数值结果说明了裂纹临界核模型的正确性以及用平均载荷集中因子和影响长度进行裂纹扩展分析的可行性。     

纤维缝合结构对夹芯结构复合材料力学性能的影响

通过RTM工艺成型了点阵增强夹芯结构复合材料,研究了纤维缝合结构对复合材料平压及侧压力学性能的影响,并探索了侧向压缩载荷下夹芯结构复合材料的破坏模式。结果表明,采用纤维缝合的方式可显著提高夹芯结构复合材料的力学性能。双向增强夹芯复合材料在长度和厚度方向上的侧压强度和模量相同,单向增强的侧压强度和模量表现出方向性,且长度方向上的模量明显高于宽度方向的。     

Control of strength anisotropy of metal matrix fiber composites

Summary This paper examines theoretically the stress distribution around fiber breaks in a unidirectional reinforced metal matrix composite, subjected to axial loading when plastic yielding of the matrix is allowed to occur. The composites considered have a ductile interphase, bonding the matrix to the fiber. The likelihood of failure of a fiber adjacent to the existing broken fiber is considered. Detailed and systematic results are given for composites with a wide range of fiber volume fractions, Young's modulus of the fibers and the matrix, interphase properties and Weibull modulus for the strength of the fibers. The objective is the optimization of these material and geometric variables to ensure global load sharing among the fibers in the longitudinal direction, which will give the composite good longitudinal strength. Calculations are carried out for transverse loading of the composite to determine the effect of the ductile interphase on the yield strength. Characteristics of the ductile interphase are determined that will provide good longitudinal strength through global load sharing and a relatively high yield strength in the direction transverse to the fibers. This, in turn, will allow control of the strength anisotropy of uniaxially reinforced metal matrix composites.     

考虑纤维随机分布的复合材料热残余应力分析及其对横向力学性能的影响

建立了考虑纤维随机分布并包含界面的复合材料微观力学数值模型,模拟玻璃纤维/环氧复合材料固化过程中的热残余应力。通过与纤维周期性分布模型的计算结果进行对比,发现纤维分布形式会对复合材料的热残余应力产生重要影响,纤维随机分布情况下的最大热残余应力明显大于纤维周期性分布的情况下。研究了含热残余应力的复合材料在横向拉伸与压缩载荷下的损伤和破坏过程,结果表明:热残余应力的存在显著影响了复合材料的损伤起始位置和扩展路径,削弱了复合材料的横向拉伸和压缩强度。在横向拉伸载荷下,考虑热残余应力后,复合材料的强度有所下降,断裂应变显著降低;在横向压缩载荷下,考虑热残余应力后,复合材料的强度略有下降,但失效应变基本保持不变。由于热残余应力的影响,复合材料的横向拉伸和压缩强度分别下降了10.5%和5.2%。      

On the elastic stress transfer and longitudinal modulus of unidirectional multi-short-fiber composites

An analysis is presented on the elastic stress transfer and longitudinal modulus of unidirectional multi-short-fiber composites. The analysis involves a three-cylinder model consisting of fiber, matrix and composite medium. The fiber axial stress and the interface shear stress are derived as functions of the fiber axial position. The effects of fiber-aspect ratio, fiber-volume fraction, fiber-to-matrix modulus ratio and inter-fiber separation (or fiber end gap) on stress transfer are studied in detail. The influence of neighbouring fibers on stress transfer is considered in a global manner by including the effect of the composite medium. The significance of the influence is clearly shown by comparing the stress transfer in multi-short-fiber composites with that in single-short-fiber composites. The composite modulus can be expressed by a modified rule of mixtures equation by introducing a fiber-length factor. Then, the effects of fiber-aspect ratio, fiber-volume fraction, fiber-to-matrix modulus ratio and inter-fiber separation (or fiber end gap) on the fiber-length factor are investigated. Some interesting findings are obtained. Finally, the present theory is compared with several existing theories.     

A methodology to measure the interface shear strength by means of the fiber push-in test

A methodology is presented to measure the fiber/matrix interface shear strength in composites. The strategy is based on performing a fiber push-in test at the central fiber of highly-packed fiber clusters with hexagonal symmetry which are often found in unidirectional composites with a high volume fraction of fibers. The mechanics of this test was analyzed in detail by means of three-dimensional finite element simulations. In particular, the influence of different parameters (interface shear strength, toughness and friction as well as fiber longitudinal elastic modulus and curing stresses) on the critical load at the onset of debonding was established. From the results of the numerical simulations, a simple relationship between the critical load and the interface shear strength is proposed. The methodology was validated in an unidirectional C/epoxy composite and the advantages and limitations of the proposed methodology are indicated.     

A comparison of classical and consistent shear lag models for failure analysis of unidirectional composites

Classical shear lag models have been widely employed for analyzing fiber dominant unidirectional composites with and without damage and are based on the assumptions that all of the axial load is carried by the fibers whereas the matrix carries only shear. With these assumptions the longitudinal equilibrium equation gets decoupled from the transverse equilibrium equation and the analysis becomes simple and, in most cases, presentable in closed form. With the advent of high-temperature composites such as those of ceramic and metal matrix, in which the matrix and fiber moduli are comparable, the axial and transverse load carrying capacity of the matrix cannot be neglected. This necessitated the development of an improved shear lag model, the “Consistent shear lag model”. Comparison of the above two models shows that the classical shear lag model predicts acceptable results if the ratio of the Young's modulus of the fiber to the Young's modulus of the matrix is large. However, for composites in which the fiber and matrix moduli are comparable, a consistent shear lag formulation yields better results, especially in predicting some of the matrix-dominant failure modes.     

Micro-Mechanical Behavior of a Unidirectional Composite Subjected to Transverse Shear Loading

The effects of interphase between fibers and matrix on the micro-and macro-mechanical behaviors of fiber-reinforced composite lamina subjected to transverse shear load at remote distance have been studied. The interphase has been modeled by the compliant spring-layers that are linearly related to the normal and tangential tractions. Numerical analyses on composite basic cells have been carried out using the boundary element method. For undamaged composites the micro-level stresses at the matrix side of the interphase and effective shear modulus have been calculated as a function of the fiber volume fraction and the interphase stiffness. Results are presented for various interphase stiffnesses from perfect bonding to total debonding. For a square array composite results show that for a high interphase stiffness k > 10, an increase in a fiber volume fraction results in a higher effective transverse shear modulus. For a relatively low interphase stiffness k < 1, it is shown that an increase in the fiber volume fraction causes a decrease in the effective transverse shear modulus. For perfect bonding, the effective shear modulus for a hexagonal array composite is slightly larger than that for a square array composite. Also for the damaged composite with partially debonded interphase, local stress fields and effective shear moduli are calculated and a decrease in the effective shear modulus has been observed.     

Comparison between solid and hollow reinforced concrete beams

Comparison between test results of seven hollow and seven solid reinforced concrete beams is presented. All of the fourteen beams were designed as hollow sections to resist combined load of bending, torsion and shear. Every pair (one hollow and one solid) was designed for the same load combinations and received similar reinforcement. The beams were 300 × 300 mm cross-section and 3,800 mm length. The internal hollow core for the hollow beams was 200 × 200 mm creating a peripheral wall thickness of 50 mm. The main variables studied were the ratio of bending to torsion which was varied between 0.19 and 2.62 and the ratio in the web of shear stress due to torsion to shear stress due to shear force which was varied between 0.59 and 6.84. It was found that the concrete core participates in the beams’ behaviour and strength and cannot be ignored when combined load of bending, shear and torsion are present. Its participation depends partly on the ratio of the torsion to bending moment and the ratio of shear stress due to torsion to the shear stress due to shear force. All solid beams cracked and failed at higher loads than their counterpart hollow beams. The smaller the ratio of torsion to bending the larger the differences in failure loads between the hollow and solid beams. The longitudinal steel yielded while the transverse steel experienced lower strain values.     

Compressive strength of unidirectional and crossply carbon fibre/PEEK composites

The commonly accepted production methods of composite systems generally result in departure of the plies properties from transverse isotropy due to stresses acting during fibre—matrix bond formation. This anisotropy coupled with the composite structure affects compressive loading; the ultimate stresses as well as the direction, in- or out-of-plane, of kink propagation. A unidirectional and a crossply carbon fibre/PEEK composites were compression tested at ambient and elevated temperature as well as exposed to various chemical environments. Significant disruptions in fibre—matrix interface in the crossply composite were indicated. The compression tests showed that failure occurred through in-plane and out-of-plane fibre bucking and kinking in the unidirectional and crossply composites, respectively. Failure of the longitudinal plies in the crossply laminate occurred at significantly higher compression stress than for the unidirectional composite. Compressive failure mechanisms in unidirectional and multi-directional laminates are considered.