半透明平板对辐射亮度的衰减影响分析

在半透明平板作为辐射亮度传输介质前提下,讨论了半透明平板对辐射亮度的衰减作用,利用正、逆向光线追迹法追踪了每条光线的传输路径,不仅考虑了平板作为传输介质对辐射亮度的衰减作用,还考虑了辐射亮度在平板内传输时,平板表面对其反射所引起的衰减。相比较传统算法中仅考虑平板作为传输介质对辐射的衰减,在考虑了半透明平板对辐射亮度的反射作用后,计算得出的结果更为精确,尤其是在出射角为/2时,该算法计算精度相比较传统算法提高了11.97倍。     

辐射特性测量大气传输修正研究:大气传输修正系统

大气传输修正是目标辐射特性测量的一个重要环节。介绍了研制的目标辐射特性测量大气传输修正系统和中分辨率通用辐射大气传输计算软件（CART）,展示了大气传输修正结果和外场实际水平距离测量结果的部分对比,定量评估了目标探测常用的中波和长波红外波段大气传输修正精度。     

经过大气传输的红外热像仿真

大气传输特性对成像红外和目标识别研究具有重要意义。在“漫射灰体”的假设条件下,忽略传输路径上的气温变化,给出了大气传输计算的数值方程,并分析了使用等效黑体辐射光谱分布代替目标有效辐射光谱分布进行大气传输计算的可行性及其带来的误差。结果表明,在8～12 μm波段,使用等效黑体辐射光谱分布进行大气传输计算已经具有足够的精度,并且可以大大节约计算时间;但是在3～5 μm波段,反射太阳辐射对目标表面辐射光谱分布的影响不可忽视,使用等效黑体辐射光谱分布进行大气传输计算将带来较大的偏差。     

CART软件计算的红外大气透过率和实测值比较

初步完成了一套通用大气辐射传输软件的研制,它是一套基于我国大气模式的采用独特算法的大气辐射传输软件,可用来较快速地计算大气光谱透过率、大气热辐射、大气散射辐射和太阳直接辐照度,光谱分辨率为1cm-1。利用中近红外傅里叶光谱辐射计FTIR测得的水平红外大气透过率来验证CART软件计算水平路径上红外大气透过率的精度。比较结果表明：CART软件计算的水平大气透过率和实测值的误差最大小于0.1,均方根大约为0.04。这可以说明CART软件计算水平红外大气透过率是可靠的。     

辐射特性测量大气传输修正研究:大气辐射传输模式和关键大气参数分析

工作于大气中的光电测量（或遥感）设备接收的目标辐射信号受大气衰减和大气背景辐射影响。大气传输修正是目标辐射特性测量的一个重要环节。介绍了目前国际上实用的大气辐射传输计算模式及影响大气传输的重要大气光学参数的探测方法。对影响红外波段大气传输的重要大气光学参数作了分析,论证了辐射测量大气传输修正系统必须测量的大气参数。     

二阶传输条件撕裂互连法在电大辐射中的应用

针对于大尺寸电磁辐射问题,将撕裂互连法应用于三维电大尺寸辐射问题的计算仿真。该算法是区域分解方法中的一种,求解区域划分成互不重叠的子区域,各子区域之间通过拉格朗日乘子将交界面的连续边界条件或者传输条件耦合。鉴于原来的传输条件存在不收敛或者收敛较慢情况,提出同时能在TE/TM凋落模式快速收敛的二阶传输边界条件作为子区域之间交界面的边界条件,并且引入虚拟激励流为交换信息。数值结果表明,该改进算法有效地提高了撕裂互连法在迭代求解中的收敛性。在求解三维电大辐射问题时,该算法仿真结果与有限元算法结果一致,表明撕裂互连算法是计算大尺寸电磁辐射问题的一种有效方法。     

非平衡大气的临边辐射快速计算模型

针对目前的非局地热力学平衡(NLTE) 大气辐射传输模型计算速度慢的不足,引入了计算速度快、计算精度较高的带模式算法,并建立了大气的NLTE临边辐射快速计算模型。首先基于分子上下能级布居计算了大气振动温度廓线。然后依据大气的动力学温度、振动温度与配分函数计算了偏离系数和吸收截面因子。最后提出了半球累加方法解算NLTE临边辐射传输方程。计算分析了1976 U.S.大气模式下的大气振动温度与吸收截面因子廓线,并给出了典型切向高度时CO2 15 μm波段在白天的临边辐射亮度。通过基于逐线积分算法的SHARC模型,验证了本模型计算结果的正确性。本模型进行一次NLTE辐射计算仅需耗费数秒,且具有理想的光谱分辨率(1 cm-1)。     

基于CUDA并行计算的空中目标红外辐射成像计算

建立了一种包含蒙皮和尾焰的空中目标红外辐射成像GPU并行计算方法。采用SLG模型计算尾焰辐射气体的红外特性,采用LOS方法求解尾焰红外辐射传输方程,根据本体与三维尾焰的成像几何关系,采用正向光线追迹方法计算蒙皮辐射成像,采用反向光线追迹方法计算尾焰辐射成像,建立了目标投影算法,并在蒙皮投影计算模块和尾焰辐射计算模块采用CUDA并行提高计算速度,实现了探测器入瞳处目标红外光谱图像的快速计算。结果表明:投影成像算法可准确生成设定条件下的目标图像,目标红外图像辐射分布与温度分布一致,尾焰辐射强度计算结果与实验结果符合较好,CUDA并行算法可有效提高程序的计算效率,当计算量较大时,蒙皮投影模块的计算加速可达百倍以上。     

海天背景红外成像仿真系统

设计了海天背景红外成像仿真系统:利用大气传输软件Modtran计算天空背景和太阳的红外辐射;基于JONSWAP海谱模型构建二维海面;基于热辐射理论和粗糙面散射理论分别计算海面和目标的红外辐射及对背景辐射的散射;最终可获得海天背景红外仿真图像.对于海天背景辐射特性和目标识别算法研究具有重要实际意义.     

无人机红外辐射建模与图像仿真

无人机红外辐射特性建模及图像仿真计算具有重要意义。利用CFD软件计算无人机温度分布,建立了蒙皮稳态温度数据库和满足精度需求的温度插值算法,实现了无人机蒙皮温度的插值计算;提出网格编号投影思想,改进基于深度缓存的正交投影方法,建立了适于红外图像的二维投影算法;基于无人机辐射、大气传输和探测器响应的光谱特性,采用光谱积分方式计算无人机光谱及波段红外特性和图像序列,建立了无人机红外辐射计算模型。对无人机红外辐射特性和模型计算速度进行了分析,并与某型无人机实测数据进行了比对,结果表明:模型计算误差小于20%,可用于仿真实验测试与分析。     

Electromagnetic scattering from perfectly conducting rough surfaces in the resonance region

A rigorous integral formalism for the problem of scattering of electromagnetic radiation from a cylindrical, perfectly conducting rough surface of arbitrary shape is introduced. The computer code obtained from this theory enables us to show that the range over which the incident field affects the surface current density is of the order of the radiation wavelength. This phenomenon is explained using a new approximate theory, able to express the scattered field in the form of an integral whose integrand is known in closed form. Using the rigorous computer code, we show that the new approximate theory is better than the Kirchhoff approximation in the resonance region. Finally, it is shown that the phenomenon of short interaction range of the incident field permits the rigorous computation of the field scattered from a rough surface of arbitrary width.     

A two-step linear inversion of two-dimensional electricalconductivity

We introduce a novel approach to the inversion of two-dimensional distributions of electrical conductivity illuminated by line sources. The algorithm stems from the newly developed extended Born approximation (see J. Geophys. Res., vol.98, no.B2, p.1759, 1993), which sums in a simple analytical expression an infinitude of terms contained in the Neumann series expansion of the electric field resulting from multiple scattering. Comparisons of numerical performance against a finite-difference code show that the extended Born approximation remains accurate up to conductivity contrasts of 1:1000 with respect to a homogeneous background, even with large-size scatterers and for a wide frequency range. Moreover, the new approximation is nearly as computationally efficient as the first-order Born approximation. Most importantly, we show that the mathematical form of the extended Born approximation allows one to express the nonlinear inversion of electromagnetic fields scattered by a line source as the sequential solution of two Fredholm integral equations. We compare this procedure against a more conventional iterative approach applied to a limited-angle tomography experiment. Our numerical tests show superior CPU time performance of the two-step linear inversion process     

On the far-field approximation for scattering from randomly rough surfaces

Various authors have justified the far-fields approximation for rough surface scattering using one of the classical approximations for the scattered fields, usually considering either the coherent scattered field or the incoherent scattered intensity. An exact expression for the field scattered from a perfectly conducting rough surface is considered. The expression for the incoherent scattered intensity is formally derived, and a condition under which the far-field approximation is valid is found, independent of specific approximations for the surface or scattered fields or for the surface height statistics. The condition so derived is, under many circumstances, substantially less restrictive than that derived before in the general case. Furthermore, the previous results may be easily recovered by further specialization of our result.     

New Insight into the Classical Macdonald Physical Optics Approximation

The physical optics approximation is widely used in analysis of antennas and scattering problems for electromagnetic and acoustic waves. The present paper investigates the nature of this classical approximation. It is shown that the scattered field in this approximation can be separated into two parts: the reflected field, containing all reflected rays and beams, and the shadow radiation, responsible for the Fresnel diffraction and the forward scattering. This observation elucidates the physics behind the fundamental diffraction law related to the total power scattered by large reflecting objects. It also clarifies the diffraction limit for reduction of scattering by absorbing materials.     

On the degrees of freedom of scattered fields

Starting from the observation that fields differing less than a prescribed error cannot be resolved as distinct entities, the degrees of freedom of the scattered field are introduced and then computed. The degrees of freedom are shown to be practically equal to the Nyquist number appropriate to the effective (spatial) bandwidth of the scattered field and to the extension of the observation domain. Accordingly, a finite number of elements of information can be used to determine the scattered field to a prescribed approximation error. It is also shown that the field representation can be made in terms of field values and simple sampling functions, provided that a marginal increase in the approximation error is tolerated. The results not only completely justify the use of sampling interpolation for representing scattering fields, but also demonstrate that such representation is practically an optimal one. An algorithm for the reconstruction of scattered fields, given the maximum allowed error, is then produced     

一种新的FDTD入射场设置方法

本文提出了一种新的入射场设置方法.采用一维FDTD算法来模拟入射波.所得结果与通常的入射场解析表达式的结果比较表明,采用一维FDTD算法引入的入射波在总场区分布均匀,在散射场区泄漏小.     

Resonant frequencies and quality factors for optical equilateraltriangle resonators calculated by FDTD technique and the Padeapproximation

The mode wavelength and quality factor (Q-factor) for resonant modes in optical equilateral triangle resonators (ETR's) are calculated by the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) technique and the Pade approximation. For an ETR with the side length of 3 μm and the refractive index of 3.2, we get the mode wavelength interval of about 70 nm and the Q-factor of the fundamental mode over 10³. The results show that the ETR is suitable to realize single-mode operation, and that the radiation loss in the corner regions of ETR is rather low. In addition, the numerical results of the mode wavelength agree very well with our analytical formula     

Analysis of multi-hop traffic grooming in WDM mesh networks

Traffic grooming is an essential functionality of WDM optical networks to provision multi-granularity subwavelength connections. Depending on the number of lightpaths allowed in a connection route, traffic grooming can be classified as single-hop traffic grooming (SH-TG) and multi-hop traffic grooming (MH-TG). MH-TG is more general and resource-efficient than SH-TG, because it allows connections from different source-destination pairs to share the bandwidth of a lightpath. In this paper, we propose a MH-TG algorithm, namely the fixed-order multi-hop (FOMH) grooming algorithm, based on the fixed-alternate routing approach. We introduce the grooming node selection (GNS) problem in MH-TG and propose three grooming policies, namely exhaustive sequential (ES), limited-hop sequential (LHS) and load sharing (LS) policies, to address the GNS problem. These policies represent different trade-offs among blocking probability, computational complexity and transceiver requirements. Given that the analysis of MH-TG is a relatively unexplored area, we propose an analytical model to evaluate the blocking performance of MH-TG using FOMH and the LS grooming policy. To address the multi-layered routing and multi-rate connection characteristics of traffic grooming, we introduce a novel multi-level decomposition approach in our analytical model which decomposes traffic at four different levels, namely alternate path, connection route, lightpath and link levels. The model also addresses various factors that affect connection blocking probability. These factors include wavelength continuity constraint, channel continuity constraint and route dependence. The Erlang fixed-point approximation method is used to solve the analytical model. Numerical results show that analytical results match well with simulation results. We also evaluate the effect of the grooming policies, the number of virtual hops (lightpaths) within a connection route and the number of alternate paths on the performance of the grooming algorithm.     

The Horn Antenna as Gaussian Source in the mm-Wave Domain

Rising progress of mm-wave technology in spectroscopy, remote-sensing and its prospective application in communications requires accurate radiation beam characterization in quasi-optical systems. Gaussian approximation is a well-known practical model at optical and infrared wavelengths, and here we try to show the performance and limits of this method for the horn antenna as a classical mm-wave radiation source. This approach provides a compact and more practical analytical tool to design and optimize quasi-optical systems, compared to electromagnetic (EM) full-wave solutions. The radiation pattern (beam shape) and the phase distribution are studied analytically, both with the EM full-wave method and Gaussian approximation. Comparative results with measurements are presented to verify the analytical process and show the feasibility of the method for conventional horns.