挺柱/凸轮材料配对试验研究

通过试验研究凸轮/挺柱在700 MPa和800 MPa接触应力下,材料配对、材料工艺处理方法及挺柱底面形状等对凸轮/挺柱这对摩擦副磨损的影响.结果表明:钢凸轮/钢挺柱磨损性能最差；球面挺柱与平面凸轮配对不能获得良好的耐磨性能；淬火回火、离子氮化、调质氮化等工艺处理方法对配对摩擦副耐磨性有很大的影响.     

高效三功能层单晶薄膜太阳电池的研究

讨论了ZnSe/GaAs/Ge等三功能层梯度掺杂异质单晶薄膜复合光电极的结构,分析了把它用于光电化学太阳电池、光伏太阳电池、肖特基光伏太阳电池时的工作机理及优点.实验结果验证了理论分析.在进一步提高太阳电池转换效率方面,该复合光电极值得进一步研究.     

在流化床气化炉中生物质与煤共气化研究(Ⅱ)——以水蒸汽为气化剂生产中热值燃气

以水蒸汽为气化剂,用玉米芯/煤以不同比例为原料,在600kW流化床气化炉上,按二步法制气工艺进行连续运行实验.实验研究了影响燃气热值、气体产率、燃气组成及气化效率的主要因素,确定出气化炉适宜的操作条件及较佳的原料配比范围.得出气化温度为950～1000℃,玉米芯/煤的比例为80/20,S/B在0.7～0.9范围内,燃气热值11～13MJ/m3,气体产率1.1～1.3m3/kg,气化效率75%～80%,燃气中焦油含量小于0.9mg/m3的结果.通过将本技术与国外现有生产中热值燃气的方法进行比较,发现本技术具有产生较高热值燃气和燃气中低焦油含量等优点.     

670/140型锅炉汽质查定及改进途径

Ⅰ.概述:本文在试验调查的基础上,对六种类型的670/140型(HG-670/140-Ⅰ型、Ⅱ型及Ⅴ型;DG-670/140-Ⅰ型及Ⅳ型、EN-670/140型)锅炉的汽、水品质、水位工况及汽包内部装置的安装质量等加以总结,给出了允许的运行指标并提出了改进汽质的途径。     

二氧化锰@纳米多孔金/泡沫镍电极材料的制备及其超级电容性能CSCD

通过结合电化学沉积法与化学去合金法制备纳米多孔金(NPG)/泡沫镍(Ni foam)电极,采用电化学沉积法把二氧化锰(MnO2)沉积在NPG/Nifoam基底表面,获得MnO2@NPG/Ni foam复合电极材料.采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、能谱仪(EDS)和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)等分析了MnO2@NPG/Nifoam复合电极材料的微观形貌和成分.将该复合电极材料作为超级电容器的电极材料,对其充放电特性和循环稳定性等电化学性能进行测试.结果表明,与直接在Ni foam表面电化学沉积生长MnO2材料(MnO2@Ni foam)相比,MnO2@NPG/Ni foam复合电极材料拥有更高的比电容、更优的倍率性能及循环性能.在1 A/g的电流密度下,MnO2@NPG/Ni foam复合电极材料的比电容值为377.9 F/g.经过在50 mV/s的扫描速度下循环2500次后,该电极材料的比容量保持在99％左右.     

La2O3改进Ni/γ-Al2O3催化剂上沼气重整制氢

为了寻求制备氢气的可再生资源及减少沼气的排放量,用浸渍法制备了不同La2O3含量的Ni/La2O3/γ Al2O3催化剂,用CH4/CO2体积比为1的混合气体模拟沼气,考察了还原温度、反应温度、空速等操作条件对该催化剂上沼气重整制氢性能的影响.并运用H2-TPR、TEM、TG-DSC等对催化剂进行了表征.结果表明:La2O3含量为6%的催化剂具有较好的综合性能;载体中掺杂适量La2O3能增加金属Ni的分散性,提高催化剂的可还原性及载体对CO2的吸附能力,从而改善了催化剂的活性及抗积炭性,使催化剂具有较好的稳定性.在100h的稳定性实验中,CH4及CO2转化率、H2及CO的选择性、H2/CO比平均值分别约为87.4%、88.8%、87.3%、93.8%及0.92.催化剂表面积炭速率非常低,仅为0.7279mg/(gcat·h).     

热压、风压共同作用下自然通风效果的CFD预测

自然通风效果与热压、风压强度及建筑物结构形式密切相关.对有平面热源及两个通风口的建筑模型进行了CFD研究.本研究涵盖了平面热源、风速及风口位置等三个因素:平面热源功率范围100～500 W/m2,进风速度范围0.25～1.25 m/s,进风口位置相对高度(进风口位置中心高度/房间高度)范围0.13～0.9.通过分析平面热源、进风口位置、进风速度等对室内温度场分布的影响,初步得出了风压与热压共同作用时室内温度场的分布规律.研究表明,当热压与风压共同作用时,室内存在一个温度相对较低的过渡区,且该过渡区有助于有效利用自然通风降低室温,提高通风效果.     

多功能促进剂在130t/h锅炉上的应用

介绍了煤炭助燃固硫除灰多功能促进剂(简称多功能促进剂)的工作原理及在130t/h煤粉炉上的应用效果试验.该产品具有助燃、固硫、除灰、提高锅炉热效率等多种功能,有很好的市场应用前景.     

江西省电网火电厂大容量机组锅炉现状及分析

针对江西电网火电厂机组400 t/h及以上容量锅炉在煤炭市场发生变化后出现的供电煤耗高、＂四管＂爆破、燃烧稳定等系列问题进行分析,并提出了相应的应对措施.     

活塞环计算机辅助设计与制造

计算机辅助设计(CAD Computer Aided Design)就是应用计算机辅助进行产品设计,其中包括产品造型,工程图绘制,工程分析和计划,编制零件明细表等功能.计算机辅助制造(CAM Computer Aided Manufacturing)就是用分级计算机来控制与制造过程有关的生产,技术设计及财务管理等方面工作.CAM包括:计算机辅助工艺编制(CAPP Computer AidedProcess Planning),零件数控加工程序编制即NC编程(NCPrograming),工夹具的CAD/CAM,以及如生产监控等的其它功能.CAD/CAN技术是近20多年来发展起来的尖端技术,在工业发达国家已经历探索和实用化阶段,广泛用于宇航、机械、汽车、电器、服装等行业中.机械行业是CAD/CAM技术最大的用户,但我国机械行业在CAD/CAM技术上的应用仍较落后.有些企业虽然引进了CAD技术,并在产品设计上直到一定作用,但往往未与CAM集成,仍未能充分发挥计算机的潜力     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Contents in Volume 23,2014

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Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.     

Wind power for pumping: The development of the ITP windpump

Water pumping has been one of the main applications for wind power in the past and despite the spread of mains-electric pumps, more than a million windpumps remain in regular use. This paper reviews the general technical and economic requirements for pumping water using wind energy and by way of example gives an overview of the development of the new ITP wind-pump. It then considers the future prospects for this kind of technology.     

Assessment methods of material ageing using Sdobyrev''s creep rupture model

The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σ_red = σ₁ β + (1 − β)σ_i, where: σ₁-maximal principal stress, σ_i-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.