The single fiber pull-out test analysis: influence of a compliant coating on the stresses at bonded interfaces

The mechanical properties at the fiber/matrix interface play a significant role in controlling the fracture resistance of fiber-reinforced composites. By coating the fiber with sizing and coupling agents, these interfacial properties can be modified. The aim of the present analysis was to examine the effects of the coating thickness and modulus on the stresses at the bonded interfaces between the fiber, coating, and matrix. Using the fiber pull-out test as the analytical model, the stresses are first obtained by minimizing the total complementary energy in the coated fiber/matrix composite. The analytical results show that the interfacial shear stress between the fiber and the coating is higher than that between the matrix and the coating. Also, a thin and compliant coating reduces substantially the peak interfacial shear stress but not the interfacial radial stress due to Poisson's effect on the fiber. Furthermore, the shear stress transfer from the fiber to the matrix across the coating layer is found to be more uniform. The implications of these findings are discussed.     

The influence of molecular diffusion on mass transfer between turbulent liquids

The influence of molecular diffusion on liquid—liquid mass transfer in a stirred transfer cell has been found by measuring the rates transfer of helium and iso-butane from water to toluene and dekalin. These solutes have very different diffusion coefficients, their presence does not alter the physical properties of the liquids and, because their equilibrium distributions strongly favour the organic phases, the water phase mass transfer coefficient could be determined and was found to depend on the square root of the diffusion coefficient.The results are compared with the predictions of a model for liquid—liquid mass transfer under turbulent conditions, based on the approach of an eddy to the interface being restrained by interfacial tension and gravitational forces and taking into account eddy pressure fluctuations in both phases. This model provides a correlation for these results, as well as water phase mass transfer coefficients for the transfer of iso-butane from water to n-octanol, and previous stirred transfer cell results.     

The Influence of Interfacial Areas for Gas Absorption in the Presence of Solid Particles

The mass transfer is investigated for physical absorption of oxygen in water for varying interfacial areas as well as the influence of suspended glass beads and activated carbon. Under higher rotational speed, the volumetric mass transfer coefficient as well as the mass transfer coefficient values increase for all specific interfacial areas due to the changes in hydrodynamics. The configuration of the free gas‐liquid interface is of minor relevance. In the presence of glass beads, the mass transfer is reduced compared to physical adsorption, whereas an enhancement of the mass transfer can be observed in the presence of activated carbon. This indicates that the mobility of the gas‐liquid interface is the determining factor. The renewal of the fluid elements is increased by adsorption of surfactants on the surface of activated carbon, leading to an improved mass transport.     

Thermoformed glass fiber reinforced polypropylene: Microstructure,mechanical properties and residual stresses

The objective of this work was to characterize the microstructure, mechanical properties and residual stresses in glass fiber reinforced polypropylene (PP) composites with respect to the thermoforming parameters and as a function of the fiber-matrix interface quality. First, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was used to investigate the crystallization behavior of the PP matrix. Second, short beam shear tests and tensile tests in the ±45° directions have been conducted to characterize respectively the interfacial strength and the matrix properties in the composites. Finally, residual stresses were measured via the curvatures of unsymmetric cross-plied laminates. The cooling rate was found to be a critical parameter of the molding process since the matrix crystallization temperature, the interfacial strength as well as the residual stresses showed large variations with various cooling rates. At slow cooling, the crystallization process initiates at higher temperatures and covers longer time periods resulting in more spherulitical matrix structures. In this case, the composites becomes stiffer but also fragile indicating a decrease in the stress transfer efficiency at the interface level. This effect was also observed in the improved interface system, suggesting that the fiber-matrix interaction operates through the amorphous phase surrounding the fibers. The fiber-matrix interface improvement was accompanied by an increase in residual stresses, possibly due to the inhibition of some stress relief mechanism.     

COMMENTS ON THE PAPER “FLUID-BED HEAT EXCHANGERS—A NEW MODEL FOR PARTICLE CONVECTIVE ENERGY TRANSFER”BY H. MARTIN

The hydrodynamics and mass transfer characteristics of a stirred cell for contacting immiscible phases are examined. When each phase is stirred with a rotating disk in laminar flow, such that the interface is stationary, the rate of diffusion in the absence of any interfacial resistance is obtained using a similarity solution. The hydrodynamics, specifically the radial velocity derivative at the interface, which is the most important component of the mass transfer solution, is obtained by combining the solutions for a finite disk and for the relationship between disk velocity and fluid core velocity. Excellent experimental agreement, within 5% of the theory, is observed.     

HYDRODYNAMICS AND MASS TRANSFER CHARACTERISTICS OF A LIQUID/LIQUID STIRRED CELL

The hydrodynamics and mass transfer characteristics of a stirred cell for contacting immiscible phases are examined. When each phase is stirred with a rotating disk in laminar flow, such that the interface is stationary, the rate of diffusion in the absence of any interfacial resistance is obtained using a similarity solution. The hydrodynamics, specifically the radial velocity derivative at the interface, which is the most important component of the mass transfer solution, is obtained by combining the solutions for a finite disk and for the relationship between disk velocity and fluid core velocity. Excellent experimental agreement, within 5% of the theory, is observed.     

Gas-liquid flow mass transfer in a T-shape microreactor stimulated with 1.7 MHz ultrasound waves

This paper describes the application of ultrasound waves on hydrodynamics and mass transfer characteristics in the gas-liquid flow in a T-shape microreactor with a diameter of 800 μm.A 1.7 MHz piezoelectric transducer (PZT) was employed to induce the vibration in this microreactor.Liquid side volumetric mass transfer coefficients were measured by physical and chemical methods of CO2 absorption into water and NaOH solution.The approach of absorption of CO2 into a 1 mol· L-1 NaOH solution was used for analysis of interfacial areas.With the help of a photography system,the fluid flow patterns inside the microreactor were analyzed.The effects of superficial liquid velocity,initial concentration of NaOH,superficial CO2 gas velocity and length of microreactor on the mass transfer rate were investigated.The comparison between sonicated and plain microreactors (microreactor with and without ultrasound) shows that the ultrasound wave irradiation has a significant effect on kLa and interfacial area at various operational conditions.For the microreactor length of 12 cm,ultrasound waves improved kLa and interfacial area about 21％ and 22％,respectively.From this study,it can be concluded that ultrasound wave irradiation in microreactor has a great effect on the mass transfer rate.This study suggests a new enhancement technique to establish high interfacial area and kLa in microreactors.     

Studies on cocurrent gas-liquid flow in helically coiled tubes. II. Theory and experiments on turbulent mass transfer with and without chemical reaction

Pure carbon dioxide was absorbed into distilled water and sodium hydroxide solution, in cocurrent two phase annular flow in helically coiled tubes in order to measure physical and chemical mass transfer coefficients and interfacial areas. (k*_La) was correlated by the pressure drop in the test sections and interfacial areas were found to vary with the liquid phase energy dissipation. According to a new theory, (k*_L) has been shown to be a function of the root mean square vorticity near the interface. The root mean square vorticity has been related to the pressure drop, gas density, liquid flow rate and liquid velocity. The physical mass transfer coefficients theoretically predicted are in good agreement with experimental results.     

Influence of Chitosan and Chitosan Derivatives on Hydrodynamics and Mass Transfer in a Bubble Contactor

The behavior of chitosan and two kinds of chitosan derivatives in carbon dioxide absorption in a bubble column contactor is analyzed. The effects of absorption type (physical or chemical), polymer type, concentration, and liquid‐phase physical properties on hydrodynamics (bubble size, gas holdup, and specific interfacial area) and mass transfer (absorption rate and mass transfer coefficient) are evaluated.     

Liquid—liquid mass transfer in systems agitated by submerged jets

Mass transfer across a plane interface has been investigated for liquid—liquid systems, with the liquid phases agitated by vertically opposed, submerged jets, one in each phase. Mass transfer coefficients were determined for the systems ethyl acetate—water and butanol—water, and for the transfer of dissolved helium between water and toluene, and toluene between toluene and water. The latter two solutes provided a wide range of molecular diffusion coefficients. When turbulent eddies penetrated to the interface the mass transfer coefficients were found to be proportional to D^0.5, and could be represented by the Levich-Davies mass transfer model for mass transfer between turbulent liquids. The characteristic turbulence velocities in this model were related to the velocities of the liquids from the jet nozzles, and to the equipment dimensions (e.g. the distances of the jets from the interface, the radius of the vessel and the diameters of the jet nozzles) by an expression based on the hydrodynamic behaviour of jets.For the low interfacial tension system butanol—water, a flat disc had to be placed in the interface at the region of jet impingement, to prevent disruption of the interface, but, even so, only a limited range of jet flow rates could be used. Only at the highest flow rates were turbulent conditions obtained, and most of the experimental mass transfer coefficients for this system were between the values predicted by the Levich-Davies model and the Levich “three-zone” model for boundary layer flow.     

Dilational viscoelastic properties of fluid interfaces—I

The rheological properties of interfaces play a significant role in many engineering and scientific applications where an interfacial motion is involve The present study focuses on the dilational rheological properties of liquid-gas interfaces. The study of dilational interfacial properties presents so inherent difficulties, because ddational strains are accompanied by a mass exchange between the interface and the adjoining bulk, as also by a mass tra on the interface itself. These mass transfer interactions manifest themselves as additional “compositional” viscoelastic resistance to dilational d and thereby make the analysis and interpretation of measured quantities difficult. This difficulty has been overcome in the present work by a suitable of “net” viscoelastic properties which combine the contributions of the “intrinsic” viscoelastic properties of an interface and the composition properties.A longitudinal wave technique combined with tracer particle measurements, which o offers a promising method for the measurement of dilational viscoelas fluid interfaces, has been developed. In this technique, a longitudinal wave disturbance is imparted to an interface by means of a sinusoidally oscilla the resulting response of the interface is measured in terms of amplitude and time-lag of the tracer particle motion relative to the original disturban of the hydrodynamics and mass transfer interactions for liquid-gas interfaces is presented.     

A generalized approach to model oxygen transfer in bioreactors using population balances and computational fluid dynamics

In many biological processes, increasing the rate of transport of a limiting nutrient can enhance the rate of product formation. In aerobic fermentation systems, the rate of oxygen transfer to the cells is usually the limiting factor. A key factor that influences oxygen transfer is bubble size distribution. The bubble sizes dictate the available interfacial area for gas-liquid mass transfer. Scale-up and design of bioreactors must meet oxygen transfer requirements while maintaining low shear rates and a controlled flow pattern. This is the motivation for the current work that captures multiphase hydrodynamics and simultaneously predicts the bubble size distribution.Bubbles break up and coalesce due to interactions with turbulent eddies, giving rise to a distribution of bubble sizes. These effects are included in the modeling approach by solving a population balance model with bubble breakage and coalescence. The population balance model was coupled to multiphase flow equations and solved using a commercial computational fluid mechanics code FLUENT 6. Gas holdup and volumetric mass transfer coefficients were predicted for different superficial velocities and compared to the experimental results of Kawase and Hashimoto (1996). The modeling results showed good agreement with experiment.     

气液界面传质机理

提出了气液相际传质的推动力来源于界面不平衡的概念.针对气体吸收过程, 以普遍化的化学势推动力方程为基础, 导出了在有传质通量存在下的两相界面处的浓度关系,并针对不同情况进行了求解.提出了一个反映液相侧动力学状况的量纲1数Yo ,Yo越大界面处两相越偏离平衡.界面浓度是与Yo和液相主体浓度密切相关的.为验证本文模型, 作者采用显微激光全息干涉技术对甲醇、乙醇、正丙醇静止吸收CO₂时的界面浓度进行了测定, 实验结果表明了本文模型的正确性.     

Use of axial dispersion and plug flow models for determination of axial mixing and mass transfer coefficient in an l‐shaped pulsed packed extraction column

In this study, the volumetric overall mass transfer and phases axial mixing coefficients have been investigated in a pilot plant of an L‐shaped pulsed packed extraction column by using two liquid systems of toluene/acetone/water and n‐butyl/acetone/water. The mass transfer performance has been evaluated using two methods of axial dispersion and a plug flow model. The effect of the operational variables and physical properties, including the dispersed and continuous phases flow rates, pulsation intensity, and interfacial tension, on mass transfer and phases axial mixing coefficients have been considered. It has been found that the pulsation intensity and the continuous phase flow rate seriously affect the mass transfer coefficient, however, the dispersed phase flow rate has a weaker effect. Also, the axial mixing of a phase is strongly affected by the pulsation intensity and the flow rate of the phase itself and it is not affected by the second phase flow rate. Finally, new correlations are proposed to accurately predict the mass transfer and axial mixing coefficients.     

HYDRODYNAMICS AND MASS TRANSFER IN BUBBLE COLUMNS: EFFECT OF SOLIDS

The hydrodynamics and mass transfer in a large diameter bubble column (D_c 0.305 m), specifically, the effects of gas velocity and the presence of solids on the gas holdup structure, gas-liquid interfacial area, and volumetric mass transfer coefficients in viscous as well as low viscosity solutions are studied. The sulfite oxidation technique was employed to measure the gas-liquid interfacial area. Volumetric mass transfer coefficients were measured using a chemical method (sulfite oxidation) as well as physical absorption of oxygen from air, and the overall gas holdups were measured using the hydrostatic head technique. The effect of solids on the gas holdup structure was examined using the dynamic gas disengagement method. With the addition of polystyrene particles, the gas-liquid interfacial area decreased for low viscosity systems, whereas it increased for viscous systems. This was shown to be due to the effect of solids on bubble coalescence. The wettability characteristics of solid surfaces in the presence of different liquids have been suggested as the reason for the effect of solids on coalescence. Oil shale slurries presented a special case because of the mineral dissolution effect.     

Simulation of interfacial mass transfer by droplet dynamics using the level set method

A unique approach to simulate mass transfer across the moving droplet where mass transport equations and governing equations of the levels set method are solved separately is proposed in this work. Mass transfer coefficients of the chemical species can be computed by equating the diffusive flux and the mass transfer flux at the interface, which are found to be of the same order of magnitude as of those obtained using an empirical correlation. Simulations underestimate mass transfer coefficients by roughly 25% across the range of low Reynolds number studied systematically. The level set method is used to track the motion of the interface to study droplet dynamics and mass transfer across a moving droplet because of the ease in defining the local curvature of the interface and in capturing any topological changes. We perform various numerical simulations by varying the physical properties of the system, in order to analyze the influence of dimensionless numbers such as the Reynolds number (Re), the Eotvos number (Eo) and the Morton number (M) on the shape of a buoyancy-driven droplet and compare them with the various shape regimes of drops and bubbles reported by Clift et al. [1978. Bubbles, Drops and Particles. Academic Press, New York]. It is shown that larger deformation occurs for buoyancy-driven droplets when interfacial forces are considerably greater than viscous forces (M?1 and Eo>10) and the droplets are almost undeformed when viscous forces dominate interfacial forces (M>10³ and Eo>10).     

Frictional Stress Evaluation along the Fiber-Matrix Interface in Ceramic Matrix Composites

A finite element algorithm, developed for frictional comact problems, has been used to evaluate the shear stresses along the fiber-matrix interface in a ceramic composite and the load point fiber displacements dining fiber compression. The induced peak shear stress and the shear stress gradient were found to increase with increasing coefficients of friction. Calculated fiber displacements asymptotically decayed to the perfectly bonded condition as the coefficient of friction was increased. The computed average interfacial shear stress showed remarkable agreement with recent experimental findings hi the SiC-LAS system.     

界面剪切力对蒸汽垂直下流膜状凝结传热的影响分析

界面剪切力对小径管中的蒸汽垂直下流凝结传热有重要影响.采用VOF模型数值模拟了蒸汽垂直下流凝结传热,分析了界面剪切力对局部凝结传热系数的影响.模拟中冷凝管壁面温度采用耦合计算冷却水的对流换热获得.计算得到了速度、界面剪切力和局部凝结传热系数的分布.计算结果表明:界面剪切力沿蒸汽流动方向逐渐减小,它对局部凝结传热系数的强...     

HYDRODYNAMICS AND MASS TRANSFER IN BUBBLE COLUMNS: EFFECT OF SOLIDS

The hydrodynamics and mass transfer in a large diameter bubble column (D_c 0.305 m), specifically, the effects of gas velocity and the presence of solids on the gas holdup structure, gas-liquid interfacial area, and volumetric mass transfer coefficients in viscous as well as low viscosity solutions are studied. The sulfite oxidation technique was employed to measure the gas-liquid interfacial area. Volumetric mass transfer coefficients were measured using a chemical method (sulfite oxidation) as well as physical absorption of oxygen from air, and the overall gas holdups were measured using the hydrostatic head technique. The effect of solids on the gas holdup structure was examined using the dynamic gas disengagement method. With the addition of polystyrene particles, the gas-liquid interfacial area decreased for low viscosity systems, whereas it increased for viscous systems. This was shown to be due to the effect of solids on bubble coalescence. The wettability characteristics of solid surfaces in the presence of different liquids have been suggested as the reason for the effect of solids on coalescence. Oil shale slurries presented a special case because of the mineral dissolution effect.     

Mass transfer behavior of liquid–liquid slug flow in circular cross-section microchannel

An alkaline hydrolysis reaction was used as the model reaction to investigate the performance of liquid–liquid slug flow microchannel. The specific interfacial area was determined through the photographic snapshot method physically by means of measuring the lengths of relevant slugs. The overall volumetric mass transfer coefficients were calculated through the Danckwerts’ model chemically. The influences of various operating conditions on the slug length, the overall volumetric extraction rate and the mass transfer coefficient were investigated quantitatively. A decreasing trend of volumetric mass transfer coefficients along the channel length was found. The linear dependence of the volumetric extraction rate on the volumetric mass transfer coefficient indicates that the overall rate of the process is determined by the mass transfer process. In addition, the volumetric mass transfer coefficients were correlated for different channel lengths.