变截面连续梁考虑预应力二次矩的配筋计算

采用悬臂施工的大跨径连续梁，在结构合拢后施加的预应力所产生的二次矩对各截面最终配筋量影响非常大。本文以结构力学力法方程为手段，计算预应力二次矩，并导得计入其影响的最终配筋计算公式，最后通过算例说明了根据顸应力二次矩修正配筋量的工程意义。     

Korrosionsmonitoring und Bruchortung in Spannbetonbauwerken – Möglichkeiten und Grenzen

Corrosion Monitoring and Fracture Detection in Prestressed Concrete Structures – Possibilities and Limits Corrosive influences may affect the long‐term functionality of prestressed elements of prestressed concrete constructions and may lead to catastrophic failure of the member. Hence, the objective of the condition assessment of prestressed components has to be detecting existing defects and damages of the prestressed elements, e.g. grouting faults, corrosion and steel fractures in time. For an objectively early diagnosis of corrosion damages on prestressing elements, the Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) based on non‐destructive testing and monitoring methods is predestined. In this contribution causes of tendon corrosion in prestressed concrete (PC) bridges will first be specified, furthermore advantages and the strategy of corrosion monitoring are presented. Afterwards the state of the research and art of non‐destructive techniques and evaluation (NDT/NDE) of the corrosion state and of fracture detection of the prestressed elements in bridges with its possibilities and limits will be discussed. In this context also innovative sensors and measuring methods developed by the authors at the iBMB within the collaborative research center (CRC) 477 “Structural Health Monitoring” will be introduced.     

Structural behaviour of segmental concrete continuous bridges with unbonded prestressing and dry joints

This work presents a finite-element method (FEM) analysis of the behaviour of continuous segmental concrete bridges with external prestressing and dry joints, focusing on the response under combined shear and flexure, at the service limit state (SLS) and at the ultimate limit state (ULS). A previously validated FEM model has been applied to simulate the structural behaviour of continuous bridges until failure. A geometrically non-linear analysis has been performed, where the particular behaviour of the dry joints, the concrete plasticity and the slipping of the prestressing tendons at the deviators have been considered. Results of the analysis have been compared with the available data of the modelling of simply supported bridges, and the different behaviour introduced by the support redundancy has been pointed out. Analysis proves that the SLS can govern the design of the prestressing force, whereas in simply supported bridges, it is the ULS that always governs the design. Concrete and steel remain essentially linear under ultimate loads, which implies that there is an extra safety factor against failure. Before failure, when support and mid-span joints are opened, moment redistribution has occurred and an arch springing from the bearings is formed within the concrete, which equilibrates the external loads.     

Spatial embedded reinforcement of 20-node block element for analysis PC bridges

The formula for the contribution of prestressed reinforcement on embedded reinforcement element is derived according to the mechanical behavior of PC bridges and the foundational principle of finite element method. Mechanical concept is definite and examples validate the calculation results. Reinforcement element model allows generating a finite element mesh without taking into consideration the layout of reinforcements. Furthermore, the prestressing tendon may pass through the concrete elements in an arbitrary manner. It is an effective approach that the no-node loads are diverted from the tendons to the adjacent concrete elements. A useful arithmetic analysis of the spatial curved tendon PC Bridges is provided.     

体外预应力钢束在汽车活载作用下的应力变幅分析

利用研发的体外预应力混凝土桥梁结构弹性阶段非线性分析专用程序 ,对几种典型跨径体外预应力混凝土梁桥的体外预应力钢束在汽车活载作用下的应力变幅进行分析。研究了简支梁中结构跨高比、体外预应力钢束与结构的粘结关系、转向块间距等参数对计算结果的影响 ,以及连续梁中施工方案、体内钢束和体外钢束的配束比例、连续跨个数和钢束布置形式等参数对计算结果的影响。同时也与相同条件下的传统体内预应力结构的预应力钢束的应力变化幅度进行比较。这项研究是体外预应力钢束体系疲劳评价研究的一部分。     

Life-cycle cost analysis of a TPSM applied continuous composite girder bridge

Transverse cracks in composite girder bridges are repeatedly reported because the tensile stresses in the concrete deck induced by the negative bending moment at the intermediate supports of continuous composite girder bridges. The occurred transverse cracks rapidly deteriorate the concrete deck, giving rise to frequent need for maintenance work. Prestressing methods are usually utilized in this kind of situation for the concrete structures, however no effective and feasible method has yet been proposed for steel-concrete composite structures. A new type of prestressing method entitled Thermal prestressing method (TPSM) has been proposed for innovative construction of continuous composite girder bridges, as effective prestressing method to prevent the occurrence of the tensile transverse crack of the concrete deck at the negative bending moment regions. In this study, the methodology for the economic analysis of TPSM applied bridges and case studies are introduced based on the life-cycle cost, considering initial construction cost and maintenance cost, to demonstrate the financial viability of the TPSM applied bridges compared to conventional continuous composite girder bridges.     

无粘结预应力混凝土梁的ABAQUS有限元模拟

在ABAQUS有限元软件中,由于无粘结预应力混凝土中的预应力筋与混凝土的接触关系难以按有粘结混凝土那样的常规方法建立,因此采用ABAQUS软件建立有粘结预应力混凝土模型较为普遍,而建立无粘结预应力混凝土模型则比较少。基于此原因,提出一种处理无粘结筋与混凝土接触关系的改进方法——引入局部坐标的Coupling方法,通过已有的一个实例——抛物线布筋的无粘结预应力筋混凝土简支梁,介绍基于ABAQUS建模的全过程,并进行计算值与试验值的验证。结果表明该模拟方法的准确性和可行性。     

Failure behavior of unbonded bi-directional prestressed concrete panels under RABT fire loading

Although the number of terror-and explosion-related incidents associated with military and terrorist activities is increasing globally, the existing design procedure for civil infrastructures does not consider a protective design for extreme loading scenarios such as blast, impact, and fire loading. Major infrastructure, for example bridges, tunnels, prestressed concrete containment vessels (PCCVs), and liquefied natural gas (LNG) storage tanks are often constructed using prestressed concrete, because it enhances the structural capacity. Concrete is often used as a construction material because of its low thermal conductivity, which makes it a good fire resistant material. However, the fire-resistant behavior of the high-strength concrete (HSC) and prestressing (PS) tendons used in prestressed concrete (PSC) is different than that of ordinary reinforced concrete (RC). Also, there has been limited research comparing PSC to RC under extreme loading conditions. This study presents experimental testing of unbonded bi-directionally prestressed concrete panels with dimensions 1000×1400×300 mm³ that were tested under RABT fire loading to simulate a jet aircraft crash-fire accident. A prestressing force of 430 kN was applied to the PSC specimens using unbonded threaded bars. After a RABT fire test, residual flexural strength tests were performed on the fire-damaged PSC and on RC specimens for comparison. Results of the RABT fire and residual flexural strength tests indicated that the fire-damaged PSC specimens showed severe thermal spalling damage induced by PS relaxation and deterioration of strength/stiffness, respectively. These study results can be used as basic research data for future research in numerical simulation of fire and the design of PSC structures under the fire scenario.     

混凝土桥梁几个基本计算及设计问题的再认识

本文深入讨论了桥梁结构的指标应力、混凝土箱梁及钢砼结合梁的分析方法、大跨径预应力混凝土梁桥的开裂下挠问题及体外预应力加固方式、主动利用体外预应力钢束提高箱梁结构的抗裂性等几个混凝土桥梁的基本计算与设计方面的问题,指出了目前结构分析与配筋方法的缺失和缺陷,希望对桥梁结构的空间受力特征以及配筋方法的本质有较完整和深入的揭示,以为我国桥梁结构的设计更精细、更完善,促进桥梁结构的工程安全与耐久提供有益建议     

测试技术在超长预应力混凝土结构中的应用

本文给出了超长预应力混凝土结构中预应力束摩擦损失、结构预压应力和温度应力的测试方法,为类似工程提供参考。     

采用CFRP筋施加体外预应力的分析

CFRP筋为非金属材料,抗拉强度高和耐腐蚀性好,可以用作体外预应力束来增强混凝土梁。这里探讨了CFRP筋的蠕变、温度膨胀等特性和筋束弯曲的问题及它们在结构设计中的影响;并就采用CFRP筋施加体外预应力的预应力损失做了细致的分析,给出了设计建议。     

当前无粘结预应力混凝土结构设计与施工中的若干问题

本文指出了当前无粘结预应力混凝土结构设计与施工中存在的若干问题，并对预应力筋锚具组装件的选择；锚固区在结构物中的设置，对组装件的密封要求，停止使用三种不良锚具有及设计中应明确出张拉应力等问题提出了建议。     

体外预应力体系在节段式箱梁预制拼装桥梁的应用

体外预应力技术主要用于桥梁和其他结构形式的建筑，随着体外预应力结构性能、体外预应力钢索的防腐问题、锚具的锚固性能、抗疲劳性能及施工工艺简单化和降低工程成本等各方面问题的不断解决，促进了体外预应力在混凝土结构的发展。OVM．T15-25体外预应力体系是一种单根换索式的体外预应力体系。本文结合苏通大桥B2标上部结构75m跨节段式连续箱梁预制悬挂拼装施工工艺，谈谈OVM．T15-25体外预应力体系在该工程中的应用。     

预应力CFRP筋混凝土梁受剪性能试验研究

FRP筋是一种新型预应力筋材,具有轻质、高强、耐腐蚀、抗疲劳等优点,但是其横向剪切强度相对较低,这会影响预应力FRP筋混凝土梁的受剪承载力。通过27根混凝土梁的受剪试验,研究了预应力CFRP筋混凝土梁的剪切破坏形态,以及各种参数对其受剪承载力的影响,并与钢绞线预应力混凝土梁的受剪试验结果进行了比较。研究结果表明：预应力CFRP筋混凝土梁的剪切破坏形态有两种：斜压破坏和剪压破坏;剪跨比和配箍率是影响预应力CFRP筋混凝土梁受剪承载力的主要因素;有粘结预应力CFRP筋混凝土梁的受剪承载力比无粘结预应力CFRP筋混凝土梁要大15%左右;通过引入反映预应力筋种类和粘结条件的2个参数,提出了预应力FRP筋混凝土梁的简化受剪承载力计算式,计算结果与试验数据吻合较好。     

体外预应力筋极限应力和有效高度计算方法

为了建立体外预应力混凝土梁抗弯承载力简化计算方法,通过系列模型试验形成体外预应力筋极限应力和有效高度的基础数据;基于试验验证的非线性有限元计算方法,分析试验加载方式与我国桥梁规范设计荷载的差异以形成相应的修正系数;根据试验结果分析体外预应力筋极限应力和有效高度随试验参数的变化规律,研究有效高度变化产生的抗弯承载力的二次效应;基于上述分析结果,采用施工方法、跨高比、体内受拉钢筋配比等参数,建立体外预应力筋极限应力和有效高度的回归计算公式,并通过试验数据进行验证;最后按照我国公路桥梁设计可靠度水平和现行规范要求对计算公式进行修正,提出体外预应力筋极限应力和有效高度计算方法。该计算方法能较有效的反映各主要因素对体外预应力筋极限应力和有效高度的影响规律。     

考虑二次效应的体外预应力梁极限抗弯承载力

体外预应力筋的应力和二次效应是体外预应力梁设计中的两个关键因素,采用粘性折减系数法计算体外预应力筋的应力,同时考虑二次效应的影响,通过梁截面的应力-应变关系,推导出体外预应力梁极限状态下抗弯强度的计算公式。整个计算过程简单,计算结果与实验结果吻合较好,为体外预应力梁的设计提供了参考。     

空间曲线型预应力摩擦损失计算

在实际预应力设计工程中,由于使用功能上的需要,预应力筋需要布置成空间曲线。现行规范给出的预应力筋的摩擦损失计算公式仅适用于平面曲线钢索的预应力摩擦损失计算,对于空间多曲线型钢索的预应力摩擦损失计算无明确的规定。本文对常见的几种空间曲线组合形式预应力筋的摩擦损失计算公式进行了推导,通过实例对比计算,不考虑空间三维的影响计算出的摩擦损失可能会有较大的误差,本文提出的公式简便而实用,其结论可供设计参考。     

Failure tests on concrete bridges: Have we learnt the lessons?

Full-scale failure tests of bridges are important for improving understanding of bridges’ behaviour and refining assessment methods. However, such experiments are challenging, often expensive, and thus rare. This paper provides a review of failure tests on concrete bridges, focusing on lessons from them. In total, 40 tests to failure of 30 bridges have been identified. These include various types of bridges, with reinforced concrete or prestressed concrete superstructures, composed of slabs, girders and combinations thereof. Generally, the tests indicated that theoretical calculations of the load-carrying capacity based on methods traditionally used for design and assessment provide conservative estimates. It can also be concluded that almost a third of the experiments resulted in unexpected types of failures, mainly shear instead of flexure. In addition, differences between theoretical and tested capacities are often apparently due to inaccurate representation of geometry, boundary conditions and materials.     

高速铁路桥梁建设中的结构问题

从结构工程角度研究并探索了减少高速铁路桥梁振动的技术和措施,包括:运用预应力技术,作好桥梁的微挠度控制;搞好PC箱梁预应力设计,解决PC箱梁的斜裂缝和挠度难题;采用体外预应力提高桥梁结构刚度;采用碳纤维增强塑料(CFRP)外包技术,加强桥墩柱抗震能力;探索智能预应力理论及其在桥梁中的应用。此外,提出了采用加气轻质混凝土(ALC)板建造声屏障以消除噪声的建议,介绍了采用新型材料CFRP索建造混凝土斜拉桥的创新研究和工程实践。     

Influence of grouting condition on crack and load-carrying capacity of post-tensioned concrete beam due to chloride-induced corrosion

Chloride-induced corrosions of a sheath and a prestressing tendon in post-tensioned concrete (PC) beams are investigated under different grouting conditions. Two series PC beams were tested by the electrically accelerated corrosion. The first series of accelerated corrosion tests were performed to determine the influence of grouted ratios in a straight sheath on the corrosion of the sheath and the prestressing tendon. In the second series of tests, the influence of the length of grout filling was investigated in a curved sheath on the corrosion process. After the accelerated corrosion tests, the mechanical behavior of the deteriorated PC beams was investigated under flexural loading. The results of the experiments show that corrosion of the sheath and the prestressing tendon significantly decreases the load-carrying capacity of PC beams. As the grouted ratios in the straight sheath and the length of grout filling in the curved sheath increase, the cracks due to corrosion of the sheath propagate earlier along the prestressing tendon and the width of the cracks increases. From the view point of load-carrying capacity, it is verified that proper grouting can protect a prestressing tendon from corrosion despite the wider cracks due to corrosion of the sheath. The presence of water inside the sheath leads to increased corrosion of both the sheath and the prestressing tendon, resulting in the decrease in the load-carrying capacity of the PC beam.