重庆大学虎溪校区人工湖水体工程设计

重庆大学虎溪校区人工湖是一座中型规模的景观水体，通过对水体水量来源与损耗进行分析计算，确定人工湖水量保持方案为：以净化后的降雨径流作为人工湖补给水源、以达标的虎溪河水作为备用水源、以自来水作为应急水源。人工湖水质保持采用外源控制与内源控制相结合、点源控制与面源控制相结合、生态措施和工程措施与管理措施相结合的综合性方案。其设计经验在类似人工水体水量及水质保持系统的建设中具有推广价值。     

医院采用二次供水设施应注意的问题

在分析了医院供水的特殊性和二次供水的利弊基础上,进一步探讨了医院二次供水设施在系统选择、设备选型、运行维护和安全管理等各方面采取的相应措施,保证医院供水对水质、水量、水压上的安全与稳定,从而保证医疗活动的正常进行。     

Inventory of water management practices in Harare, Zimbabwe

Lake Chivero, in Zimbabwe, is the major water supply source for the greater Harare area. This paper looks at the sustainability of current practices of the urban water cycle in relation to water quantity and quality management in the Chivero catchment. Data on population, water supply, water and wastewater treatment and river flows were obtained from urban councils and government departments. The data were used to assess water consumption, wastewater generation, treatment and disposal practices, river flow trends, raw water abstractions and water demand patterns. The results showed that the current situation is not sustainable as water quantity in the catchment will soon be a problem at current levels of consumption while water quality is already a problem, especially with regard to nutrient levels. Water and nutrient management strategies, which include water use efficiency, treatment and water recycling and nutrient reuse in controlled urban agriculture, are recommended as matters of urgency.     

Minimizing water cost in water resource management of Athens

This paper considers the minimization of the cost of water through an integrated water resources planning and management model, implemented within the decision support system for the management of the Athens water supply system. The mathematical framework employs a simulation-optimization scheme, where simulation is applied to faithfully represent the system operation, whereas optimization is applied to derive the optimal management policy, which simultaneously minimizes the risk and cost of decision-making. Real economic criteria in addition to artificial costs are appropriately assigned to preserve the physical constraints and water use priorities, ensuring also the lowest-cost transportation of water from sources to the point of consumption. The proposed model is tested on the hydrosystem of Athens, in order to minimize the expected operational costs for several system configurations.     

福州市琴亭人工湖水量及水质保持设计

琴亭湖是一座集防洪滞洪和城市景观公园功能的综合工程,通过对水体水量来源与损耗进行分析计算,确定人工湖以文山里引水工程的水为补给水源。人工湖水质保持采用外源污染控制与引水活水工程的综合性方案。其设计经验在类似工程水量及水质保持系统的建设中具有参考价值。     

浅谈绿色生态住宅小区的给排水设计

介绍了设计绿色生态住宅小区的水环境系统各个子系统时应满足的水质、水量和应遵循的设计规范。提出了对节水设施、器具和绿色管材的选用原则     

Framework for net-zero and net-positive building water cycle management

Consumption of limited energy, water and material resources within the building sector drives the need for integrated building management strategies that alleviate the pressure placed on the environment. Net-zero buildings balance the inputs with outputs in order to offset negative external impacts associated with structure operations. Historically the net-zero concept has been applied to the building energy budget; however, the popularity of achieving net-zero compliance has expanded to carbon emissions, waste generation and water consumption. Concordant to the building energy subsystem, the water subsystem consists of multiple demands and sources that dynamically interact. The resultant building water cycle is unique to each building; and thus a generic strategy toward net-zero water compliance does not apply. Distinct differences between energy and water infrastructure components result in variant management strategies for net-zero or regenerative achievement. The application of net-zero concepts to the water sector is investigated, and a conceptual framework for the achievement of a net-positive building water cycle that increases the sustainability and resilience of the urban and natural environments is presented. Regenerative buildings producing a net-positive water impact must fulfil quantity, quality, spatial and temporal prerequisites.     

城市居住小区景观水系统优化设计研究

介绍了某居住小区收集、利用雨水,构建景观带和人工湖,实现水循环的景观水系统的设计。该系统采用"沉砂+过滤+消毒+生态技术"的雨水处理工艺,人工湖及景观带水体水质符合《城市污水再生利用景观环境用水水质》中观赏性景观环境用水水质指标要求。系统运行良好,每年可节省资金近40万元,经济效益和环境效益显著,为新建小区的雨水利用提供了参考。     

生态安全格局视角下的城市水系统规划

结合规划案例论述了城市水系统观念的引入对生态安全格局构建的影响,提出社会水循环系统与自然水循环系统构成的复合水系统是构成生态安全格局的关键因子,城市水系统规划通过对涉水设施的协调,从水量水质上保障生态环境的质量,通过对建设活动的引导,保障生态安全。生态技术是协调城市水系统与生物多样性安全的重要手段。     

An ecosystemic approach for assessing the urban water self-sufficiency potential: lessons from the Mediterranean

Frequent water stress episodes affecting urban hubs have caused a shift in urban water management towards integrated approaches and motivated a search for alternative water resources. Large-scale rainwater harvesting on the municipal scale can overcome the disadvantages of climate dependence and the volume restrictions associated with small-scale collection facilities. In this paper, two tools based on the urban metabolism concept are used to determine the water self-sufficiency potential of urban systems from urban runoff: a simple water self-sufficiency potential indicator and a socioeconomic water flow accounting scheme, which includes water losses. Both tools are applied to a densely populated coastal area that exemplifies urban centres in the Mediterranean. This approach is useful for regions with restricted data availability on water use and facilitates information dissemination to policy makers. The results indicate a significant water self-sufficiency potential for the area of study, even under projections of reduced precipitation in the area.     

Regional water quality management for the Karun–Dez River basin, Iran

To achieve water quality goals in a river basin, a water quality management model (WQMM) has been developed through the geographic information system (GIS) approach and a mathematical water quality model. The developed model has been applied to the Karun and Dez Rivers, where water quality has decreased due to heavy pollutant loads from Khuzestan province cities and surrounding areas. Pollution sources, land use, geographic features and measured water quality data of the river basin were incorporated into the Arc‐View GIS database. With the database, the management model calculated management type and management cost for each management project in the river basin. Until now, river management policy for polluted rivers in Iran first penalizes pollution sources and then constructs treatment plants for the pollution sources whose wastewater is released untreated and for which the wastewater quality goal of the Iranian Department of Environment is not met. Different management projects with a time programme were proposed and they were compared with the results of the river quality without any management approach. It became clear that the results based on the management approach were much better than those for the unmanaged condition from the viewpoint of the achievement of water quality goals and cost optimization.     

Estimating irrigation water demand for green spaces in humid areas: seeking a sustainable water management strategy

Quantifying the irrigation water demand of green spaces (IWDG) is an important part of smart urban water management. However, the IWDG in humid cites is not well characterized. Moreover, the alteration of natural hydrological processes caused by urbanization leading to the dependence of green spaces on irrigation is becoming more common. To better understand the IWDG in humid areas, we developed an estimation model and used the Yangtze River Delta in China as a case study. Results showed that the amount of water required by the green spaces in the Yangtze River Delta was approximately 354 × 10⁶ m³, which was equivalent to 12% of the urban residential water consumption in 2011. This study also investigated the spatial-temporal changes of urban green spaces and estimated their effects on irrigation water demand. These findings provide policymakers an integrated view of the water demand of green spaces associated with sustainable management.     

上海金桥工业园企业间水资源梯级利用方案分析

水资源梯级利用是按照水质不同逐级利用水资源的一种方式,在生态工业园区开展企业间水资源梯级利用是园区水资源管理和水系统集成的重要内容。以上海金桥出口加工区为例,从水量、水质、水价三个方面分析了园区主要用水企业的用水排水特征及园区企业间水资源梯级利用的可行性;遵循从企业内部到企业之间再到园区三个递进的层次设计了园区水资源梯级利用的三个方案,进行了方案费用效益对比分析;提出了政府部门许可梯级供水方式,排水公司适当减免梯级供水企业的排水费,园区管委会将水资源梯级利用项目融入到园区循环经济工程,园区开发商及参与企业铺设中水管网等保障措施。     

Fault tree analysis for integrated and probabilistic risk analysis of drinking water systems

Drinking water systems are vulnerable and subject to a wide range of risks. To avoid sub-optimisation of risk-reduction options, risk analyses need to include the entire drinking water system, from source to tap. Such an integrated approach demands tools that are able to model interactions between different events. Fault tree analysis is a risk estimation tool with the ability to model interactions between events. Using fault tree analysis on an integrated level, a probabilistic risk analysis of a large drinking water system in Sweden was carried out. The primary aims of the study were: (1) to develop a method for integrated and probabilistic risk analysis of entire drinking water systems; and (2) to evaluate the applicability of Customer Minutes Lost (CML) as a measure of risk. The analysis included situations where no water is delivered to the consumer (quantity failure) and situations where water is delivered but does not comply with water quality standards (quality failure). Hard data as well as expert judgements were used to estimate probabilities of events and uncertainties in the estimates. The calculations were performed using Monte Carlo simulations. CML is shown to be a useful measure of risks associated with drinking water systems. The method presented provides information on risk levels, probabilities of failure, failure rates and downtimes of the system. This information is available for the entire system as well as its different sub-systems. Furthermore, the method enables comparison of the results with performance targets and acceptable levels of risk. The method thus facilitates integrated risk analysis and consequently helps decision-makers to minimise sub-optimisation of risk-reduction options.     

Review of multi-criteria decision aid for integrated sustainability assessment of urban water systems

Integrated sustainability assessment is part of a new paradigm for urban water decision making. Multi-criteria decision aid (MCDA) is an integrative framework used in urban water sustainability assessment, which has a particular focus on utilising stakeholder participation. Here MCDA is reviewed in the context of urban water management used in a decision making framework. Three other commonly used integrated approaches in urban water management (cost-benefit analysis, triple bottom line and integrated assessment) are compared with MCDA. Generic types of shortcomings associated with MCDA are discussed to provide an understanding of MCDA's limitation in urban water management decision making; including 1) preferential independency, 2) double counting and under-counting, and 3) transparency of MCDA methods and results.     

A technical decision-making framework: stormwater as an alternative supply source

Stormwater harvesting is a relatively new concept which has developed using traditional stormwater management practices as well as water resourcing and holistic water management concepts. While stormwater harvesting systems have been designed and constructed in the past, the planning and design processes have not followed an integrated approach. This paper addresses this issue and describes a decision-making framework (DMF) that determines the most appropriate stormwater harvesting scheme option based primarily on technical feasibility and financial costs with a focus on neighbourhood-scale development. A case study of an existing urban area in the suburb of Sunshine in Melbourne, Australia, was conducted to demonstrate the DMF. Comparison of all stormwater harvesting scheme options determined that while one scheme option was the most effective option in terms of cost, reliability, quantity of stormwater used and end uses met, several other options could also be examined further for detailed analysis.     

Re-examining the ‘low water tariff’ hypothesis: lessons from Hyderabad,India

Researchers suggest urban water utilities in India operate on low tariffs, consequently earning revenue insufficient to recover operation and management (O&M) costs of water storage, treatment and distribution. From findings of a field study conducted in Hyderabad, India, the paper suggests otherwise. While ‘stated’ tariffs are low, households currently pay tariffs far higher than in other regions of the world because of institutional indifference toward improving service attributes, particularly quantity and poor measurement of domestic water consumption; following which, poor communities pay more for less. While poor cost recovery precludes improved performance of urban water utilities, targeting this facet alone at the cost of other aspects of service does not, as the paper demonstrates, necessarily lead toward qualitative service improvement or toward improved households' perception of water services.     

复合垂直流人工湿地用于滨湖型校园湖泊水体修复

结合武汉市江汉大学校区内三角湖湖泊水体的水质、水量特征,采用复合垂直流人工湿地工艺对滨湖型校园湖泊水体进行修复处理。该工程兼顾水体修复、生态系统重建与景观改善的功能,湖泊水质得以明显改善。     

浅论输配水管网与供水安全

通过对城市输配水管网的设计和施工管理质量控制的介绍,论述了输配水管网与供水安全的重要性,结合国家给水规范及法规,详细阐述了城市输配水管网质量管理控制,从而为城市供水安全提供保证。     

Resilient urban drainage – Options of an optimized area-management

There is a need for an integrated approach for all involved stakeholders to adapt urban infrastructures to climate change effects and to take into account uncertainties of future developments. By integrating all relevant planning disciplines, a first step towards implementation of resilient technical and social infrastructures can be achieved. With the major goal of optimizing area-management as part of water sensitive urban design, the water sector and its area requirements build the main focus of this study. After identifying local flood hazards and potential surficial retention areas, the additional usage of decentralized stormwater management facilities for flood protection is tested in selected sectors. The results of the study confirm that the combined usage of decentralized facilities for pluvial flooding is a first step to protect urban infrastructure. It shows that decentralized facilities are more flexible than centralized facilities and, thus, have a higher adaptation capacity which is needed considering the various effects of climate change.