Heat Transfer in Laminar Flow with Internal Heat Generation in Concentric Annulus

This paper deals with an analysis of heat transfer in laminar flow with uniform internal heat generation in a concentric annulus with uniform but different heat fluxes at the two wall surfaces. The Nusselt numbers at each wall surface are calculated upon analyzing the radial distribution of the fluid temperature.

It is shown that the Nusselt numbers are affected by the ratios of the radii as well as of the wall heat fluxes, and also by the internal heat generation. As a special case, the analytical results of heat transfer in the absence of internal heat generation are compared with Dwyer's and Lundberg, et al.'s theories.     

Heat Transfer in Turbulent Flow with Internal Heat Generation in Concentric Annulus*,(I)

This paper deals with the problem of heat transfer in fully developed turbulent flow with uniform internal heat generation in a concentric annulus under conditions of uniform but different heat fluxes at the two wall surfaces. The Nusselt numbers at each wall surface are calculated by analyzing the radial distribution of the fluid temperature. We further derive approximate equations, which are found to represent very well the analytical results.

The Nusselt numbers vary with the ratios of the radii of annular space as well as of the wall heat fluxes, as also with internal that generation. These predictions agree well with available experimental data for various fluids.     

Heat Transfer in Turbulent Flow with Internal Heat Generation in Concentric Annulus, (II)

The previous paper(1) dealt with the problem of fully developed heat transfer in a turbulent flow with uniform internal heat generation in a concentric annulus under conditions of uniform but different heat fluxes at the two wall surfaces. This sequel presents analyses of the heat transfer problem in the thermal entrance region.

First, a graphical representation is given of the variations of Nusselt number at each wall surface with distance along the passage. Second, these fundamental solutions for uniform internal heat generation and uniform wall heat fluxes are applied to the case of arbitrary variations of internal heat generation and wall heat flux along the axial direction.     

Heat Transfer in a Fluid with Internal Heat Generation Flowing through a Vertical Tube

This paper deals with heat transfer in a fluid, with uniformly distributed internal heat source, flowing upwards through a vertical tube. Measurements were made of the temperature distribution in both laminar and turbulent flow, and both with and without heat transfer at wall. Heat generation within the fluid was brought about by passing an electrical current through the working fluid, which was an aqueous solution of sodium chloride. The experimental results were compared with analytical calculations.

Free convection, which occurs and is superimposed on the movement by forced convection, flattens the fluid temperature distribution in laminar flow through thermally insulated vertical tube. In turbulent flow with heat transfer to wall, the temperature distribution near the wall is affected considerably by the outgoing heat flux.     

Heat Transfer by Slug Flow in Annulus

This paper deals with an analysis of heat transfer by slug flow in an annulus with different heat fluxes at the two wall surfaces. The local Nusselt numbers at each wall surface are calculated upon analyzing the radial distribution of the fluid temperature.

The local Nusselt number varies with the ratios of the radii as well as of the wall heat fluxes. The heat transfer in a circular tube and between two parallel plates are also discussed. As a special case, the present results agree very well with Dwyer's obtained for the heat transfer between two wall surfaces.     

Heat Transfer to Steam-Water Annular Dispersed Flow in Vertical Annulus

The heat transfer coefficient and slow burnout heat flux were measured for a stream-water annular dispersed upward flow under pressures up to 3.5 ata in an electrically heated vertical annular channel.

An empirical equation was derived for the heat transfer coefficient as function of mass flow rate, steam quality and heat flux. The dominant mechanism of heat transfer to the annular dispersed two-phase flow is forced convection of liquid film on the heater surface even in the region of low steam quality (down to about 0.03). The observed slow burnout heat flux was near the point of intersection of the lines representing liquid film forced convective heat transfer and nucleate boiling heat transfer on the q vs. δT _sat diagram. A dryout mechanism is proposed in which increasingly violent evaporation comes to impede the rewetting of the dry patches generated on the heater surface, which thus spread to cover the whole surface. A maximum value is observed in the slow burnout heat flux plotted against exit steam quality. This can be explained as the effect of heat removal by droplet exchange between liquid film and steam flow.     

同心环形管内沸腾两相流动与传热实验研究

对窄缝为2．1mm的同心环形管,试验研究了外管加热条件下水的沸腾两相流动阻力与传热特性,得到了以下结果：窄缝环形管内两相流动的阻力较普通圆管内大,沸腾换热得到了较明显的强化,换热系数弓压力、热平衡干度、工质流量、加热负荷均有关系,且与缝隙宽度和加热方式有关;提出了环形管强化传热的微液膜蒸发机理与汽泡扰动机理的物理解释;得到了环形管内流动摩擦阻力系数与传热系数的实验关联式。     

Fully Developed Turbulent Flow in a Concentric Annulus11

This paper deals with an analysis of the characteristics of fully developed turbulent Newtonian flow in a concentric annulus. The time-averaged velocity distribution, mixing length, eddy diffusivity and friction factor are calculated on the bases of Reichardt's expression for the eddy diffusivity of momentum and of Nikuradse's expression for the mixing length in a circular tube. These predictions agree well with available experimental data.     

在双面加热的窄缝环形流道中流动沸腾换热研究

在窄缝流道内发生沸腾换热现象时,由于沸腾产生的汽泡受窄缝流道的限制,受压变形而消除了汽泡表面张力对传热的影响。因此对此现象进行基础性理论研究具有很重要的意义。本文在常压下用蒸馏水对窄缝间隙为 0.75mm的垂直环形流道,进行了流动沸腾传热实验研究。实验段的有效加热长度为 900mm,其加热方式为内外侧双面加热,实验的流量变化范围在 1.67× 10－ 5～ 5.83× 10－ 5m3/s。通过实验得到了在不同质量流速和热流密度下双面加热的窄缝流道中内外侧沸腾换热系数随干度变化的分布和特点。研究结果表明,由于在窄缝流道中存在着大量的运动聚合受压变形汽泡,因此使内外侧沸腾换热系数都很高 (可达 105W· m－ 2· K－ 1以上 )。     

含内热源球床通道换热特性实验研究

针对含内热源球床通道内的换热情况,采用电磁感应加热方式对由直径为3 mm、8 mm表面氧化不锈钢球组成的球床通道分别加热,研究球床通道内部的换热特性。通过对实验数据对比分析,得到球床通道内的功率分布情况和换热系数随热流密度、颗粒直径、工质Re的变化规律,并根据实验数据拟合得到球床通道平均换热系数的无量纲准则关联式。拟合结果与实验结果误差在15%以内,符合良好。     

双侧加热窄环隙流道强迫对流换热

本文用一回路水对竖直窄环隙流道进行了双侧加热强迫对流换热实验，将双侧加热和单侧加热时的换热特性进行了对比分析。结果表明，双侧加热使流道内侧的换热得到加强，而外侧换热却受到削弱，具有与单侧加热时相似的变化规律，综合因素影响使换热量基本保持不变。     

Numerical Simulation of Fluid Flow and Heat Transfer in a DC Non-Transferred Arc Plasma Torch Operating Under Laminar and Turbulent Conditions

In this work, a magnetic fluid dynamics (MHD) model is used to simulate the electromagnetic field, heat transfer and fluid flow in a DC non-transferred arc plasma torch under laminar and turbulent conditions. The electric current density, temperature and velocity distributions in the torch are obtained through the coupled iterative calculation about the electromagnetic equations described in a magnetic vector potential format and the modified fluid dynamics equations. The fluid-solid coupled calculation method is applied to guarantee the continuity of the electric current and heat transfer at the interface between the electrodes and fluid. The predicted location of the anodic arc root attachment and the arc voltage of the torch are consistent with corresponding experimental results. Through a specific analysis of the influence of mass flow rates and electric current on the torch outlet parameters, the total thermal efficiency, thermal loss of each part, and the laws of the variation of outlet parameters with the variation of mass flow rates and electric current was obtained. It is found that operation under a laminar condition with a limited area of the anode could increase the total thermal efficiency of the torch.     

自然循环条件下竖直管内层流凝结换热特性研究

考虑蒸汽流速的影响,对Nusselt凝结换热模型进行修正,分别采用Nusselt模型和修正模型对自然循环条件下竖直管内层流膜状凝结时的换热特性进行计算并与实验结果比较。研究表明,管内凝结换热受蒸汽流速的影响不能忽略,蒸汽对液膜的剪切作用使液膜减薄,冷凝换热系数增大。由于修正模型合理地考虑了界面剪切力的影响,计算结果与实验相符。     

球床堆流动与传热数值模拟

采用离散元方法(DEM)模拟球床反应堆内燃料球的随机分布,通过计算流体力学(CFD)方法研究球床堆内的流动与传热。结果表明:球与球之间的间隙处压力较低;而流速、温度、涡强度较高。沿径向分布,压力、涡强度、换热系数随孔隙率的增加而降低;流速随孔隙率的增加而增加。     

Measurement of Heat Transfer Coefficients for Axial Air Flow through Eccentric Annulus and Seven-Rod Cluster

The heat transfer characteristics of non-concentric annuli with various eccentricities and also of a seven-rod cluster were experimentally determined by means of mass transfer technique. A coating of naphthalene was applied to the surface of the test rod and changes in its thickness measured. The mass transfer coefficients have been represented in terms of Colburn's j-factor, with which both the average and local values were analyzed. The measured average heat transfer j-factors were found to be in part equal to those for smooth round ducts, but the circumferential variations of the local factors for the eccentric annulus did not agree with the theoretical prediction proposed by Dwyer & Yu. The existence of secondary flow in the seven-rod cluster is also discussed.     

摇摆条件下矩形通道内层流传热特性的数学分析

对摇摆条件下矩形通道内的层流特性进行了理论分析。推导出摇摆条件下的速度和温度关系式,并由此得到传热系数关系式。Nu的平均值与位置有关;瞬时Nu的波动振幅随Pr的增加而增加;瞬时Nu与摇摆运动之间的相位差为45°。     

流量波动条件下圆管内流动换热特性数值研究

对流量波动条件下核动力装置系统圆管内流体的流动换热特性进行了数值研究,重点研究了波动周期、波动振幅两个因素对流动换热特性的影响。结果表明:流量波动时,通道内的摩阻系数和壁面换热系数均随时间周期性波动,且波动周期与流量波动周期相同;波动周期增加,摩阻系数波动幅值减小,壁面换热系数波动振幅变化不明显;相对振幅增加,摩阻系数波动幅值增大,壁面换热系数波动振幅增大。     

非能动余热排出热交换器流动传热分析与验证

AP1000依托项目的热态功能试验中包括了非能动余热排出热交换器(PRHR HX)性能试验,在试验过程中会伴随着内置换料水箱(IRWST)内水的升温。本文针对PRHR HX性能试验中的自然循环工况,对IRWST升温过程进行PRHR HX自然循环下流动传热分析。通过分析获得了在PRHR HX自然循环试验工况下IRWST内各个监测点流体温度随时间的变化过程,及各个典型瞬态时刻下IRWST内典型流体截面的流场分布和温度场分布情况,同时将分析计算所获得的监测点温度值与现场实测值进行了对比验证,结果吻合较好,为热态调试提供了重要的技术支持。     

窄环隙内单相对流换热的实验研究

鉴于流体在小尺度流道内流动换热时所表现出的特殊性 ,对水在竖直环隙内受迫流动时的单相对流换热特性进行了实验研究 ,两组实验件的环隙宽度分别为 0 9mm和 2 4mm。实验结果表明 ,窄环隙可以对单相对流换热起到强化作用 ,但较 2 4mm环隙而言 ,0 9mm环隙不但不能进一步强化换热 ,反而削弱了环隙的强化换热作用