基于竖直圆管空气-水两相流实验的相间曳力模型研究

研究两相流相间阻力特性对系统程序关键本构模型封闭具有重要意义。本文基于竖直圆管开展了空气-水两相流实验,采用四探头电导探针对空泡份额、气泡弦长和界面面积浓度等气泡参数的径向分布进行了测量。结果表明空泡份额和气泡弦长呈现“核峰型”分布,而界面面积浓度并没有表现出随流速的单调关系。进一步开发了泡状流和弹状流的相间曳力模型,考虑了液相表观流速与管径对气泡尺寸分布的影响,建立了临界韦伯数与不同液相流速的关系。计算得到的空泡份额和界面面积浓度与实验数据整体符合较好,验证了模型的可靠性,为两相流相间阻力特性研究提供参考意义。     

气泡破裂及其夹带特性行为测量综述

自由液面处气泡破裂造成的液滴夹带现象广泛存在于水冷反应堆中,在事故工况下液池中滞留的气溶胶可通过夹带的方式进入气相中,对释放量的准确计算是源项评估的重要基础。气溶胶最终的释放特性由气泡寿命、液膜厚度及产生的液滴尺寸等参数决定。由于气泡破裂是一复杂且随机的过程,因此液相表面气泡破裂关键参数的测量没有普遍适用的方法,且各方法的测量结果并不互相适用,这就给气溶胶释放特性的研究带来困难。为对该现象进行研究,本文总结了上述物理参数的多种测量方法及部分经验公式,比较了不同测量方法的适用范围,最后展望适用于此领域的测量方法及后续的研究方向。     

Prediction of Liquid Film Dryout in Two-Phase Annular-Mist Flow in a Uniformly Heated Narrow Tube Development of Analytical Method under BWR Conditions

A method was developed based on the conservation lows to predict critical heat flux (CHF) causing liquid film dryout in two-phase annular-mist flow in a uniformly heated narrow tube under BWR conditions. The applicable range of the method is within the pressure of 3–9 MPa, mass flux of 500–2,000 kg/m²·s, heat flux of 0.33–2.0 MW/m² and boiling length-to-tube diameter ratio of 200–800.

The two-phase annular-mist flow was modeled with the three-fluid streams with liquid film, entrained droplets and gas flow. Governing equations of the method are mass continuity and energy conservation on the three-fluid streams. Constitutive equations on the mass transfer which consist of the entrainment fraction at equilibrium and the mass transfer coefficient were newly proposed in this study.

Confirmation of the present method were performed in comparison with the available film flow measurements and various CHF data from experiments in uniformly heated narrow tubes under high pressure steam- water conditions. In the heat flux range (q“<2MW/m²) practical for a BWR, agreement of the present method with CHF data was obtained as, (Averaged ratio)±(Standard deviation)=0.984±0.077, which was shown to be the same or better agreement than the widely-used CHF correlations.     

水滴粒径对旋叶式汽水分离器性能的影响

采用计算流体动力学技术计算分析了水滴粒径对旋叶式汽水分离器性能及其内部流动细节的影响。采用Euler双流体模型结合均值粒径方法计算了分离器内两相流动,粒径选取范围为0.1～150 μm;通过分析流场细节揭示了粒径与分离器性能的内在关系。结果表明：随粒径的增大,压损呈先升后降趋势,分离效率呈“S”型增大趋势;对分离效率产生影响的粒径范围为5～150 μm,而对压损产生影响的粒径范围为大于5 μm;与试验值相比,计算所得压损相对偏差均在4.8%以内,且选用合适的粒径能获得较为准确的分离效率和出口湿度,表明本文计算方案较为可靠;蒸汽流量分配比和水分返流比均随粒径的增大而减小,而返流水分占出水总量的比例较高,可达48%,因此计算中必须加以考虑,建议计算域中加入外围空间。     

薄壁玻璃微球制备工艺

叙述了玻璃溶液浓度,发泡剂加入量,液滴炉各温区温度和抽气速度等因素对制备空心玻璃微球壁厚的影响,确定了制备１μｍ以下超薄壁空心玻璃微球的工艺条件。     

Interfacial Friction Factor for High-Pressure Steam/Water Stratified-Wavy Flow in Horizontal Pipe

The interfacial friction was investigated for high-pressure (3 to 9 MPa) steam/water stratified-wavy flow, using the TPTF experimental data for 4 and 8-inch diameter horizontal pipe test sections. The interfacial waves observed in the stratified-wavy flow regime with void fractions typically <–0.6, became larger in r.m.s. amplitude and more irregular in both amplitude and wave length, as the transition boundary to slug flow was approached. A correlation to predict the interfacial friction factor has been obtained for the stratified-wavy flows including the vicinity of the transition boundary to slug flow. The correlation is based on two non-dimensional parameters related to the interfacial wave generation by the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability, and correlates the TPTF data taken under different pipe diameters and pressures.     

Airfoil friction drag reduction based on grid-type and super-dense array plasma actuators

To improve the cruise flight performance of aircraft,two new configurations of plasma actuators(grid-type and super-dense array)were investigated to reduce the turbulent skin friction drag of a low-speed airfoil.The induced jet characteristics of the two actuators in quiescent air were diagnosed with high-speed particle image velocimetry(PIV),and their drag reduction efficiencies were examined under different operating conditions in a wind tunnel.The results showed that the grid-type plasma actuator was capable of producing a wall-normal jet array(peak magnitude:1.07 m/s)similar to that generated in a micro-blowing technique,while the super-dense array plasma actuator created a wavy wall-parallel jet(magnitude:0.94 m/s)due to the discrete spanwise electrostatic forces.Under a comparable electrical power consumption level,the super-dense array plasma actuator array significantly outperformed the grid-type configuration,reducing the total airfoil friction drag by approximately 22％at a free-stream velocity of 20 m/s.The magnitude of drag reduction was proportional to the dimensionless jet velocity ratio(r),and a threshold r=0.014 existed under which little impact on airfoil drag could be discerned.     

液滴旋转模型在重力场和均匀流场中的应用

本文主要应用单液滴旋转模型,研究了重力分离空间均匀蒸汽流场中液滴行为,定性描述了均匀蒸汽流场中液滴轨迹,分析了液滴在重力场和均匀蒸汽流场中运动的影响因素。主要讨论了液滴旋转及升力的影响,为液滴旋转模型的定量分析及其应用奠定了基础。     

New Interfacial Drag Force Model Including Effect of Bubble Wake, (I) Model Development for Steam-Water Bubbly Flow in Large-Diameter Pipes

Several experimental results show that bubbles can easily be captured in the wake formed by leading bubbles when multiple bubbles are rising in a liquid. It is suggested from this experimental result that the effect of bubble wake should be included in the constitutive relationships representing the interfacial drag force. In the present study, steam-water bubbly flow experiments were performed to develop a new interfacial drag force model including the effect of bubble wake. Since the validity of the existing constitutive equations have been tested mainly for two-phase flow in small-diameter pipes, our study focused on two-phase flow in a large-diameter pipe. Using a one-dimensional two-fluid model, the applicability of the new interfacial drag force model to our experimental conditions was investigated. As a result, it was shown that the present model markedly improves the accuracy of the predicted results. It was therefore demonstrated that the present bubble wake model is effective at least for the conditions which were used for model development. Its applicability to different conditions will be discussed in a subsequent study.     

棒束通道内环状流气液界面行为及形成机理研究

棒束通道中环状流气液界面行为的研究,能为压水堆的事故处理和沸水堆电厂的正常运行提供数据和理论支撑。本研究针对3×3棒束通道中环状流气液波状界面形式进行记录与分析,绘制详细的环状流流型图,并针对其形成机理进行分析。结果表明：棒束通道中的环状流主要有搅混型、未全润湿、平滑边界型、单一波状流、包状扰动波、带状扰动波和带状扰动波叠加液相丧失7种形式;单一波状流是当气相速度较高、液相速度较低时,气液界面上发生的有固定波峰和波谷、以固定速度向上运动的流动形式,其现象可通过Kelvin-Helmholtz型不稳定性理论来解释;当液相流量升高或气相流量减少时,发生单一波状流界面失稳,界面能量增加,进入到包状扰动波或带状扰动波阶段;当能量超过1.6 kPa²/Hz时,界面能量超过底层液膜束缚能力,产生液相丧失型环状流。     

双探针测量气液界面密度的研究

推广了原有气液两用流局部界面密度双探针方法测量模型，使这一模型不仅可用于球形界面，而且可用于各种长、短轴半径之比的椭圆形扁球体界面型式的气液分散流动。基于改进的测量模型，应用光导纤维双探针技术测量了垂直圆管内气液两相泡状流的界面密度。测量结果与照相方法所测结果符合良好。     

水平管顶部破口液体起始夹带

本文提出了确定该监界液位的数学模型，临界液位高度与破口直径之比ｈ／ｄ由两个无量纲积分方程所制约。ｈ／ｄ的计算结果与已有实验数据及其它作者经验关系式预测值的比较表明，在相同的氟鲁德数下，顶部破口较侧部破口能夹带更远处的液体。     

光纤探针方法测量界面面积浓度实验研究

采用光纤探针测量方法对垂直上升管中空气 水两相流动的界面面积浓度（IAC）分布规律进行研究。实验选用的管径为50 mm,气相、液相折算速度分别为0.01～1 m/s和0～1 m/s。通过高速摄影获取的影像数据对光纤探针法的测量精度进行评价和标定,获得IAC径向分布。利用IAC数据对几类IAC计算模型进行评价,基于截面含气率变密度模型给出平均IAC与中心截面含气率的关系式。通过与其他实验数据进行比较,表明新关系式具有较高的计算精度。     

Void distribution and bubble motion in bubbly flows in a 4×4 rod bundle. Part II: numerical simulation

Numerical simulations of bubbly flows in a four by four rod bundle are carried out using a multi-fluid model to examine effects of the numerical treatment of phase distribution and drag model. The transport equations of bubble number density and void fraction are used as the continuity equation of the gas phase. Two drag models are tested: one of them accounts for the bubble deformation (aspect ratio), whereas the other does not. The rod diameter, the rod pitch and the hydraulic diameter of the rod bundle are 10, 12.5 and 9.1 mm, respectively. The gas and liquid volume fluxes are J_G = 0.06 m/s and J_L = 0.9 and 1.5 m/s, respectively. The bubble diameter ranges from 1 to 5 mm. Comparisons between the numerical and measured data show that (1) the restriction on bubble lateral motion due to the presence of rods can be taken into account by using the transport equation of bubble number density, whereas that of the void fraction cannot deal with the restriction and causes large errors in the distribution of void fraction and (2) the reduction in the bubble-relative velocity near the wall is predictable by using the drag model accounting for the bubble deformation effect.     

竖直大圆管内两相流动界面输运过程研究

采用光纤探针测量方法研究了垂直上升管中空气-水两相流动的局部界面面积浓度（IAC）和空泡份额等分布规律。实验选用的圆管直径为100 mm,气相、液相表观速度的范围分别为0～0.1 m/s和0～1.0 m/s。结果发现,影响径向IAC分布的因素主要为气泡通过频率。基于Ishii-Kim界面输运模型,对轴向IAC进行了计算;通过分析4种气泡间相互作用对IAC的影响,发现工作压力是影响轴向IAC变化的主要因素,最后给出了引入工作压力影响的轴向IAC计算关联式。     

扁管流道流动阻力特性研究

文章以水为工质,对扁管流道的阻力特性进行了实验研究和理论分析,推导出层流区的阻力系数近似解,并拟合了紊流区的经验关系式。结果表明,扁管流道的摩擦阻力系数变化趋势与普通的圆管流道相同,但在数值上明显高于后者,流态转换区域也较圆管滞后。本文推导出的摩擦阻力系数理论计算式和拟合的经验关系式均有较高的计算精度,计算值与实验值间的相对偏差均在4%以内。