Sodium Mist Behavior in Cover Gas Space of LMFBR Out-Pile Experiment

Sodium mist behavior in argon cover gas space over sodium pool was investigated experimentally using of a test vessel having cover gas volume of ～100l. Mass concentration and gravitational settling flux of the mist (i.e. sodium aerosol) were determined between pool temperature range of 290～520°C. Apparatuses used for the concentration determination were a He-Ne laser mist concentration meter (LCM) and mist traps, which were developed specifically for the present experiment. The mist gravitational settling flux φ was determined by using of collection plates, which were exposed to the mist entrained cover gas over sodium pool.

The experimental results revealed that the concentration C was very high from 0.15 to 20g/m³. It increased with pool temperature. The mist particle radii, which were determined from the gravitational settling flux φ and decay curve of the concentration, were from 1.5 to 13 μm in the range of the present experiment. The vapor evaporation rate φe from the pool surface, which were also determined from the experimental φ data, were found to increase with saturated vapor pressure P_s at pool surface. This rate did not depend so strongly on experimental geometries and cover gas flow convection pattern over sodium pool. Evaluations of transient C changing and steady state C fluctuation indicated that the mist formation was occurred near the pool surface.     

Radiative Properties of Sodium Mist

Spectral variations of the extinction coefficient, the albedo and the asymmetry factor of sodium mist—required for calculations on the radiative heat transfer taking place in the cover gas space of an LMFBR—have been obtained analytically on the basis of Mie's theory. It is found that in the near-infrared region, the extinction coefficient remains almost independent of wavelength, at a level that rises with lowering temperature of the mist; in the same region, the albedo similarly shows little dependence, not only on wavelength but also on temperature. Moreover, with increasing wavelength, the scattering pattern is found to change from forward to backward.     

Effect of Barriers on Sodium Mist Deposition on LMFBR Components

Tests were made to evaluate the effect of two barriers (a convection barrier and a drip receiver) against sodium mist deposition on LMFBR conponents in the cover gas space. Two models of LMFBR rotating shield plugs (1,800 mm in height, 680 and 850 mm in diameter) and a sodium test tank were manufactured for this purpose, and the mist deposition rate on the walls of these models was measured both in the cases with and without a barrier. The sodium pool temperature during the test was 580°C. In parallel with these tests, the relation between the form of deposit and the wall temperature was examined to determine the critical wall temperature above which deposits do not accumulate. This was conducted by exposing a vertical stainless steel cylinder to cover gas entrained with mist over 500°C sodium for 30 to 1,000 h.

The test results revealed that the barriers functioned effectively, and they reduced the local deposition rate near top of the annulus by three orders of magnitude relative to the cases without a barrier. The critical wall temperature to avoid deposit accumulation was found to be 100 to 150°C.     

颗粒尺寸分析仪法测量包覆颗粒疏松层密度的研究

包覆燃料颗粒的质量对于高温气冷堆安全运行起着重要作用。低密度热解炭层作为包覆的第一层非常关键,关系到包覆燃料颗粒和燃料元件的性能质量。本文介绍一种用颗粒尺寸分析仪测量疏松热解炭层密度的方法,该方法采用颗粒尺寸分析仪测量包覆前后颗粒的直径,再结合天平称得包覆前后颗粒的质量,经过计算得到包覆燃料颗粒疏松热解炭层的密度。对该方法测量包覆燃料颗粒疏松层密度的测量精度进行了验证。结果表明,该方法的测量精度满足测试要求,且该方法快速、便捷,适于工程应用。     

纳米磁性氧化铁溶液的颗粒度测定

用透射电镜、激光散射、原子力显微镜、穆斯堡尔谱等方法测定了3种不同批号自制磁性氧化铁溶液 样品的颗粒度。结果显示,本工作制备的磁性氧化铁的颗粒度有一个大致分布范围,为5-100 nm,激光散射 扫描仪和原子力显微镜的结果还显示,<20 nm的颗粒是主要成分;各种方法测得颗粒度略有差异。     

Measurement of Specific Alpha Radioactivity with Respect to Size for Kerala Monazite Sand Using Aerosol Centrifuge

A numerical analysis is presented on the diffusive separation behavior of a three-component gas mixture of ²³⁵UF₆, ²³⁸UF₆, and light gas in a gas centrifuge. The purpose of analysis was to examine the isotope separation performance of the centrifuge in the presence of light gases such as N2 and HF, which inevitably leak in from the atmosphere or accumulate from impurities contained in uranium hexafluoride.

An approximate basic equation is used, which is almost the same as derived by T. Kai for a ternary system from a generalized form of the Stefan-Maxwell equations, taking account of the pressure diffusion in a rapidly rotating cylinder. The method has previously been proposed for application to counter-current centrifuges, which are characterized by stable axial flow in two concentric streams, assuming that the gas mixture is in thermo-dynamical equilibrium between the light gas and UF6 mixture.

Calculations made using the above basic equation indicated that the separative power of the centrifuge is significantly lowered with increasing penetration of the light gas into the separative zone between the two concentric streams. The results of calculation are in fairly good agreement with previously reported theories over a wide range of light gas concentration.

Measurements made using an experimental centrifuge equipped with scoop substantiated the foregoing trends indicated from calculation up to about 1 mol/o average concentration of light gas in the centrifuge cylinder. At higher concentrations, a more significant lowering of separative power by the presence of light gas was indicated from measurement than from calculation.     

Effect of Relative Humidity on Growth of Sodium Oxide Aerosols

A hollow pellet is proposed as fuel for high performance fuel rods. It is difficult, during pellet fabrication, to accurately center the hole in the pellet. A fabrication tolerance must be allowed for the center of the hole and that of the pellet.

The present paper seeks to analytically obtain the temperature and heat flux distribution in a fuel rod containing pellets with eccentric holes. The temperature distribution in power reactor fuel, based on practical assumption, can be obtained within reasonable limits by solving the steady-state heat conduction equation for the pellets with eccentric holes.

The solution is simple, and appropriate to fuel design or safety evaluation.     

高温热管内钠蒸发冷凝特性分子动力学研究

高温钠热管是热管堆中进行非能动热量传输的核心部件。为深入理解热管内工质钠的蒸发机理及气液交界的传热传质特性,用分子动力学软件LAMMPS模拟了600 K下钠的蒸发,统计了质量调节系数,定为0388 7。随后变更壁温,打破体系内热质输运平衡,进行非平衡态模拟,观察液膜变化,求解气液交界处的净蒸发通量和换热系数。结果表明,9～10 ns后,底部的液膜厚度、气液交界处的净蒸发通量及换热系数分别在01～052 nm、003～007 kg/(m2·s)、22～39 kW/(m2·K)范围波动,此时上部液膜厚度在6 nm左右,其气液交界的净蒸发通量在10-4量级,换热系数为0028 kW/(m2·K),至末期降为0003 5 kW/(m2·K)。本文为钠热管启动阶段的数值模拟提供了参考。     

不同颗粒度188Re-硫化铼混悬液的制备及其稳定性研究

以两种分散方法制备不同粒径分布的188Re-硫化铼混悬液,采用涡旋法制得的大颗粒混悬液,粒径大于5 μm的颗粒占55%,大于10 μm的占19%;超声法所得混悬液粒径小于5 μm颗粒占93%,大于10 μm的只占0.3%.两种方法所得混悬液粒径分布有显著差异(P<0.01).稳定性测试结果表明,涡旋法所得混悬液在6 min内稳定可靠,超声法所得混悬液在15 min内能均匀分散,此后取药需重新分散,且药物仍然均匀可用,颗粒度和放化纯度无明显变化.采用涡旋分散装置制备大颗粒混悬液时,操作简便,结果重现性良好,并同时避免了涡旋分散过程中因手动操作对人体造成的辐射损伤,减少了人为因素对颗粒度的影响.     

D-T中子源束斑尺寸测量技术及应用

D-T中子发生器作为高能中子源,已用于特种核材料的有源探测技术中,利用时间符合法可实现被测物体的多模式成像,而中子源束斑尺寸是影响成像位置分辨的一个重要的因素。因此,结合D-T反应的特点和实际应用环境,开发了n-α关联符合测量确定中子源束斑尺寸的方法。利用该方法对小型移动中子发生器的束斑尺寸进行了测量,获得的束斑尺寸为(2.8±0.9) mm,与用CCD相机直接观测得到的约3 mm的测量结果一致,证明了该方法测量束斑尺寸的可行性。该方法也可用于辅助D-T中子源调束和关联粒子成像实验过程中的束斑监测。     

Description of Aerosol Release Associated with Sodium Burning

Incipient temperatures of sodium oxidation, sodium oxide aerosol release and sodium ignition were observed in relation with oxygen concentration in supplying gas by a thermobalance method. On this results, a burning rate and an aerosol release fraction were determined by burning about 0.5 g of sodium samples on a crucible in a burn tube under conditions ranging 400 to 600°C in sodium temperature, 0.1 to 1.0 Nl/min in the supplying gas flow rate and 2.5 to 20v/0 in the oxygen concentration.

Particle sizes of sodium aerosols released from the samples made a log-normal distribution, of which mass median diameter ranged from 0.6 to 2.0 μm. The burning rate increased with the increases of the sodium temperature, of the gas flow rate and of the oxygen concentration, and the aerosol release fraction also increased in proportion to the burning rate at fixed oxygen concentrations. It was found that the aerosol release rate defined as a product of the burning rate and the aerosol release fraction describes fairly well not only the present experimental data but also reported ones.     

Beam Spot Size Measurement Technology and Application for D-T Neutron Source

As a high-energy neutron source, the D-T neutron generator has been used in the active detection technology of special nuclear materials. The time coincidence method can be used to achieve multi-mode imaging of the measured object, and the beam spot size of the neutron source is a very important factor that affects the imaging position resolution. Therefore, combined with the characteristics of D-T reaction and practical application environment, a method for n-α correlation coincidence measurement to determine the beam spot size of neutron source was developed. This method was used to measure the beam spot size of a small mobile neutron generator. The beam spot size obtained is （2.8±0.9） mm, which is consistent with the measurement result of about 3 mm obtained by direct observation with CCD camera, which proves that this method is feasible. This method can also be used to assist D-T neutron source beam tuning and beam spot size monitoring in associated particle imaging experiments.     

杂质与粉末粒度对钛酸锶源芯性能的影响

90Sr放射源是一种能量较强的β放射源,在诸多领域有着广泛的应用。由于钛酸锶陶瓷源芯的性能对90Sr源的安全性和制造工艺难度有着重要的影响,因此需要研究杂质含量和粉末颗粒度对钛酸锶陶瓷源芯力学性能和烧结稳定性的影响规律。采用正交实验方法,将钙、钡、锆杂质含量和粉末粒度作为四个因素,按照正交表L9(3^4)设计对照实验。对不同杂质含量以及不同粉末粒度条件下压制烧结出的钛酸锶源芯的密度、尺寸、抗压强度和硬度进行测试。结果表明,在固定的冷压烧结工艺参数条件下,原料颗粒度和杂质元素锆的含量对钛酸锶陶瓷源芯性能的影响明显,原料最佳粒度为10μm,锆含量必须控制在1%以下,杂质元素钙和钡的影响较小,其含量只需分别控制在2%和4%以内即可。研究结果可为制定钛酸锶原料的纯化制备工艺以及钛酸锶源芯的冷压烧结工艺提供参考。     

Fundamental Experiment of Potassium Heat Exchanger Using Principle of Heat Pipe

Abstract

In order to provide compact and reliable sodium equipments including a steam generator, performance tests are conducted with a potassium heat exchanger, which is featured by the separate construction of primary and secondary coolant systems. A small amount of potassium plays a role as an intermediate media of heat transportation between these two coolant systems. Heat is transfered by evaporation and condensation of potassium on the surfaces of the primary and the secondary coolant pipings, respectively. The tests are performed in the temperature range of 200-300°C and the maximum heat transfer reaches 1.3 kW (heat transfer rate at the primary heating source: 8.6 W/cm² at 300°C). The experimental results are analyzed by using Langmuir's and Schrage's equations and close agreement between experiment and theory is obtained.     

220Rn子体气溶胶粒径分布测量的方法研究

应用ELPI系统、α谱仪和能量甄别法测量程序,建立了1套²²⁰Rn子体气溶胶活度粒径分布的测量方法;利用该方法收集了南华大学²²⁰Rn实验室不同粒径的²²⁰Rn子体气溶胶,并进行了²²⁰Rn子体气溶胶活度粒径分布测量。实验结果表明：ThB气溶胶的活度中位粒径(AMAD)平均值为237 nm,ThC气溶胶的AMAD平均值为245 nm。该方法简便易行、测量周期短,能实时得到²²⁰Rn子体气溶胶粒子数粒径分布的情况,能同时得到ThB和ThC气溶胶的活度粒径分布情况,且能谱法的测量精度也相对较高。     

用灰色系统理论预测环形通道内液钠的临界热流密度

用灰色系统理论对在两台液钠沸腾实验回路上测得的实验数据进行了钠沸腾临界热流密度（CHF）值影响因素的灰色相关分析,并用GM（1,1）模型对CHF进行预测,选用GM（1,h)模型对CHF进行了建模,计算及预测结果与实验值符合较好。     

Sodium Vapor Deposition,on Simulated Model of LMFBR Rotating Shield Plug Annulus, (I)

Experimental study was made to investigate the controlling factors on the vapor deposition rate on reactor operational shield plug annulus, which is exposed to the vapor entrained cover gas during reactor operation. Two simulated test assemblies having annuli were made for this purpose and were installed into a small test vessel. In the experiment, the average deposition rates on the annular walls of the test assemblies were measured for various pool temperatures, and their dependents upon such parameters as pool temperature, T_s (or the saturated vapor pressure P_s at pool surface), cover gas pressure P_g , and temperature drop ΔT_a across cover gas, were studied.

The results revealed that the dominant controlling factor was the vapor pressure P_s at pool surface. Dependent of the average deposition rate φbar_d. upon the above parameters was simply expressed by: φbar_d=Bσp_sD_sΔT_G , where, σ_s is the saturated vapor concentration at pool surface, D_s , the vapor diffusion coefficient, and B the proportional constant.

To these experimental results, the previously published evaporation rate data and the theoretical evaporation rate equation based on Epstein & Rosner's theory were reviewed. Then correlation between the deposition and the evaporation rates was discussed.