窄矩形通道内汽泡聚合行为研究

采用实验方法对窄矩形通道内过冷沸腾时的汽泡聚合行为进行了可视化研究。矩形通道的尺寸为2 mm×40 mm×700 mm。实验参数为：实验段入口处绝对压力p_in=0.55 MPa,入口过冷度Δt_in=31 ℃,质量流速G=516 kg/(m²•s),平均速度v=0.52 m/s。采用高速摄影仪对实验流道进行拍摄,拍摄速度为5 000帧/s。将汽泡聚合过程分为4个阶段：靠近、融合、调整和稳定阶段。发现聚合后的汽泡运动速度会先增大再减小,最后趋于稳定。调整阶段汽泡形态不断变化,椭球形、圆形交替出现;伴随着形变,聚合汽泡的角度、长短轴长也会有相应的变化。最后发现在汽泡聚合过程中会诱导出一个新的小汽泡。     

Two-group interfacial area transport in vertical air-water flow: I. Mechanistic model

The prediction of the dynamical evolution of interfacial area concentration is one of the most challenging tasks in two-fluid model application. This paper is focused on developing theoretical models for interfacial area source and sink terms for a two-group interfacial area transport equation. Mechanistic models of major fluid particle interaction phenomena involving two bubble groups are proposed, including the shearing-off of small bubbles from slug/cap bubbles, the wake entrainment of spherical/distorted bubble group into slug/cap bubble group, the wake acceleration and coalescence between slug/cap bubbles, and the breakup of slug/cap bubbles due to turbulent eddy impacts. The existing one-group interaction terms are extended in considering the generation of cap bubbles, as well as different parametric dependences when these terms are applied to the slug flow regime. The complete set of modeling equations is closed and continuously covers the bubbly flow, slug flow, and churn-turbulent flow regimes. Prediction of the interfacial area concentration evolution using a one-dimensional two-group transport equation and evaluation with experimental results are described in a companion paper.     

竖直窄矩形通道内弹状流液弹中分区特性研究

弹状流的液弹部分受气弹尾部影响,其水力特性参数沿流动方向存在分区的不一致性。本文对竖直窄矩形通道中弹状流液弹内参数的分布特性进行了研究。结果表明：液弹内气泡在近壁面附近所受径向力较为平衡,气泡频率较大;随着远离气弹尾部,管道中间气泡频率逐渐增大。根据气泡频率波动变化将液弹分为3个区域,尾流区占液弹长度的40%～45%,过渡区占10%～15%,主流区占40%～50%。尾流区和主流区内,空泡份额呈“三峰型”分布;随着气相流速的增加,尾流区内近壁面处峰值逐渐增大,管道中间峰值逐渐下降,但主流区内情况相反。气泡直径随气相流速的增大而变大,且液弹内气泡聚合和破碎现象较少。     

矩形窄缝通道内滑移汽泡直径沿轴向分布特性实验研究

采用高速摄像仪对矩形窄缝通道内过冷流动沸腾滑移汽泡直径沿轴向分布特性进行可视化实验研究。实验捕获滑移汽泡沿加热面滑移并聚合的过程图像,并获得沿加热面轴向300、400、500 mm处滑移汽泡直径概率分布图。实验研究表明,窄缝通道中滑移汽泡直径沿轴向分布呈增大趋势;滑移汽泡沿加热面生长、滑移汽泡与未完成生长脱离的小汽泡的聚合,以及滑移汽泡间的聚合是滑移汽泡直径沿加热面轴向增大的重要原因。     

Numerical study of a bubble plume generated by bubble entrainment from an impinging jet

The current paper presents the prediction results of a bubbly flow under plunging jet conditions using multiphase mono- and poly-dispersed approaches. The models consider interfacial momentum transfer terms arising from drag, lift, and turbulent dispersion force for the different bubble sizes. The turbulence is modeled by an extended k–? model which accounts for bubble induced turbulence. Furthermore in case of a poly-dispersed air–water flow the bubble size distribution, bubble break-up and coalescence processes as well as different gas velocities in dependency on the bubble diameter are taken into account using the Inhomogeneous MUSIG model. This model is a generalized inhomogeneous multiple size group model based on the Eulerian modeling framework which was developed in the framework of a cooperative work between ANSYS-CFX and Forschungszentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (FZD). The latter is now implemented into the CFD code CFX.According to the correlation on the lateral lift force obtained by Tomiyama (1998); this force changes its sign in dependence on the bubble size. Consequently the entrained small bubbles are trapped below the jet. They can escape from the bubble plume only by turbulent fluctuations or by coalescence. If the size of the bubbles generated by coalescence exceeds the size at which the lift force changes its sign these large bubbles go out from the plume and rise to the surface.A turbulent model based on an additional source term for turbulence kinetic energy and turbulence eddy dissipation equation is compared to the common concept for modeling the turbulence quantities proposed by Sato et al. (1981). It has been found that the large bubble distribution is slightly affected by the turbulence modeling which affects particularly the bubble coalescence and break-up process.     

竖直窄矩形通道内空气-水两相流中气弹运动速度研究

以空气和水为工质,应用高速摄像仪,对竖直窄矩形通道(3.25 mm×40 mm)内气液两相弹状流进行了可视化实验研究。气、液相表观速度分别为0.1~2.51 m/s和0.16~2.62 m/s,工作压力为常压。实验中发现窄矩形通道内弹状流与圆管中存在较大差别,气弹多发生变形,高液相流速时变形更为严重。窄边液膜含气量较高,在高液相流速时窄边液膜不下落,宽边液膜中含有由气弹头部进入和气弹尾部进入的气泡。气弹速度受气弹头部形状和宽度影响较大,受气弹长度影响较小。气弹速度可由Ishii & Jones-Zuber模型计算,但在低液相折算速度时偏差较大,其主要原因为漂移速度计算值较实验值偏小。     

钛中氦泡融合的分子动力学模拟

本文采用分子动力学方法模拟了金属钛中氦泡的融合,分析了氦泡融合对金属微结构的影响,对比了氦泡在金属块体内部与接近金属表面处融合的异同。研究表明:在金属块体内部,两氦泡的融合会在其周围诱发很多缺陷且范围逐渐扩大;直径均为1.77nm的两氦泡的融合会在二者周围形成位错环,位错环内金属原子的排列与基底的一致;两氦泡发生融合后由哑铃状向椭球形演化。在接近金属表面处,由氦泡融合诱发的缺陷易于向金属表面移动,氦泡周围的金属易于向晶体结构恢复;两氦泡发生融合后由哑铃状向半球形演化。     

竖直管道内间歇式两相流动沸腾特性分析

自然循环或重力注水过程的热功率、冷却剂流量等操作条件较小,易出现各种流动不稳定现象,影响核反应堆事故的发展进程,间歇式流动沸腾现象就属于其中的一种。以去离子水为工质,采用2×2加热棒束,对内径为32 mm竖直通道内的间歇式流动沸腾现象进行了实验研究,分析了不同热流密度下间歇式流动沸腾不稳定现象的变化规律,讨论了热流密度对间歇式沸腾周期的影响。结果表明,在一定的热流密度条件下,当加热通道内流体达到饱和并过热时,会发生周期性地剧烈喷涌及冷液回流现象,期间伴随泡状流、弹状流、搅混流及环状流等多种流动形态;间歇喷涌周期取决于沸腾停滞时间,随热流密度的不断增大,沸腾停滞时间缩短,间歇喷涌周期也缩短。当热流密度增大到一定程度时,间歇式流动沸腾现象消失,从而转变为另一种两相流动不稳定现象。     

Experimental Study on Gas Carry-Under in Liquid Down Flow from a Two-Phase Mixture

The gas carry-under characteristics in liquid down flow from a two-phase mixture flow have been studied for various flow parameters, based on experiments with a small scale air- water system simulating the concept of a natural circulation BWR with no separators. For high void fraction in the riser, as the liquid superficial velocity jf increased to 0.17 m/s, the void fraction in the lower part of the downcomer αd increased sharply due to the descent of comparatively large bubbles (diameter: about 4–6mm). In the region of jf> 0.17m/s, on increasing jf, the void fraction αd increased until it reached a maximum value at jf.3. For liquid descending velocities higher than 0.3 m/s, αd became almost constant and the level of the mixture above the riser had little effect on the void fraction ad due to the phase separation of the large bubbles formed by bubble coalescence in the upper part of the downcomer. The void fraction αd increased as the void fraction αr increased until bubble coalescence occurred in the upper part of the downcomer, and αd became constant and independent of αr after the occurrence of bubble coalescence. Under the conditions of high void fractions in the riser, 0.4<αr<0.64 (upper limit of the tests), and high liquid descending velocities in the down-comer, 0.3 m/s<jf.<0.4 m/s (upper limit of the tests), the void fraction αd was represented by a dimensionless number (G = η⁴ g/σ³ pf) and by the upper limit of void fractions in bubbly flow, αd=0.3.     

含氦Ti膜的透射电镜研究

在氦气和氩气混合气氛中用磁控溅射法制备含氦Ti膜。应用透射电镜观察不同氦气和氩气流量比对Ti膜微观结构及氦泡形貌和分布的影响,并研究退火温度对氦泡聚集和长大行为的影响。研究观测到,Ti膜中氦泡的尺寸随氦流量的增加而增大,氦泡的密度随氦流量改变出现一最大值;温度低于0.5 Tm时,He泡以泡迁移和合并机制(MC)长大;温度高于0.5 Tm时,He从小泡离解,被大泡吸收,以OR机制长大,氦泡尺寸明显增加。     

The growth of gas-bubbles by coalescence in solids during continuous gas generation

In order to get some insight into the mode of gas bubble growth during the high temperature irradiation of solids, we have calculated the distributions of bubbles grown by coalescence. The calculations are based on Gruber's coalescence model for annealing which we have extended to the case of an irradiation induced gas generation. The dominant assumption is that the continuously generated inert gas atoms go into new bubbles distributed around small radii. The results show that the bubble growth rate is markedly increased by the irradiation induced gas generation and that the calculated bubble distribution profile exhibits a double peak as often observed experimentally.     

On the rate theory model for fission-gas behaviour in nuclear fuels

The rate theory model of the homogeneous nucleation and subsequent growth of intragranular fission gas bubbles has been extended to allow for the inclusion of very much larger bubbles. A simple treatment of the behaviour of grain-boundary gas is included in the present model, which allows for the re-solution of gas from intergranular bubbles. The effect of varying the model parameters and of including bubble mobility in the theory have been considered and it is concluded that the dominant parameters for gas release are temperature, grain size, re-solution rate and bubble migration and coalescence.     

Modeling of bubble shape in horizontal and inclined tubes

An experimental and theoretical study on the bubble shape of intermittent flow in the horizontal and inclined pipes has been carried out. The experiment results show that the bubble shape depends on the Froude number, bubble length and pipe inclination. The bubble with staircase pattern tail is observed at low Froude numbers, which is corresponding to plug flow. A model for the prediction of the bubble shape in horizontal and inclined pipes is proposed. The model is able to predict the bubble shape, flow pattern transition between plug and slug flow regimes as well as nose-tail inversion phenomenon observed in the downwardly inclined pipe. Validation shows the model can well predict the bubble shapes in horizontal and inclined pipes. The model discloses that the transition between plug and slug flow regimes occurs within a region. The Froude number range for plug flow regime in the downwardly inclined pipe is much wider than that in the horizontal or upwardly inclined pipe. The assumption of fully developed liquid film under the long bubbles tends to under-estimate the liquid fraction in this part of the slug structure, especially, for the intermittent flow in the upwardly inclined pipe with high Froude numbers.     

Diffusional growth of overpressured fission-gas bubbles on grain boundaries

A cellular model for pore growth, originally developed to predict the rate of void growth on grain boundaries in an analysis of creep failure, has been modified to investigate the growth of overpressured intergranular fission-gas bubbles in nuclear fuels. The model has been implemented in a simple finite-difference computer calculation to predict the kinetics of intergranular bubble growth in UO₂. Calculations have been carried out for size adjustment (a) during rapid heating, (b) during rapid cooling, and (c) following coalescence, all for grain-boundary bubbles initially at equilibrium. The results of these calculations demonstrate, respectively: (a) the onset of rapid growth, corresponding to a swelling threshold; (b) the quenching of larger bubbles from high temperature; and (c) the time scale associated with size adjustment. The manner in which this time scale depends on bubble size and temperature is of particular interest in the analysis of transient fission-gas release and swelling     

窄通道内的汽泡核化以及滑移汽泡的影响

针对不同压力下窄通道内的过冷流动沸腾汽泡核化进行了实验研究,通过高速摄影技术观察了汽泡的核化和滑移过程。实验结果表明,与常规通道有所不同,窄通道内的汽泡一般不会离开加热壁面而产生浮升现象,汽泡主要沿加热壁面进行滑移运动。不同压力条件下的汽泡核化有较大的差别,较低压力条件下汽泡核化点沿加热壁面分布比较均匀,而压力升高后的汽泡核化点主要集中在沸腾起始点附近,下游核化点数目则相对较少。核化点分布形式的不同主要是由不同压力下汽泡滑移特性的不同所导致的。     

Two-phase slug flow in vertical and inclined tubes

Gas-liquid slug flow is investigated experimentally in vertical and inclined tubes.The non-invasive measuremnts of the gas-liquid slug flow are taken by using the EKTAPRO 1000 High Speed Motion Analyzer.The information on the velocity of the Talyor bubble,the size distribution of the dispersed bubbles in the liquid slugs and some characteristics of the liquid film around the Taylor bubble are obtained.The experimental results are in good agreement with the available data.     

The inhomogeneous MUSIG model for the simulation of polydispersed flows

A generalized inhomogeneous multiple size group (MUSIG) model based on the Eulerian modeling framework was developed in close cooperation of ANSYS-CFX and Forschungszentrum Dresden-Rossendorf and implemented into the CFD code CFX. The model enables the subdivision of the dispersed phase into a number of size groups regarding the mass balance as well as regarding the momentum balance.

In this work, the special case of polydispersed bubbly flow is considered. By simulating such flows, the mass exchanged between bubble size classes by bubble coalescence and bubble fragmentation, as well as the momentum transfer between the bubbles and the surrounding liquid due to bubble size dependent interfacial forces have to be considered. Particularly the lift force has been proven to play an important role in establishing a certain bubble size distribution dependent flow regime.

In a previous study [Krepper, E., Lucas, D., Prasser, H.-M., 2005. On the modeling of bubbly flow in vertical pipes. Nucl. Eng. Des. 235, 597–611] the application of such effects were considered and justified and a general outline of such a model concept was given. In this paper the model and its validation for several vertical pipe flow situations is presented. The experimental data were obtained from the TOPFLOW test facility at the Forschungszentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (FZD). The wire-mesh technology measuring local gas volume fractions, bubble size distributions and velocities of gas and liquid phases were employed.

The inhomogeneous MUSIG model approach was shown as capable of describing bubbly flows with higher gas content. Particularly the separation phenomenon of small and large bubbles is well described. This separation has been proven as a key phenomenon in the establishment of the corresponding flow regime. Weaknesses in this approach can be attributed to the characterization of bubble coalescence and bubble fragmentation, which must be further investigated.     

钨中氦泡融合条件的分子动力学模拟研究

在托卡马克聚变装置中,钨偏滤器会受到低能高束流的氦等离子体冲刷,导致材料表面形成绒毛状纳米结构或针孔状表面损伤,使钨材料使用性能发生退化,影响等离子体的稳态运行。目前普遍认为,氦致表面损伤的形成与钨表面下氦泡的生长密切相关。钨受到氦等离子体辐照后会在材料的近表层形成高密度的小氦泡,它们可通过融合的方式长大,氦泡的融合是近表层大氦泡形成的关键环节。为了解氦泡的相对位置、温度、氦空位比(He/V)、氦泡初始间距对氦泡融合的影响,本文采用分子动力学方法模拟氦泡在金属钨中的融合过程。结果表明：氦泡的相对位置、温度、He/V、氦泡初始间距都会影响氦泡的融合,但影响的机理并不相同。其中,氦泡的相对位置是影响氦泡融合的关键因素,当氦泡沿〈100〉方向排列时,氦泡易发生融合,而沿 〈111〉方向排列则不易发生融合,其原因是氦泡附近存在各向异性的应力场。温度升高有利于氦泡体积得到更快、更充分的弛豫,进而促进氦泡发生融合。高He/V的氦泡具有较高的压力,更易发生融合。当温度为1 500 K时,2个He/V为3、半径为1 nm的氦泡之间的相互作用距离可达1.28 nm甚至更远,但它们发生融合的最大初始距离为0.96 nm。本研究可促进对钨中氦泡融合机理的理解,为钨中大氦泡的形成提供可能的解释。此外,本研究结果可为大尺度模拟（如动力学蒙特卡罗、团簇动力学）提供相关输入参数用于研究高密度氦泡的长时间演化。     

窄空间内受限空泡演化特征的可视化实验研究

对窄空间内自然对流条件下的沸腾空泡演化行为进行了可视化实验研究。液相工质为去离子水,实验段采用聚碳酸酯材料,窄小空间尺寸为2 mm×10 mm×250 mm。加热片采用FTO导电玻璃,从而实现从汽泡底部观察其生长特性。本文得到了不同热流密度下的汽泡生长特性曲线,发现在汽泡生长过程中,其长度与宽度的变化均符合指数规律,且长宽比在生长末期在一个固定值附近波动。汽泡生长速度随热流密度的变化不呈线性关系,受多种因素共同影响。同时,还分析了窄空间流道内汽泡聚合过程的受限界面演化特性。     

文丘里式气泡发生器渐扩段内单气泡输运过程研究

文丘里式气泡发生器渐扩段的流场结构、流动参数等对气泡制备性能起关键作用,因此,对具有矩形截面的文丘里通道渐扩段区域单气泡输运过程进行了可视化研究。分析发现,渐扩段气泡剧烈减速及变形过程对气泡最终的断裂和破碎起关键作用。气泡的减速过程虽只持续数ms时间,依然呈现加速减速和降速减缓两个明显阶段;气泡旋转过程呈现相似的变化规律。在液体流量2.4～6.9 m³/h范围内,对应最大旋转速度可达900～3 000 rad/s。气泡旋转过程持续时间较减速过程稍长,气泡最大旋转速度的位置出现在最大减速加速度位置的下游约2 mm处;液体流量和气泡尺寸对气泡旋转和变形过程有明显影响,液体流量越大或气泡尺寸越小,气泡旋转过程越剧烈,且旋转速度在更短距离内达到最大值;增大液体流量在一定范围内加剧了气泡的拉伸变形。这些可视化研究结果,为进一步揭示文丘里气泡发生装置内气泡的碎化机制、完善数值分析模型、优化设计等提供参考和帮助。