船用堆大破口失水叠加全船断电严重事故源项分析

以某船用压水堆为研究对象,采用MELCOR程序建立事故分析模型,研究大破口失水事故叠加全船断电严重事故下放射性裂变产物的行为,着重分析了惰性气体和CsI的释放、迁移、滞留特点及在堆舱内的分布。结果表明,83.12%惰性气体从堆芯释放出来,并主要存在于堆舱的气空间;83.08%的CsI从堆芯释放出来,其中,72.66%滞留在堆坑熔融物与一回路内,27.34%释放到堆舱内,并主要溶解于舱底水池中。本文分析结果可为舱室剂量评估、核应急管理提供依据。     

Evaluation of Containment Failure Probability by Ex-Vessel Steam Explosion in Japanese LWR Plants

The containment failure probability due to ex-vessel steam explosions was evaluated for Japanese BWR and PWR model plants. A stratified Monte Carlo technique (Latin Hypercube Sampling (LHS)) was applied for the evaluation of steam explosion loads, in which a steam explosion simulation code JASMINE was used as a physics model. The evaluation was made for three scenarios: a steam explosion in the pedestal area or in the suppression pool of a BWR model plant with a Mark-II containment, and in the reactor cavity of a PWR model plant. The scenario connecting the generation of steam explosion loads and the containment failure was assumed to be displacement of the reactor vessel and pipings, and failure at the penetration in the containment boundary. We evaluated the conditional containment failure probability (CCFP) based on the preconditions of failure of molten core retention within the reactor vessel, relocation of the core melt into the water pool without significant interference, and a strong triggering at the time of maximum premixed mass. The obtained mean and median values of the CCPF were 6.4x 10^?2 (mean) and 3.9x 10^?2 (median) for the BWR suppression pool case, 2.2x10^?3 (mean) and 2.8x10^?10 (median) for the BWR pedestal case, and 6.8X10^?2 (mean) and 1.4x10^?2 (median) for the PWR cavity case. The evaluation of CCFPs on the basis of core damage needs consideration of probabilities for the above-mentioned preconditions. Thus, the CCFPs per core damage should be lower than the values given above. The specific values of the probability were most dependent on the assumed range of melt flow rate and fragility curve that involved conservatism and uncertainty due to simplified scenarios and limited information.     

Fundamental safety strategy against severe accidents on prototype sodium-cooled fast reactor

The accident categories of severe accidents (SAs) for prototype sodium-cooled fast reactor (SFR) which need proper measures were investigated through the internal event probabilistic risk assessment (PRA) and event tree analysis for the external event and six accident categories, unprotected loss of flow (ULOF), unprotected transient over power (UTOP), unprotected loss of heat sink (ULOHS), loss of reactor sodium level (LORL), protected loss of heat sink (PLOHS) and station blackout (SBO), were identified. Fundamental safety strategy against these accidents is studied and clearly stated considering the characteristics and existing accident measures of prototype SFR, and concrete measures based on this safety strategy are investigated and organized. The sufficiency of these SA measures is confirmed by comparing the evaluated core damage frequency (CDF) and containment failure frequency (CFF) to the target value, 1×10^?5 and 1×10^?6 per plant operating year, respectively, which were selected based on the IAEA's safety target. However, the target value of CDF and CFF should be satisfied considering all the SAs caused by both internal and external events. External event PRA for prototype SFR is now under evaluation and we set out to satisfy the target value of CDF and CFF considering both internal and external events.     

Small scale BWR core debris eutectics formation and melting experiment

A small scale experiment has recently been performed at Oak Ridge under the auspices of the Boiling Water Reactor Severe Accident Technology (BWRSAT) program to provide information concerning the formation of mixtures during heatup of representative BWR reactor vessel bottom head debris and to determine the composition and melting temperatures of these mixtures. The initial structure of the bottom head debris layers modeled in the experiment was taken from the results of recent Boiling Water Reactor Severe Accident Response (BWRSAR) code predictions for the short-term station blackout accident sequence.The experimental results provide useful information concerning the mixtures formed and their proportions and properties. The observed run-off of a stainless steel-zirconium eutectic alloy supports the contention that the initial pour from a BWR reactor vessel would consists of molten metals at relatively low temperatures.     

Integrated MELPROG/TRAC analyses of a PWR station blackout

A complete, coupled, mechanistic analysis of the entire reactor coolant system during a station blackout accident (TMLB') has been completed using the MELPROG/TRAC code. The analysis includes the failure of the seal on all coolant pumps at 100 min into the accident; in all other respects the case is identical to a previous station blackout calculation. Both cases started at accident initiation and continued through boiloff of the water, failure of the control and fuel rods, oxidation of the zircaloy and the formation of U---Zr---O eutectics, failure of the vessel internal structures due to melting and loading, massive core disruption, and subsequent vessel failure. The two cases reached significantly different end conditions. The basic TMLB' resulted in a high pressure (15 MPa) vessel failure approximately 4 h after accident initiation. The addition of a 12.5-mm hole in each pump seal caused the water in the loop seal to clear and resulted in a significantly lower pressure (0.27 MPa) at vessel failure, which occurred almost 10 h after accident initiation. Therefore, high pressure melt ejection (HPME) and the potential for subsequent direct containment heating (DCH) were predicted not to occur in the TMLB' accident scenario with pump seal failure.     

压水堆部分堆芯参数敏感性分析

用估计严重事故原理的整体型第二代轻水堆电站风险评价工具MELCOR程序,以在建的岭澳核电站为对象,分析了压水堆部分堆芯参数的不确定性和敏感性。这些参数是燃料元件孔隙度,熔渣孔隙度,熔渣到下封头贯穿件的传热系数。把分析结果与相应的沸水堆参数的敏感性分析结果进行比较,发现核电站发生全厂断电事故时,事故进程对堆芯输入参数不敏感。     

Simulation of hydrogen deflagration and detonation in a BWR reactor building

A systematic study was carried out to investigate the hydrogen behaviour in a BWR reactor building during a severe accident. BWR core contains a large amount of Zircaloy and the containment is relatively small. Because containment leakage cannot be totally excluded, hydrogen can build up in the reactor building, where the atmosphere is normal air. The objective of the work was to investigate, whether hydrogen can form flammable and detonable mixtures in the reactor building, evaluate the possibility of onset of detonation and assess the pressure loads under detonation conditions. The safety concern is, whether the hydrogen in the reactor building can detonate and whether the external detonation can jeopardize the containment integrity. The analysis indicated that the possibility of flame acceleration and deflagration-to-detonation transition (DDT) in the reactor building could not be ruled out in case of a 20 mm² leakage from the containment. The detonation analyses indicated that maximum pressure spike of about 7 MPa was observed in the reactor building room selected for the analysis.     

高压安全注射系统对压水堆全厂断电事故的缓解能力分析

选择一个典型的3环路压水堆作为参考对象,采用最佳估算程序RELAP/SCDAPSIM/MOD3.2建立了一个典型的3环路压水堆严重事故计算模型。分析了全厂断电(SBO)事故引发的堆芯熔化基准事故后,高压安全注射系统对该事故的缓解能力。敏感性分析表明,堆芯出口温度达到920 K时,采用卸压充水缓解措施可以有效地阻止堆芯熔化,维持堆芯长期处于稳定、安全状态。     

Different variations of a passive safety containment for a BWR with active and passive safety systems

The paper presents probable variations of passive safety boiling water reactor (BWR). In order to improve safety and economy of passive safety BWR, the authors thought of use of a kind of improved Mark III type containment. The paper presents the basic configuration of the passive safety BWR that has an improved Mark III type containment. We tentatively call this passive safety BWR advanced safer BWR⁺ (ASBWR⁺) and the containment Mark X containment in the paper. One of the merits of the Mark X containment is double containment function against fission products (FP) release. Another merit is very low peak pressure at severe accidents without active cooling systems. The third merit is coolability by natural circulation of outside air. Therefore, the Mark X containment is very suitable for passive safety BWRs. It does not need a reactor building (R/B) as the secondary containment, because it is a double containment by itself. The Mark X containment is a general concept and also useful for half-passive safety BWRs that have both active and passive safety systems. In those examples, active safety systems and passive safety systems function independently and constitute in-depth hybrid safety (IDHS). The concept of the IDHS is also presented in the paper.     

Detailed Evaluation of RCS Boundary Rupture during High-Pressure Severe Accident Sequences

A depressurization possibility of the reactor coolant system (RCS) before a reactor vessel rupture during a high-pressure severe accident sequence has been evaluated for the consideration of direct containment heating (DCH) and containment bypass. A total loss of feed water (TLOFW) and a station blackout (SBO) of the advanced power reactor 1400 (APR1400) has been evaluated from an initiating event to a creep rupture of the RCS boundary by using the SCDAP/RELAP5 computer code. In addition, intentional depressurization of the RCS using power-operated safety relief valves (POSRVs) has been evaluated. The SCDAPRELAP5 results have shown that the pressurizer surge line broke before the reactor vessel rupture failure, but a containment bypass did not occur because steam generator U tubes did not break. The intentional depressurization of the RCS using POSRV was effective for the DCH prevention at a reactor vessel rupture.     

小型堆严重事故下安全壳内氢气行为分析

采用MELCOR程序,对小型堆破口叠加全部电源丧失的典型严重事故进行计算,并对安全壳内发生氢气燃烧、爆炸的可能性进行分析。结果表明:主管道直径3.72%的破口叠加全部电源丧失后,堆芯裸露,出现熔堆事故;同时锆水反应产生的大量氢气进入安全壳,使安全壳内氢气含量上升,在安全壳局部空间、屏蔽水箱内出现氢气燃烧。但由于小型堆安全壳净容积较小,水蒸气含量较高,氧气含量较少,不会导致氢气爆炸。     

Measurement and Evaluation on Pulsing Characteristics and Experimental Capability of NSRR

The NSRR programme is in progress in JAERI using a pulsed reactor to investigate fuel behaviors under the reactivity-initiated accident conditions. Pulsing characteristics and experimental capability, especially heat deposition in test fuel rods given by a single pulse are key parameters to this purpose.

In pulsing performance tests, it has been ascertained that the maximum pulsing with 4.67$ (=3.41%δk) brings peak reactor power of 21,100 MW and core energy release of 117 MW·sec. The calculated time responses of reactor power, fuel temperature and cladding surface temperature as well as these maximum values at various pulse sizes agreed well with measured data. In addition, it has been also ascertained by measurement as well as analysis that there are no essential differences in pulsing characteristics between the pulsing from critical and that from subcritical.

The heat deposition in a test fuel rod given by a single pulse is much enough as predicted, and a 2.6% enriched BWR type fuel rod gains about 230cal/g-UO₂ in the maximum pulsing. In case of irradiation of clustered five test fuel rods by a single pulse, heat deposition reduces by about 20% for a surrounding rod and about 40% for a center rod in comparison with that in a single rod irradiation.     

摇摆条件下海上浮动堆全厂断电事故分析

为研究海洋条件对海上浮动堆全厂断电事故后的事故进程及非能动安全系统运行特性的影响,通过建立海洋条件加速度场模型,基于RELAP5程序开发获得了适用于海上浮动堆的系统分析程序,并对程序进行了实验验证。利用所开发的程序通过建立双环路海上浮动堆及二次侧非能动余热排出系统的计算模型,开展了不同摇摆运动参数下海上浮动堆全厂断电事故的计算分析。计算结果表明,船体的横摇运动可加快全厂断电事故后浮动堆系统压力和温度的下降速度,堆芯余热能够被二次侧非能动余热排出系统有效导出;但横摇运动会造成事故后堆芯自然循环流量的显著降低,引起一回路系统和非能动余热排出系统中自然循环流量的大幅度振荡及周期性倒流。本文计算结果可为海上浮动堆非能动安全系统的设计提供参考。     

Simulation of the small modular reactor severe accident scenario response to SBO using MELCOR code

Advanced small modular reactors (SMRs) use different design in the systems, structures, components from large reactors for achieving a high level of safety and reliability. In present work, the SMRs severe accident caused by the station blackout (SBO) was modeled and analyzed using MELCOR code, and the simulation of the accident scenario response to SBO was conducted. Based on the steady state calculation, which agrees well with designed values, we introduced the SBO accident for transient calculation. First, the case of the SBO accident without the passive core cooling system (PXS) was calculated. The progression and scenario in the reactor pressure vessel (RPV) and the containment were simulated and analyzed, including the transient response, cooling capacity and thermal-hydraulic characteristics and so on. The station black-out transient in the SMR can be simulated accurately, and the main failure model in the accident process can be concluded. Then three other cases of the SBO accident with different passive safety systems (core makeup tank (CMT), accumulator (ACC), passive residual heat removal system heat exchanger (PRHR HX), automatic depressurization system (ADS)) of the PXS were calculated respectively, and the results for different passive safety systems were compared. The passive core cooling system can not only provide water to the primary coolant system, but also take away the reactor decay residual heat. So in a station black-out transient, we can get more time for restoring AC power, and effectively prevent the accidents such as Fukushima.     

Influence of chemical speciation in reactor cooling system on pH of suppression pool during BWR severe accident

The influences of chemical speciation for Cs–I–Te–Mo–Sn–B–C–O–H system, simulating a state in the reactor cooling system (RCS) of BWR, on pH of the suppression chamber (S/C) water pool were analytically investigated with PHREEQC code. Major conditions were chosen on the basis of the outputs from a BWR severe accident analysis by THALES2 code and chemical thermodynamic analysis with VICTORIA2.0 code. The chemical thermodynamic analysis showed that the chemical speciation of important volatile FPs, Cs and I was strongly influenced by Mo and B₄C control material. As a consequence, pH of the S/C water pool was predicted to range from approximately 6 to 10, depending on the fraction of volatile FPs transported from the RCS to the S/C water pool and the H₂/H₂O ratio associated with the oxygen potential. It was implied that the formation of volatile I species such as I₂ in the S/C water pool was larger by three orders at the lowest pH than that at the highest pH.     

Assessment of two BWR accident management strategies

Candidate mitigative strategies for the management of in-vessel events during the late phase (after-core degradation has occurred) of postulated boiling water reactor (BWR) severe accidents were considered at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) during 1990. The identification of new strategies was subject to the constraint that they should, to the maximum extent possible, make use of the existing equipment and water resources of the BWR facilities, and not require major equipment modifications or additions. As a result of this effort, two of these candidate strategies were recommended for further assessment. The first was a strategy for containment flooding to maintain the core and structural debris within the reactor vessel in the event that vessel injection cannot be restored to terminate a severe accident sequence. The second strategy pertained to the opposite case, for which vessel injection would be restored after control blade melting had begun; its purpose was to provide an injection source of borated water at the concentration necessary to preclude criticality upon recovering a damaged BWR core. Assessments of these two strategies were performed during 1991 and this paper provides a discussion of the motivation for and purpose of these strategies, and the potential for their success.     

AP1000核电厂应对全厂断电事故的稳压器防满溢对策研究

AP1000核电厂若在全厂断电事故下丧失正常给水,会引起稳压器满溢,将通过稳压器安全阀排放液体冷却剂,引起反应堆冷却剂水装量流失,增大反应堆堆芯裸露的风险。与此同时,安全壳内的放射性水平因稳压器满溢可能会增大,增大向环境排放大量放射物质的可能。为防止稳压器满溢,本工作进行了解决或缓解稳压器满溢的对策研究。结果表明,增大非能动余热排出系统（PRHRS）热交换器的传热面积,可防止稳压器满溢;合理降低安全壳内置换料水箱（IRWST）的背压,可增大达到稳压器满溢的裕度,有效地缓解稳压器满溢;增大稳压器的自由容积,可防止稳压器满溢。此结论对AP1000核电厂的设计和事故分析有一定的参考作用。     

中国实验快堆全厂断电事故多维度热工耦合计算

多维度耦合方法是将传统的一维反应堆热工流体力学程序与三维流体动力学分析软件通过一定的耦合方法结合起来，实现反应堆局部复杂流体现象分析与系统计算的耦合方法。本工作根据中国实验快堆设计和运行经验，开发了基于Rubin和Fluent的耦合程序框架，完成了中国实验快堆全厂断电工况的计算和验证。计算结果表明，耦合方法对全场断电事故的计算结果合理可靠，是对一维系统程序分析方法的有益补充。     

Consequence evaluation for pressurized thermal shock

In order to estimate the risk associated with Pressurized Thermal Shock (PTS), a sample calculation of the core melt frequency and offsite consequences has been performed for Oconee Unit 1, a Babcock and Wilcox pressurized water reactor located in the United States. Core melt frequency was derived from through-wall-crack frequency estimates based on thermal-hydraulic and fracture mechanics analyses performed by Oak Ridge National Laboratory and Pacific Northwest Laboratory. The mode and timing of containment response was estimated from previous risk studies for Oconee Unit 3 and other plants with large dry containments.The core melt frequency was calculated to be 6 × 10⁻⁶ per reactor year for operation at the PTS screening criterion. Operation of redundant and independent containment heat removal systems results in low probability of containment failure. The risk dominant scenario involves overpressure failure of containment due to failure of containment heat removal. Prompt containment failure was assigned a very low probability (10⁻⁴), and hydrogen burn failure was not considered.The central estimate of annual risk was 5 × 10⁻⁷ early fatalities, 2 × 10⁻⁴ latent cancer fatalities and 0.7 person-rem. These values are minimal compared with other severe accident scenarios.Uncertainties and sensitivies to important parameters are discussed. The response of other types of plants is briefly described.     

Analyses for VVER-1000/320 reactor for spectrum of break sizes along with SBO

Severe accident analysis of a reactor is an important aspect for evaluation of source term. This in turn helps in emergency planning and severe accident management (SAM). Analyses have been carried out for VVER-1000 (V320) reactor following LOCA along with station blackout (SBO) to generate information on these aspects. Availability and unavailability of hydro-accumulators (HAs) are also considered for this study. Integral code ASTEC V1.3 (jointly developed by IRSN, France, and GRS, Germany) is used for analysing the transients. The predictions of different severe accident parameters like vessel rupture time, hydrogen and corium production and radioactivity release to containment have been compared for a spectrum of break sizes to provide information for probabilistic safety analysis (PSA) level-2 and severe accident management (SAM) guidelines.