螺旋管核态沸腾两相流摩擦压降与传热数值分析

通过合理简化一体化模块式先进反应堆(SMART)螺旋管式蒸汽发生器,建立螺旋管单元管模型,采用两流体模型和非平衡过冷沸腾模型,在均匀热流密度下对螺旋管内流体进行不同参数下流动与传热数值模拟。结果表明：摩擦压降数值计算结果与陈学俊经验公式最为接近;曲率从0.04降至0.012时,摩擦压降明显下降,曲率继续下降,摩擦压降不变;加速压降几乎不受曲率影响;螺旋升角为3°～8.6°时,计算摩擦压降可不考虑螺旋升角的影响;雷诺数越大,总压降和摩擦压降均变大,摩擦压降梯度也明显增大。     

Thermal hydraulic study on a high-temperature gas–gas heat exchanger with helically coiled tube bundles

An experimental study was carried out to investigate flow-induced vibration, heat transfer and pressure drop of helically coiled tubes of an intermediate heat exchanger (IHX) for the HTTR, using a full-size partial model and air as the fluid. The test model has 54 helically coiled tubes separated into three layer bundles, surrounding the center pipe. The vibration of the tube bundles was mainly at the center pipe, and the individual vibrations of the tube bundles were not significant under the operation conditions of the IHX. The heat transfer of the tube outside, due to forced convection, was obtained as a function of Re^0.51Pr^0.3, and the friction factor, depending on the tube arrangement, was proportional to Re^−0.14.     

小型模块式反应堆螺旋管蒸汽发生器设计和热工水力分析

近年来,国际上一体化小型模块式反应堆发展飞速,我国也正在加速研制一体化小型模块式反应堆。本文针对15 MW的一体化小型模块式反应堆,设计一种螺旋管式蒸汽发生器,共12个蒸汽发生器组件均匀分布在反应堆堆芯围板外侧和压力容器内侧壁的环形空间中,每个组件含5层、25根螺旋管,整个蒸汽发生器共300根螺旋管。给出了蒸汽发生器的具体参数,分析了蒸汽发生器组件中换热系数、温度、温差和热流密度等沿管长的变化,并给出了螺旋管内流体的动力特性曲线。     

波浪管内流场与传热及阻力特性数值模拟

参照波浪管单管换热的实验数据,选用Fluent软件中的不同湍流模型和壁面处理方法,对波浪管换热器的换热系数和压降进行计算,通过比较计算结果,确定可用于波浪管内流动传热特性模拟的计算方法。在此基础上,进一步分析流体在波浪管内部的流场结构和传热特性。分析结果表明：RNG k-ε模型配合增强壁面处理方法得到的计算结果与实验值最为接近;与直管相比,波浪管的换热系数和阻力系数的增加幅度在低Re下较大,而在高Re下较小,其中换热系数和阻力系数增加幅度最大的位置均出现在各弧段交接处,即曲率反向的位置。计算结果可为强化传热管设计及其优化提供支撑。     

针翅管传热与压降特性研究

以润滑油为换热介质,对整体针翅管传热与阻力特性进行了理论分析与试验研究,研究结果可为针翅管的优化设计提供参考。在换热介质纵向冲刷换热管的条件下,对不同针翅长度的3种整体针翅管与光管进行了传热与阻力试验。结果表明：整体针翅管对润滑油换热具有很好的强化能力,在本试验范围内,整体针翅管对油流体扰动强烈,换热强度是同条件下光管的2~6倍;针翅长度是影响针翅管压降的主要因素,在雷诺数达300时,压降曲线出现转折。     

快堆钠-空气热交换器翅片管传热及阻力特性试验研究

钠-空气热交换器是钠冷快堆事故余热排出系统的重要设备之一,与外界环境一起构成事故下反应堆余热的最终热阱。由于钠-空气热交换器的换热管采用垂直布置的翅片管结构,空气在不同位置处冲刷换热管的流速以及角度不同,导致其传热特性及阻力特性与传统翅片管换热器有很大不同。本文以钠-空气热交换器工程设计需求为研究背景,设计了两种试验件分别进行空气冲刷角度为90°和30°时翅片管束传热与流动阻力特性试验研究。试验结果表明：对于相同管排,空气冲刷角度为90°时的翅片管的换热系数及阻力系数明显大于空气冲刷角度为30°时的翅片管;对于相同空气冲刷角度下的不同换热管排,第2排翅片管的换热系数最大。本文研究为钠-空气热交换器的设计及优化提供了理论依据。     

针翅管滑油冷却器壳侧传热与阻力性能实验研究

以润滑油为换热介质,对1个光管滑油冷却器和3个采用了针翅管的滑油冷却器实验体进行了对比实验研究。结果表明：在本实验范围内,针翅管滑油冷却器的总传热系数较高,是相同条件下光管滑油冷却器总传热系数的1.4～2倍;不同结构针翅管滑油冷却器的传热与阻力性能差别较大,针翅管结构参数和壳侧流程数目是影响滑油冷却器壳程传热与阻力性能的主要因素。实验范围内,较大的针翅高度有利于油流体的扰动,但不利于针翅管一次传热面处的换热;单流程结构的针翅管滑油冷却器具有较高的传热系数和单位体积换热量,其总体换热性能与阻力性能优于双流程结构的针翅管滑油冷却器。     

卧式螺旋管压力降脉动瞬态及时均传热特性研究

在中低压条件下，以水为工质，实验研究了卧式螺旋管中发生压力降型脉动时的瞬态和时均换热特性，给出了脉动过程中管截面平均换热系数及周向不同位置处的换热系数分布随时间的变化规律，分析了脉动过程中的瞬态换热特性和机理，获得了压力降脉动时均换热系数计算式。     

Experimental Study on Heat Transfer and Resistance Characteristics for Finned Tube of Fast Reactor Sodium-air Heat Exchanger

Sodium-air heat exchanger is one of the important equipment in the decay heat removal system of sodium-cooled fast reactor, which together with the external environment constitutes the final heat trap for the residual heat of a reactor. Due to the vertically arranged finned tube structure adopted by the heat exchanger tubes of the sodium-air heat exchanger and the difference of the flow direction and velocity of the air at the different positions, the heat transfer and resistance characteristics are very different from of traditional finned tube heat exchanger. In this paper, based on the engineering design requirements of sodium-air heat exchanger, two kinds of experimental specimens were designed to study the heat transfer and flow resistance characteristics of finned tube bundles with air flow angles of 90° and 30°. The experimental results show that the heat transfer and resistance coefficients of the same finned tube with air flow angles of 90° are significantly greater than those of the finned tube with air flow angles of 30°. For the same air flow direction, the second finned tube has the largest heat transfer coefficient. The research provides a theoretical basis for the design and optimization of sodium-air heat exchanger.     

Pressure Drop Experiments using Tight-Lattice 37-Rod Bundles

In order to design a Reduced-Moderation Water Reactor (RMWR) core from a thermal-hydraulic point of view, an evaluation method on the pressure drop in a tight-lattice rod bundle is required. In this study, axial pressure drops in tight-lattice 37-rod bundles were measured under conditions of 2-9 MPa in exit pressure and 200-1,000 kg/(m²·s) in mass velocity. The measured pressure drops were compared with calculated ones by the evaluation method with the Martinelli-Nelson's correlation. The comparison shows that a single-phase friction factor can be applied not only to a circular tube but also to a tight-lattice bundle except for an extremely small gap width. Then two-phase friction loss is a dominant component and accounts for about 60% of the pressure drop under an RMWR nominal operating condition. The evaluation method can evaluate effects of the flow area configuration (rod number, rod diameter, gap width) and axial power distribution under a wide range of flow conditions, and it can yield a good prediction of the pressure drop in a tight-lattice bundle.     

B30波槽管水平管外蒸汽凝结换热的实验研究

在常压条件下对水平波槽管管外凝结换热及流阻特性进行了实验研究实验结果表明．波槽管具有良好的强化传热效果在实验参数范围内．波槽管的总传热系数比光管提高48％以上,通过对实验数据的回归分析．得到了管内对流换热、管外凝结换热及阻力系数的实验关联式。     

Heat Transfer Coefficients of Steam Condensation on Containment Vessel Wall during Blowdown

Heat transfer coefficients of steam condensation on the containment vessel wall at a LOCA are studied. As to the steady state heat transfer coefficients, though Sagawa's data are a little smaller than Uchida's data, they are very close to the analytical solutions by Mori-Hijikata. Transient heat transfer coefficients are represented by the steady state heat transfer coefficients multiplied by a factor. The factor expresses the agitation effect weakening with time during blowdown. Values of parameters in the factor are determined so as the heat transfer coefficients to fit Sagawa's data. These heat transfer coefficients are applied to the analyses of the experiment with the simulation apparatus of an integrated type marine water reactor. Values of the parameters are also determined so that the temperature transients on the containment vessel wall by analyses fit them of experiment. The differences of the values of parameters by the analyses and by Sagawa's data are discussed.     

单头螺纹槽管管内紊流对流换热

以水为工质，进行了适合于船舶换热器使用的螺纹槽管管内紊流对流换热和阻力特性的实验研究，同时还讨论了旋流对换热的影响以及影响旋流强度和强化换热效果的因素，分析了变物性对螺纹槽管阻力特性的影响。     

Experimental heat transfer of supercritical carbon dioxide flowing inside channels (survey)

A new reactor concept under development at AECL has the main design objective of achieving a 50% reduction in unit energy cost relative to existing reactor designs. The approach builds on using existing operating supercritical water (SCW) experience and turbines in coal-fired power plants.This SCW CANDU^®2 research includes investigating heat transfer and pressure drop at supercritical conditions using carbon dioxide as a modelling fluid as a cheaper and faster alternative to using SCW. Therefore, the objectives are to assess the work that was done with the supercritical carbon dioxide and to understand the specifics of heat transfer at these conditions.Our exhaustive literature search, which included over 450 papers, showed that the majority of experimental data were obtained in vertical tubes, some data in horizontal tubes and just few in other flow geometries.Three modes of heat transfer at supercritical pressures have been recorded: (1) so-called normal heat transfer, (2) improved heat transfer, characterized by higher-than-expected heat transfer coefficient (HTC) values than in the normal heat transfer regime and (3) deteriorated heat transfer, characterized by lower-than-expected HTC values than in the normal heat transfer regime.     

反应堆直接安注结构热工影响分析

建立了反应堆压力容器直接安注的实验模型,进行传热和流动实验。实验对比研究了文丘里管和直管两种不同安注管结构下压力容器不同区域的流动混合、传热系数以及相应的温度变化,并通过可视化实验对比验证了不同安注模型的流场,对不同结构下安注管的阻力特性进行了分析。研究结果表明,不同安注管在流动阻力上存在较大差异。研究结果为反应堆压力容器安注管的设计选择提供了重要依据。     

复合换热管过冷沸腾换热实验与关联式评价

以去离子水为实验介质,在单面受热流密度条件下,开展了聚变装置偏滤器的过冷流动沸腾强化换热特性实验研究,将内肋强化换热技术与内插扭带结构相结合,利用两者的协同强化传热效应,设计出一种复合换热管。实验参数为：质量流速,992～4 960 kg/(m2·s);压力,04～2 MPa;入口过冷度,8701～11921 ℃;热流密度,1～163 MW/m2。对4种强化换热管（光管、内插扭带管、内螺纹肋管和复合换热管）的管内过冷流动沸腾换热特性和综合性能评价指标（PEC）进行了对比实验。结果表明：与其他3种管道相比,复合换热管的对流换热系数和PEC最高,传热特性最好。研究了复合换热管的扭带扰动比、螺距、压力和质量流速对管内两相流动对流换热系数的影响规律,发现对流换热系数与螺距、质量流速呈正比,与扭带扰动比、压力呈反比。最后对比了4个现有的过冷流动沸腾换热经验公式,并在无量纲模型基础上,增加了扰动比和螺径比（t/Dh）进行修正,利用非线性拟合方法提出了适合复合换热管过冷流动沸腾的努塞尔数新公式。     

含绕丝2×2棒束内超临界水传热试验研究

以超临界水冷堆燃料性能验证试验为背景,对带有螺旋绕丝的2×2棒束内超临界水的传热特性进行了试验研究。试验参数范围为：压力23～28 MPa,质量流速400～1 000 kg/(m²•s),壁面热流密度200～1 000 kW/m²。通过试验,获得了加热管周向壁温的分布规律,并分析了热流密度、质量流速、压力、螺旋绕丝对壁温和换热系数的影响。研究结果表明,加热管周向壁温呈现非均匀、非对称分布的特性,最高壁温出现在边角子通道或螺旋绕丝覆盖的位置。在拟临界区,换热系数随热流密度的升高或质量流速的降低而迅速减小,而随压力的变化较微弱。相对于光滑2×2棒束,螺旋绕丝不仅改变了周向壁温分布规律,同时也提高了平均换热系数。     

卧式螺旋管式蒸汽发生器管内沸腾传热恶化的实验研究

报道了在高压汽水回路上进行的卧式螺旋管式蒸汽发生器管内沸腾传热恶化特性的实验结果，并对实验参数范围内出现的传热恶化进行了分类；分析和研究了出现恶化的条件及机理；给出了传热恶化时的热负荷关系式。     

高温气冷堆螺旋管式直流蒸汽发生器热工水力学

高温气冷堆蒸汽发生器具有一次侧氦气工质、二次侧直流、螺旋管结构、工作温度高等特点,其热工水力特性与传统压水堆自然循环蒸汽发生器存在很大区别。针对高温气冷堆蒸汽发生器的特点,对其基础热工水力及特有热工水力学问题进行了阐述,主要包括螺旋管内单相及两相流阻及换热计算、横掠螺旋管束流阻及换热计算、温度均匀性及两相流不稳定性等。同时介绍了清华大学核能与新能源技术研究院针对高温气冷堆蒸汽发生器热工设计、温度均匀性及两相流不稳定性等热工水力学问题所开发的一维稳态程序、一维瞬态程序、二维分析程序和方法,并对分析结果和结论进行了讨论。相关研究方法、程序和结论对其他相似参数螺旋管和直管式直流蒸汽发生器具有参考和借鉴意义。     

管内覆丝网强化对流换热及阻力特性的实验研究

通过实验对管内覆丝网管进行了强迫对流换热和阻力特性研究。结果表明：管内覆丝网使换热明显增强，阻力也相应增长。菱形丝网对角线距离与平行边距离之比对换热效果有决定作用，丝网厚度对换热的影响比较小，而丝网网格的大小对换热几乎没有影响，在相同的泵功率和几何条件下，换热系数最大增加２１％。