Effect of baking temperature/time conditions and dough thickness on arabic bread quality

A new scoring system for the evaluation of Arabic bread is presented which allows discrimination between flour samples. This system is suitable for the evaluation of bread in commercial bakeries. Dough thickness and baking temperature/time conditions were varied: doughs sheeted to <3.0 mm thick require baking temperatures higher than 500°C whereas doughs that are thicker than this will benefit from temperatures lower than 500°C. Thinner doughs baked at higher temperatures for shorter times produced better quality bread. The processing variables identified as being optimal in this study were incorporated into a test baking method. This method gave reproducible results and greater discrimination between flour samples than a previous method.     

复合添加剂对面包烘焙品质的影响

以面包粉为主要原料,添加不同比例的葡萄糖氧化酶、真菌α－淀粉酶、脂肪酶、单硬脂酸甘油酯4种添加剂于面包配方中,用直接发酵法制作面包,研究不同的添加剂配比及含量对面包品质的影响．通过感官评价,同时利用质构仪对面包芯硬度进行测定,结果表明,1 kg面包粉中添加葡萄糖氧化酶30 mg,真菌α－淀粉酶2 mg,脂肪酶40 mg,单硬脂酸甘油酯1．5 g时,面包的烘焙品质得分最高,口感最好．     

复配胶体对面包烘焙品质的影响

研究了不同胶体复配(黄原胶、瓜尔豆胶、羟丙基甲基纤维素(HPMC)和海藻酸钠)对面包烘焙品质的影响.结果表明:面包中添加复配胶体可弥补添加单一胶体时在比容、质构特性和感官等方面的不足,改善面包的烘焙品质,提高面包抗老化性能,延长产品货架期.黄原胶、海藻酸钠与HPMC最优质量配比为1:2:6,质量分数为0.15％时,面包的烘焙品质和抗老化效果得到了明显的改善.     

Influence of genotype and protein content on the baking quality of hearth bread

The relationships between protein content and quality and the loaf characteristics of hearth breads made from the respective flours were investigated for 20 wheat genotypes, comprising both commercially grown cultivars and advanced breeding lines, grown in 1997 and 1998. In both years the average protein content was increased by increasing the level of nitrogenous fertiliser application, this effect being more pronounced in 1997 than in 1998. Grain samples were milled and evaluated for endosperm hardness, protein content, SDS sedimentation volume, mixing properties and baking quality determined by a hearth bread baking test using optimal mixing and fixed proving time. When producing hearth bread, both the form (height/width) ratio and loaf volume are critical external characteristics. Genotype differences, mainly due to differences in protein quality, were more important for both form ratio and loaf volume than differences in protein content. The dough development time of the Farinograph, operated at high speed (126 rev min^?1), was the best indicator of heart bread baking quality, giving high positive correlations to both the volume (r = 0.89) and form ratio of the loaf (r = 0.90). Climatic differences between the two years, in particular temperature during ripening, also affected the quality parameters studied. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry     

大豆粉对面包粉烘焙品质的影响

将全脂大豆粉和脱脂大豆粉添加到小麦粉中,研究其对精制级面包粉和普通级面包粉烘焙品质的影响.结果表明,在两种面包粉中添加大豆粉后,当全脂大豆粉质量分数不高于2％、脱脂大豆粉质量分数不高于3％时,面包体积和比容有所增加,添加量进一步增大时面包体积和面包比容反而下降;随着添加量的增加,全脂大豆粉和脱脂大豆粉使两种面包粉的面包质量增加;当大豆粉质量分数不超过3％时,两种大豆粉均对两种面包粉的面包综合品质有改良作用,添加量进一步增大反而使面包品质劣变.     

雨生红球藻对面包烘焙品质的影响

将不同量(0.0%,0.4%,0.8%,1.6%,以面粉的质量百分含量计算)的雨生红球藻粉添加到面包中,探索其对面包烘焙品质的影响。结果表明:雨生红球藻的添加提高了面包的红色度和黄色度,降低了面包的亮度。同时,使面包比容降低了5.6%,但对面包含水量影响不大。在试验范围内,随着雨生红球藻粉添加量的增加,面包的硬度、胶着性、咀嚼性逐渐增大,而弹性、回复性、内聚性无显著变化。雨生红球藻的添加对贮藏过程中面包弹性、内聚性和回复性的变化影响也不大,当添加0.4%的雨生红球藻时,能有效延缓面包硬度、咀嚼性和胶着性的增大。此外,雨生红球藻的添加,可以在色泽、外观、组织结构等方面改善面包品质。总体来说,雨生红球藻添加量为0.4%时面包烘焙品质最佳。     

信阳绿茶汤对绿茶面包焙烤品质的影响

将信阳低档春茶浸泡的茶汤添加到主食面包中,研究茶汤的茶水比、泡茶温度对主食面包比容、感官品质的影响,优化主食面包制作工艺。结果表明,茶水比、泡茶温度均对面包比容及感官评分影响显著,经优化得出绿茶面包最佳制作工艺:茶水比为3∶100 g/m L,泡茶温度50℃,得到的绿茶面包比容为5.54 m L/g,感官评分97.8分,水分含量31.2%,酸度1.47°T,微生物指标符合国家标准,所制的茶汤主食面包具有绿茶的保健功能和较好的焙烤品质。     

脱皮对紫糯小麦粉特性和面包焙烤品质的影响

研究了不同脱皮时间下制得紫糯小麦粉的理化特性和面团的流变特性,以及对面包焙烤品质和贮藏过程中老化程度的影响。紫糯小麦的脱皮时间分别设定为0、1、3、5、7 min,相当于约0%、1%、3%、5%、9%的皮层被去除。结果表明,随着紫糯小麦脱皮时间的延长,小麦粉的出粉率提高,蛋白质和灰分含量及面团的粉质和拉伸特性也发生改变。脱皮5 min后制得的紫糯小麦粉以15%比例添加到普通面包粉中,面包含水量显著增加,体积和质量呈增大趋势,并且面包结构变好,面包评分显著上升。此外,添加紫糯小麦粉的面包较长时间放置后仍然松软,能有效延迟贮藏期间面包的老化,在一定程度上延长了其货架期。     

橘皮粉对面包烘焙品质及其酚类物质抗氧化能力的影响

将橘皮粉添加到面包专用小麦粉中,研究了不同添加量的橘皮粉对面包比容、质构特性、感官品质及面包酚类物质抗氧化能力的影响。结果表明,当添加量不超过3%时,橘皮粉对面包的比容没有显著影响;综合质构和感官分析,橘皮粉添加量为2%时,面包的硬度显著降低,弹性显著增大,面包的质地得到了有效改善,感官品质优于对照组,感官评价得分最高;橘皮粉的加入显著提高了面包中总酚的含量,增强了DPPH自由基清除能力。     

卵磷脂对面包焙烤品质的影响

研究选用卵磷脂作面团乳化剂 ,使油脂乳化分散 ,以改善面筋的网络结构 ,影响面包的体积 ,从而改善面包的纹理结构。通过对实验结果的评判 ,来判断它们对面包焙烤性质的影响 ,确定它在面包制作过程中的添加量 ,对卵磷脂加入所产生的其它问题也进行了分析讨论。     

发酵方法对面包烘焙品质的影响

有发酵法、一次发酵法研究了发酵方法对面包烘焙品质的影响。试验结果表明,发酵次数越多,发酵时间越长,面包的烘焙品质越好,主要表现在面包体积更大、面包芯质地更加细腻柔软、面包芯纹理结构更好。其中,二次发酵法、三次发酵法和过夜种子面团法的得分比较接近。综合比较,在面包工业中,二次发酵法和过夜种子面团法更加适合生产面包。     

Effect of supplementation with fish protein concentrate on protein and amino acid content of salt biscuit

Fish protein concentrate (FPC) from river Nile bolti fish (Tilapia nilotica) was prepared by two extractions with isopropyl alcohol. This FPC was used as a supplement to manufacture salt biscuit (mixed with cumin) for raising its nutritional quality. The supplementation at level of 4, 5, and 6% increased the protein content by about 2. 6, 3. 5, and 4.5% respectively. Increase was high in some amino acids such as glycine, serine, and threonine while cysteine, lysine, alanine, glutamic acid, arginine, isoleucine, and phenylalanine increased in a low rate. Consumer acceptability was the best at 6% level. The increasing of the supplementation to more than 6%, e. g. 7, and 8% levels caused a drop in the overall quality. There were significant differences in colour and highly significant ones in taste, flavour and texture due to differences in the supplementation level. The presence of all essential amino acids in significant quantities suggests an importance of supplementation of salt biscuit in human nutrition.     

复配胶体对长保质期面包用耐烘焙果味酱品质的影响

研究了可用于长保质期面包夹心耐烘焙果味酱的胶体,通过正交试验探讨了复配胶体对耐烘焙果味酱感官、质构、保水性及含耐烘焙果味酱面包品质的影响。结果表明,以低甲氧基果胶0.5%、褐藻酸钠0.3%、羧甲基纤维素钠0.3%或褐藻酸钠0.3%、羧甲基纤维素钠0.3%,可生产出酱体均匀细腻、流散性适宜、耐烘烤,与长保质期面包配合可保存3个月的耐烘焙果味酱。     

杂粮面包预拌粉的烘焙品质改良

目的:改良杂粮面包预拌粉的烘焙品质。方法:在前期研究以燕麦粉、鹰嘴豆粉和小麦粉为主要原料制备的低血糖指数杂粮面包预拌粉的基础上,通过单因素和响应面法优化杂粮面包预拌粉的配方。结果:黄原胶添加量0.78 g/100 g、谷朊粉添加量3.42 g/100 g、麦芽糖淀粉酶添加量200.00 mg/kg,抗坏血酸添加量171.70 mg/kg时,所制得的面包比容为(2.26±0.16) mL/g,面包的实际硬度为(15.97±0.69) N,与纯小麦粉面包接近;感官评定结果显示,杂粮预拌粉面包的气味、内部结构、口感和整体接受度均优于纯小麦粉面包。结论:研究优化的杂粮面包预拌粉的改良剂配方可用于实际操作中。     

酸处理对烤马铃薯条品质的影响

为了改善烤马铃薯条品质,选用不同质量分数的柠檬酸、苹果酸、醋酸溶液预处理马铃薯条,通过测定烤后马铃薯条的质构、水分分布等品质指标以探究酸处理对烤马铃薯条的作用规律。结果表明,酸浸泡处理减缓了烤制对马铃薯细胞的破坏,烤马铃薯条的孔隙减少,硬度升高。质量分数越高,烤马铃薯条失重率越大（P<0.05）,水分流失越严重,2%醋酸处理5 h失重率高达（57.83±1.49）%;随浸泡时间的延长,烤马铃薯条硬度和剪切力均增加（P<0.05）,浸泡5 h时微观结构最为致密;柠檬酸和苹果酸浸泡有助于烤马铃薯条产生花香味和蘑菇味。     

Effect of baking on the nutritive value of Pakistani bread

The nutritive value of Pakistani breads prepared from wheat, maize, rice, barley, millet, triticale and sorghum were measured chemically, by proximate, fatty acid and amino acid analyses and biologically in N-balance experiments with growing rats. Yeast was not used in the preparation of doughs. The levels of lysine, threonine and tryptophan were in several cases negatively affected by the baking procedure. According to FAO 1973 scoring pattern, lysine and threonine were found to be the first and second limiting amino acids in most of the breads. Methionine does not appear to be the third limiting amino acid. Net protein utilisation was negatively affected by baking only in the case of barley (6%) and maize (9%) whereas the biological value was improved in triticale (8%) and sorghum (6%) compared to the corresponding unprocessed samples. The baking procedure did not affect the digestible energy in triticale. Net dietary protein calories percentage values indicate that the cereal breads, except sorghum, had values higher than 5%.     

Wheat bran particle size effects on bread baking performance and quality

Commercial hard red spring, hard red winter, soft white and durum wheat brans were used to evaluate the particle size effect of wheat bran on bread baking performance and bread sensory quality. Three different particle size bran samples were obtained from each bran by grinding, not by sifting, the bran samples. The bran samples were similar in chemical composition, but different in particle sizes. Results of baking experiments showed that breads containing fine bran had lower specific loaf volume and darker crumb colour than breads containing coarse or medium size bran. Sensory test panellists found that fine bran contributed smoother crust appearance and less gritty mouthfeel than the coarse bran. The sensory panel also indicated that breads containing soft white wheat bran had significantly better flavour and mouthfeel than breads containing hard red spring wheat bran. © 1999 Society of Chemical Industry     

不同胶体对面包烘焙特性的影响研究

主要研究了添加不同胶体(海藻酸钠、黄原胶、羧甲基纤维素钠(CMC)、刺槐豆胶和羟丙基甲基纤维素(HPMC))对面包烘焙特性的影响。研究结果表明,添加适量的胶体能有效提高面包的焙烤品质,增大面包的比容,提高面包的整体接受度,改善面包的质构特性,增加面包的弹性和内聚性,显著降低面包的硬度和咀嚼性,有较好的抗老化效果,延长产品的货架期。总体来说,海藻酸钠和HPMC改善效果最好,黄原胶改良效果最差。